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Abnormal Behavior
statistically rare, violates cultural norms, personally interferes with day-to-day living, and legally may cause a person to be unable to know right from wrong (insanity)
Psychoanalytic Causes
unresolved internal conflict in the unconscious mind
Behavioral causes
maladaptive behaviors learned from inappropriate rewards and punishment
Humanistic causes
conditions of worth imposed by society, which cause lowered self-concept
Cognitive causes
irrational and faulty thinking
Biological causes
neurochemical or hormonal imbalances; abnormal brain structures or genetics
Anxiety
a feeling of impending doom or disaster from a specific or unknown source that is characterized by mood symptoms of tension agitation and apprehension; bodily symptoms of sweating, muscular tension and increased heart rate and blood pressure; as well as cognitive symptoms of worry, rumination, and distractibility.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
characterized by persistent, pervasive feelings of doom for at least six months not associated with a particular object or situation. ANXIETY DISORDER
Panic Disorder
unpredictable attacks of acute anxiety accompanied by high levels of physiological arousal that last from a few seconds to a few hours. ANXIETY DISORDER
Phobia
irrational fear of specific objects or siturations, such as animals or enclosed spaces. ANXIETY DISORDER
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
recurrent, unwanted thoughts or ideas or compelling urges to engage in repetitive, ritual-like behavior. ANXIETY DISORDER
Post- Traumatic Stress disorder (PTSD)
feelings of social withdrawal accompanied by atypical low levels of emotion cause by prolonged exposure to a stressor, such as a catastrophe; an individual may experience flashbacks and nightmares.ANXIETY DISORDER
Somatoform disorders
are mental disorders involing a bodily or physical problem for which there is no physiologyical bases. Symptoms deal with the body and have no realistic physical cause for them
Somatization disorder
recurrent complaints about usually vague and unverifiable medical conditions such as dizziness, heart palpitations, and nausea that do not apparently result from any physical cause. SOMATOFORM DISORDER
Conversion disorder
actual loss of bodily function, such as blindness, paralysis, or numbness, due to excessive anxiety with no physiological cause. SOMATOFORM DISORDER
Hypochondriasis
persistent and excessive worry about developing a serious illness. SOMATOFORM DISORDER
Dissociation
experience of two or more streams of consciousness cut off from each other. involve loss of memory or identity. The Freudian explanation is repression of hurtful situations too painful for the individual to deal with. involve the massive repression of traumatic events or unpleasant memories into the unconscious mind
Dissociative Amnesia
characterized by inability to remember repressed events or personal information
Dissociative fugue
"traveling amnesiac disorder" characterized by moving away and assuming a new identity, with amnesia for the previous identity
Dissociative identity disorder
(formerly known as multiple personality disorder). rare disorder in which two or more distinct personalities exist within the same person
Mood disorders
affective disorders characterized by significant shifts or disturbances in mood that affect normal perception, thought, and behavior
Major (clinical) depression
aka unipolar mood disorder- involves persistent and severe feelings of sadness and worthlessness accompanied by changes in appetite, sleeping, and behavior/ MOOD DISORDER
Bipolar Disorder
characterized by extreme mood swings from unusual excitement to serious depression/ MOOD DISORDER
Schizophrenia
a serious mental disorder( psychosis) characterized by thought disturbances, hallucinations, anxiety, emotional withdrawal, and delusions
Psychosis
disorder characterized by an apparent break with reality
Delusion
false belief of being plotted against (persecution), or being extraordinarily important (grandeur), or being controlled by others
Hallucination
false sensory perception such as hearing voices or seeing images that are not present
Disorganized, Catatonic, Paranoid, Undifferentiated
Four major types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized Schizophrenia
(hebephrenia) characterized by thought disturbances and silly behavior or absence of emotions
Catatonic Schizophrenia
characterized by bizarre movements or lack of movement, such as immobile stupor and waxy flexibility
Personality disorders
characterized by persistent patterns of maladaptive and inflexible traits in personality/ classifies on DSM-IV Axis II
odd/eccentric Personality disorders
paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
Dramatic/emotionally problematic Personality disorders
histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, and antisocial
chronic fearfulness/ avoidant
avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive
Developmental Disorders
involve disturbances in learning, language, and motor or social skills showing up in infancy, childhood, or adolescence
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
characterized by the inability to focus attention, distractibility and impulsivity/ DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
