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What is a social fact?
Social phenomena which exists outside individuals but act upon them in ways which constrain or mould their behaviour e.g. social institutions like family, the law, education, workplace and values, norms and customs
What are examples of types of interviews?
Structured/formal, unstructured/informal, semi-structured, one to one, group, focus group
What is a structured/formal interview?
Having a set of questions that are to be asked in an arranged meeting
What is an unstructured/informal interview?
More conversational, questions based on answers given
What is a semi-structured interview?
Some set questions but also partly conversational
What is a one to one interview?
Individual, just the researcher and the respondee
What is a group interview?
Involved multiple people answering questions
What is a focus group?
Participant led discussing with the researcher only observing
What are benefits of unstructured interviews/problems with structured interviews?
Respondent led - can fully express their opinions
Flexibility - less constrained
Empathy - making people at ease with uncomfortable topics
Empowerment - gives respondents more freedom in the conversation
Practical advantage - relatively quick
What are the benefits of structured interviews/problems with unstructured interviews?
Interviewer bias - undermines validity of the experiment
Lack representativeness - more time consuming so can ask less people
Difficult to quantify - data can’t be compared as easily
Practical disadvantages - time consuming
Interpersonal skills - interview may lack personal skills required for informal interviwes
What are strengths of focus groups?
Measure reactions as well as opinions
Easily replicable
Time-saving
Detailed insight
What are strengths of group interviews?
Less time consuming
High validity - detailed answers + more honest responses
Can get a more representative sample if different genders, ethnicities, etc are used
Who did a study into girls attitudes to education, family and work to find whether they had high future aspirations?
Karen Sharpe (1976)
Who did a study into working class ‘lads’ anti-school subcultures?
Paul Willis (1977)
Who did a study into the Amish community and power relationships between men and women and how sex/sexuality was viewed in the community?
Natalie Jolly (2014)
Who did a study on the experience of becoming a mother?
Ann Oakley
What is an experiment?
Research where the researcher will actively test a hypothesis in an environment where all variables are closely controlled so that the effect of changing one variable can be understood/determined
What is a laboratory experiment?
Takes place in an artificial setting, with an artificial scenario, unknown to the participants
What is a field experiment?
Takes place in the participant’s natural environment with set controls put in place
What is a natural experiment?
In the participant’s natural environment but with no control in place, AKA the ‘comparative method’ - called this as two groups with one factor differing would be studied instead of the researcher putting controls in place
What is an experimental group?
Test sample or the group that receives an experimental procedure, this group is exposed to changes in the independent variable being tested
What is a control group?
A group separated from the rest of the experiment such that the independent variable being tested cannot influence the results
What is an independent variable?
What is changed by the researcher
What is a dependent variable?
What is being measured
What is a control variable?
The factor kept constant which helps ensure what we think is having an impact, is the actual thing having the impact
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