AP Lang Methods of Dev. & Classical Model

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Rhetoric

Rhetoric

Using language (concrete) to construct meaning (abstract)

Rhetorical Situation

Circumstances out of which the argument emerges (context, exigence, speaker, audience, subject, purpose)

Context

General time, place, & occasion where the rhetorical situation is generated

-When, where, social/cultural background?

Exigence

Event that prompts speaker to make a claim

-What happened, what problem addressed?

-Ex. 9/11 & Bush’s speech

Speaker

Entity making the claim

-Who is literally speaking?

-Character qualities, values, background, authority?

Audience

Individuals that speaker is trying to reach

-Who literally listening?

-Collective qualities, backgrounds, values, needs?

Subject

Topic of piece or discourse

-What is speaker actually talking about?

-Underlying messages or ideas?

Purpose

What the audience is supposed to understand & do after the discourse

-What new understanding?

-What to do?

Narration/Description

Telling a story (plot elements) / appealing to the senses

Problem/Solution

Identifying something wrong and offering a solution

Process Analysis

Explaining how something is done

Compare and Contrast

Observing similarities and differences

Division and Classification

Separating things into categories

Cause and Effect

Observing something that happens and what results

Definition

Establishing a common meaning

Exemplification

Providing evidence

Methods of Development (8)

What the author is doing

-Narration/Description, Problem/solution, process analysis, compare & contrast, division & classification, cause & effect, definition, exemplification

Classical Model (6)

Why the author is doing it

-The web (exordium), background information (Narratio), partition (partitio), confirmation (confirmatio), refutation (refutatio), so what? (peroratio)

The Web (Exordium)

Intro of the argument that draws the audience into the topic

Background information (Narratio)

Why the topic is currently being discussed, what led speaker to make the claim, what perspectives other hold about the issue

Partition (Partitio)

Presents the thesis, after others perspectives

Confirmation (Confirmatio)

The areas of the argument that support the presented claim, evidence?

Refutation (Refutatio)

Speaker looks at merits of other perspectives and proves them wrong

So What? (Perforatio)

The area of the argument that connects its observations to other issues in the world