Chapter 40 - Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

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Endothermic creatures

Endothermic creatures

________ are primarily warmed by heat produced by metabolism.

Circadian rhythms

________ are daily variations in metabolism and behavior that are synchronized with light and dark cycles in the environment.

Flatforms

________ and simple two- layered sacs enhance exposure to the surrounding media.

majority of homeostatic processes

The ________ are based on negative feedback, in which the reaction lowers the stimulus.

Insulation

________ and countercurrent exchange decrease heat loss, but panting, sweating, and bathing promotes evaporation and therefore chill the body.

Physical laws

________ can have an impact on animal body designs, to the largest size possible thickness increases as body dimensions grow.

interior surfaces

On the exterior and ________, epithelial tissue creates active interfaces; connective tissue binds and supports other tissues; and muscle tissue contracts.

homeostasis

Animals use energy to maintain their basal (or standard) metabolism, activity, ________, growth, and reproduction.

Endothermy

________ necessitates a higher energy expenditure.

Physiological

________ and behavioral adaptations balance heat input and loss caused by radiation, evaporation, convection, and conduction.

Mobility

________ comes to an end at some time as it gets constrained by taking into account the percentage of body mass in leg muscles and the effective force generated by such muscles.

Scientists

________ can calculate the maximum running speed for a variety of animals with a variety of body plans.

extra constraints

Animals must interchange nutrients, waste materials, and gases with their surroundings, which places ________ on body designs.

Ectothermic creatures

________ acquire the majority of their heat from outside sources.

Positive feedback

________, on the other hand, entails the response's amplification of a stimulus and frequently results in a change in status, such as the transition from pregnancy to delivery.

Animal bodies

________ are made up of a series of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems that are organized in a hierarchy.

Thermoregulation homeostatic processes

________ involve shape, function, and behavior.

physical principles

The evolution of an animal's size and shape is governed by ________.

behavioral reactions

Many ectotherms and endotherms alter their rate of heat exchange with their environment by vasodilation or vasoconstriction, as well as through ________.

endocrine

The ________ and neurological systems are the two systems that communicate between various parts of the body.

numerous cells

A mammal, on the other hand, is made up of ________, each with its own plasma membrane across which exchange must take place.

body plan

Size and form may be referred to as parts of a "________ "or "design, "but this does not indicate an intentional creation process.

animal cell

Every ________ requires access to an aquatic environment.

Thermoregulation

________ is the process through which an animal keeps its internal temperature within an acceptable range.

Body temperature

________ can change in response to external temperature, as in poikilotherms, or it can be relatively stable, as in homeotherms.

Homeostasis

________ is the ability to maintain a constant condition despite internal and external changes.