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Photosynthesis
The process by which plants, some bacteria and protistans use sunlight energy to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water.
Chlorophyll
A green pigment essential for photosynthesis, which captures light energy.
Thylakoid
The structural unit of photosynthesis found in chloroplasts, composed of stacked flattened sacs.
Stomata
Small openings on the leaf surface that allow gases to enter and exit; singular is stoma.
Xylem
Specialized plant cells that transport water from the roots to the leaves.
Chemiosmosis
The movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, crucial for ATP production in chloroplasts.
Light-dependent reactions
The first stage of photosynthesis that requires light to produce ATP and NADPH.
Cyclic phosphorylation
A process in photosynthesis that generates additional ATP without producing NADPH.
Calvin Cycle
The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis that convert carbon dioxide into glucose using ATP and NADPH.
Limiting factors
Conditions, such as light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature, that limit the rate of photosynthesis.
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