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Christopher Columbus
________ was a devout Christian who was increasingly haunted by messianic obsessions in the last years of his life.
Florentine navigator Amerigo Vespucci
The ________ (1454- 1512) realized what Columbus had not.
Venetian merchants
________ specialized in goods like spices, silks, and carpets, which they obtained from middlemen in the eastern Mediterranean and Asia Minor.
Lisbon
________ became the entrance port for Asian goods into Europe, but this was not accomplished without a fight.
European involvement
________ in the Americas led to profound transformation of pre- existing indigenous societies and the rise of a transatlantic slave trade.
Ptolemys work
________ provided significant improvements over medieval cartography, clearly depicting the world as round and introducing the idea of latitude and longitude to plot position accurately.
Iberian Peninsula
The passion and energy ignited by the Christian reconquista (reconquest) of the ________ encouraged the Portuguese and Spanish to continue the Christian crusade.
Spanish invasion
At the time of the ________ the Inca Empire had been weakened by an epidemic of disease, possibly smallpox.
Middle East
The ________ served as an intermediary for trade between Asia, Africa, and Europe and was also an important supplier of goods for foreign exchange, especially silk and cotton.
Sultan Mohammed II
Under ________ (r. 1451- 1481), the Ottomans captured Europes largest city, Constantinople, in May 1453.
fifteenth century
In the course of the ________, the Portuguese developed the caravel, a small, light, three- mast sailing ship.
Sugar
________ was a particularly difficult and demanding crop to produce for profit.
Genoese ambition
In his dream of a westward passage to the Indies, Columbus embodied a long- standing ________ to circumvent Venetian domination of eastward trade, which was now being claimed by the Portuguese.
magnetic compass
The ________ enabled sailors to determine their direction and position at sea.
Columbuss arrival
Before ________, the Americas were inhabited by thousands of groups of indigenous peoples, each with distinct cultures and languages.
Cortés
________ landed on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico on April 21, 1519.
Portuguese
When the ________ explorer Vasco da Gama reached the port of Calicut, India, in 1498 and a native asked what he wanted, he replied,"Christians and spices ..
Mamluk Egyptian
From 1250 until its defeat by the Ottomans in 1517, the ________ empire was one of the most powerful on the continent.
steady population
In the sixteenth century Spain experienced a(n) ________ increase, creating a sharp rise in the demand for food and goods.
expensive luxury
Originally sugar was a(n) ________ that only the very affluent could afford, but population increases and monetary expansion in the fifteenth century led to increasing demand.
Ghana
In the fifteenth century most of the gold that reached Europe came from the western part of the Sudan region in West Africa and from the Akan peoples living near present- day ________.
English colony
The first ________ was founded at Roanoke (in what is now North Carolina) in 1585.
Ville Marie
________, latter- day Montreal, was founded in 1642.
Frenchman Jacques Cartier
Between 1534 and 1541 ________ made several voyages and explored the St. Lawrence region of Canada, searching for a passage to the wealth of Asia.
German metal
The Venetians exchanged Eastern luxury goods for European products they could trade abroad, including Spanish and English wool, ________ goods, Flemish textiles, and silk cloth made in their own manufactures with imported raw materials.
Dutch
In the late sixteenth century the Protestant ________ were engaged in a long war of independence from their Spanish Catholic overlords.
Venice
In 1304 ________ established formal relations with the sultan of Mamluk Egypt, opening operations in Cairo, the gateway to Asian trade.
Racism
________ was not the only possible reaction to the new worlds emerging in the sixteenth century.
1520
In May ________ Spanish forces massacred Mexica warriors dancing at an indigenous festival.
ancient Greeks
The astrolabe, an instrument invented by the ________ and perfected by Muslim navigators, was used to determine the altitude of the sun and other celestial bodies.
Mexica Empire
The ________ was ruled by Montezuma II (r. 1502- 1520) from his capital at Tenochtitlán, now Mexico City.
New World
The migration of peoples to the ________ led to an exchange of animals, plants, and disease, a complex process known as the Columbian exchange.
Montaigne
________ developed a new literary genre, the essay- from the French essayer, meaning "to test or try- "to express his ideas.
Columbus
________ himself, who spent a decade in Madeira, brought the first sugar plants to the New World.
Slavery
________ was practiced in Africa, as it was virtually everywhere else in the world, before the arrival of Europeans.
India
________ was an important contributor of goods to the world trading system; much of the worlds pepper was grown there, and Indian cotton textiles were highly prized.
voyages of Diaz
In March 1493, between the ________ and da Gama, Spanish ships under a triumphant Genoese mariner named Christopher Columbus (1451- 1506), in the service of the Spanish crown, entered Lisbon harbor.
Indian Ocean
The ________ was the center of the Afroeurasian trade world.
Africans
At the beginning of the transatlantic slave trade, most Europeans would have thought of ________, if they thought of them at all, as savages because of their eating habits, morals, clothing, and social customs and as barbarians because of their language and methods of war.
Hernando Cortés
In 1519, the year Magellan departed on his worldwide expedition, the Spanish sent an exploratory expedition from their post in Cuba to the mainland under the command of the brash and determined conquistador ________ (1485- 1547)
French navigator
________ and explorer Samuel de Champlain founded the first permanent French settlement, at Quebec, in 1608, a year after the English founding of Jamestown.
Franciscan Bartolomé de Las Casas
The ________ (1474- 1566) was one of the most outspoken critics of Spanish brutality against indigenous people.
fifteenth century
In the ________, with Venice claiming victory in the spice trade, the Genoese shifted focus from trade to finance and from the Black Sea to the western Mediterranean.
Christopher Columbus
________ is a controversial figure in history- glorified by some as a courageous explorer, vilified by others as a cruel exploiter of Native Americans.
Christopher Columbus is a controversial figure in history
glorified by some as a courageous explorer, vilified by others as a cruel exploiter of Native Americans
The crown divided its New World possessions into two viceroyalties, or administrative divisions
New Spain, with the capital at Mexico City, and Peru, with the capital at Lima
The Franciscan Bartolomé de Las Casas (1474
was one of the most outspoken critics of Spanish brutality against indigenous people
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