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Photon
A packet of light.
Chlorophyll
The light-absorbing green-coloured pigment that begins the process of photosynthesis.
Chloroplast
A membrane-bound organelle in green plant and algal cells that carries out photosynthesis.
Stroma
The protein-rich semiliquid material in the interior of a chloroplast.
Thylakoid
A disk-shaped sac in the stroma of a chloroplast.
Grana
Stacks of tylakoids.
Lamellae
Groups of unstacked thylakoids between grana.
Thylakoid Membrane
The photosynthetic membrane within a chloroplast that contains light gathering pigment molecules and electron transport chains.
Thylakoid Lumen
A fluid-filled interior space enclosed by the thylakoid membrane.
ATP
A molecule containing three high energy phosphate bonds that acts as the primary energy-transferring molecule in a living organism.
ADP
A molecule containing two high-energy phosphate bonds that may be formed by breaking one of the phosphate bonds in ATP.
NADP+
A compound that accepts one hydrogen atom and two electrons forming NADPH; it is an electron acceptor.
NADPH
A compound that donates one hydrogen aton and two electrons to another molecule, to reform NADP+; it is an electron donor.
Light-dependent reactions
reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH
Carbon Fixation
The process of incorporation CO2 into carbohydrate molecules.
Calvin Cycle
A cyclic set of reactions occurring in the stroma of chloroplasts that fixes the carbon of CO2 into carbohydrate molecules and recycles coenzymes.
Light-independent reactions
The second set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light.
Photosystem
A cluster of photosynthetic pigments embedded in a thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast that absorbs light energy.
Electron Transport Chain
A series of progressively stronger electron acceptors; each time an electron is transferred, energy is released.