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experimental method
involves the manipulation of an independent variable to measure the effect on the dependent variable
may be: laboratory, field, natural or quasi
aim
general statement of what the researcher intends to investigate, the purpose of the study
hypothesis
clear, precise, testable statement that states the relationship between the variables to be investigated.
stated at the outset of any study
directional hypothesis
states the direction of the difference or relationship
non directional hypothesis
does not state the direction of the difference or relationship
variables
any ‘thing‘ that can vary or change within an investigation
used in experiments to determine if changes in one thing result in changes to another
independent variable
some aspect of the experimental situation that is manipulated by the researcher- or changes naturally- so the effect on the DV can be measured
dependent variable
variable that is measured by the researcher
any effect on DV should be caused by the change in IV
operationalisation
clearly defining variables in terms of how they can be measured
extraneous variable
any variable other than the independent variable that may affect the dependent variable if it is NOT controlled
essentially nuisance variables that do not vary systematically with the IV
confounding variables
kind of extraneous variable
varies systematically with the IV
we can’t tell if any change in the DV is due to the IV or the confounding variable
demand characteristics
cue from the researcher or from the research situation that may be interpreted by participants as revealing the purpose of an investigation
may lead to a participant changing their behaviour within the research situation
investigator effects
any effect of the investigator’s behaviour (conscious or unconscious) on the research outcome (the DV)
may include everything from the design of the study to the selection of/interaction with/participants during the research process
randomisation
use of chance methods to control for the effects of bias when designing materials and deciding the order of experimental conditions
standardisation
using exactly the same formalised procedures and instructions for all participants in a research study
extraneous variable examples:
participant reactivity
confounding variables examples:
metabolic rate
age
physical activity
height
sex/gender
experimental design
different ways in which participants can be organised in relation to the experimental conditions
independent groups design
participants are allocated to different groups where each group represents one experimental condition
repeated measures
all participants take part in all conditions of experiment
matched pairs design
pairs of participants are first matched on some variables that may affect the DV
one member of the pair is assigned to condition A and the other condition B
random allocation
attempt to control for participant variables in an independent groups design which ensures that each participant has the same chance of being in on condition as any other
counterbalancing
attempt to control for the effects of order in a repeated measures design
half participants experience the conditions in one order and the other in the opposite order