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the process of elements gaining, losing, or sharing electrons to attain the electronic configuration of the noble gas closest to them in the periodic table
Ionic compounds
composed of positively and negatively charged ions held together by strong electrostatic forces. Result from the transfer of electrons from one element to another.
types of elements that form ionic bonds
ionic bonds are formed between a metal on the left side of the periodic table and a nonmetal on the right side
cations
positively charged ions. A cation has fewer electrons than protons. Cations are formed by metals.
for metals in groups 1A, 2A, and 3A, the group number = the charge on the cation
Covalent compounds
composed of individual molecules, discrete groups of atoms that share electrons. Result from the sharing of electrons between two atoms
anions
newly updated
ions
Charged species in which the number of protons and electrons in an atom is not equal.
ion found in teeth and bones
Ca²⁺
2 ions found in body fluids
Na⁺ and K⁺
ion found in hemoglobin
Fe²⁺
ion present in gastric juices and other fluids
Cl⁻
3 steps to write a formula for an ionic compound
identify which element is the cation and which is the anion (use the group number of a main group element to determine the charge)
Determine how many of each ion type is needed for an overall charge of zero.
To write the formula, place the cation first and then the anion, and omit charges. (Use subscripts to show the number of each ion needed to have zero overall charge)
ion needed for nerve transmission and muscle control
mg²⁺
2 methods for naming cations of metals that form 2 different cations
Systematic Method: follow the name of the cation by a Roman numeral in parentheses to indicate its charge -or- Common Method: Use the suffix -ous for the cation with the smaller charge, and the suffix -ic for the cation with the higher charge. These suffixes are often added to the Latin names of the elements
How to name anions
Replace the ending of the element name by the suffix -ide
3 steps to name an ionic compound that contains a metal with a variable charge
Determine the charge on the cation
Name the cation and anion
Write the name of the cation first, then the anion
fixed charge of Al
Al³⁺
fixed charge of Mn
Mn²⁺
fixed charge of Co
Co²⁺
Fixed charge of Ni
Ni²⁺
Fixed charge of Zn
Zn²⁺
Fixed charge of Ag
Ag⁺
Fixed charge of Cd
Cd²⁺
Variable charges of Cr
Cr²⁺, Cr³⁺
Variable charges of Fe
Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺
Variable charges of Cu
Cu⁺, Cu²⁺
Variable charges of Sn
Sn²⁺, Sn⁴⁺
Variable charges of Au
Au⁺, Au³⁺
Variable charges of Pb
Pb²⁺, Pb⁴⁺
3 steps to derive a formula from the name of an ionic compound
identify the cation and anion and determine their charges
Balance the charges of the ions
Write the formula with the cation first, and use subscripts to show the number of each ion needed to have zero overall charge
general rule about boiling points and melting points of ionic compounds
They are extremely high because of the strong electrostatic bonds.
5 physical properties of ionic compounds
high melting points
high boiling points
usually soluble in water
their solutions conduct electricity
they form crystalline solids
polyatomic ion
a cation or anion that contains more than one atom
formula for hydronium ion
H₃O⁺
formula for ammonium ion
NH₄⁺
formula for carbonate ion
CO₃²⁻
formula for sulfate ion
SO₄²⁻
formula for phosphate
PO₄³⁻
when to use suffix -ite
used for an anion that has one fewer oxygen atoms than a similar anion named with the -ate ending (ie. SO₄²⁻ is sulfate, but SO₃²⁻ is sulfite)
How to name anions that differ in presence of hydrogen
the word hydrogen or prefix bi- is added to the name of the anion. (ie. SO₄²⁻ is sulfate, but HSO₄⁻ is hydrogen sulfate or bisulfate)
formula for carbonate
CO₃²⁻
formula for Hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonate
HCO₃⁻
formula for Acetate
CH₃CO₂⁻
formula for Cyanide
⁻CN
formula for Nitrate
NO₃⁻
formula for hydroxide
⁻OHi
formula for Sulfate
SO₄²⁻
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