Autism
characterized by impaired social interaction, poor communication, and limited activities and interests/ DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
Anorexia nervosa
eating disorder characterized by abnormally restrictive eating, gross underweight, and unrealistic body image of being too fat/ DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
Bulimia Nervosa
eating disorder characterized by "binging and purging"/ DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
psychiatrists
medical doctors; can prescribe medication and perform surgery
counseling psychologists
have Ph.D Ed.D Psy.D or M.A. in counseling; tend to deal with less severe mental health problems
clinical psychologists
have doctoral degree Ph.D or Psy.D; use different therapeutic approaches depending on training and diagnosis
psychoanalysts
may or may not be psychiatrists, but follow the teaching freud and practice psychoanalysis or other psychodynamic therapies
clinical or psychiatric social workers
have masters degree in social work (M.S.W)
psychoanalytic
cause of behavior: unconscious internal conflict, possibly stemming from early childhood trauma
goal of treatment: help patients gain insight into their unconscious conflicts, does not offer a cure
key terms: psychoanalysis, free association, dream interpretation, transference, catharsis
behavioral
cause of behavior: learned maladaptive behavior through faulty contingencies of reinforcement
goal of treatment: unlearn maladaptive behavior and replace it with more adaptive behavior
key terms: systematic desensitization, flooding, modeling, implosive, aversive
humanistic
cause of behavior: poor self-concept as a result of conditions of worth
goal of treatment: to reduce the discrepancy between the ideal and real self
key terms: client-centered therapy, existential therapy, unconditional positive regard
cognitive
cause of behavior: irrational and faulty thought processes and perceptions
goal of treatment: cognitive restructuring by changing the thoughts and replacing irrational with more rational perceptions and changing more negative thinking to more positive ideas
key terms: rational emotive therapy, cognitive triad
biological
cause of behavior: imbalance of neurotransmitters, hormones; genetic predisposition and other brain abnormalities
goal of treatment: through the use of antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic drugs, attempting to restore balance. electroconvulsive shock treatment and psychosurgery used minimally as well
key terms: antianxiety drugs, antidepressants, antipsychotics, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), ECT, psychosurgery, corpus callosum transection, prefrontal lobotomy
psychoanalysis
Freudian form of therapy involving free association, dream analysis, resistance, and transference aimed at providing the patient insight into his/her unconscious motivations and conflicts
free association
a psychoanalytic procedure in which the client is encouraged to say whatever is on his/her mind without censoring possibly embarrassing or socially unacceptable thoughts or ideas
dream interpretation
analyzing of dreams' manifest parts to get to its hidden, or latent meaning
transference
in psychoanalysis, the venting of emotions both positive and negative by patients; treating their analyst as the symbolic representative of someone important in their past
catharsis
in freudian psychoanalysis, the release of emotional tension after remembering or reliving an emotionally charged experience from the past; as a coping device for stress, the release of pent up emotions through exercise or other means
systematic desensitization
behavior treatment for phobias in which the client is trained to relax to increasingly fearful stimuli
flooding
behavior treatment for phobias; client is repeatedly exposed to feared object for extended periods of time and without escape, until the anxiety diminishes
modeling
process of watching and imitating specific behavior; important in observational learning
implosive
form of flooding, client is asked to imagine scenes which are exaggerated by therapist (if phobia of spiders: imagine spider crawling into mouth)
aversive therapy
client is trained to associate physical or psychological discomfort with behaviors, thoughts, or situations the client wants to stop or avoid
client-centered therapy
humanistic therapy introduced by carl rogers in which the client rather than the therapist directs the treatment process
existential therapy
focus on helping clients find purpose and meaning in their lives and emphasize individual freedom and responsibility
unconditional positive regard
roger's term for acceptance, value, and love from others independent of how we behave
rational emotive therapy
cognitive treatment developed by ellis which is based on confronting irrational thoughts; change in irrational thinking will lead to a change in irrational behavior
cognitive triad
Beck's cognitive therapy which looks at what people think about their self, their world, and their future
antianxiety drugs
medicines that calm and relax people with excessive anxiety, nervousness, or tension or for short term control of social phobia disorder or a social phobia
antidepressants
medicines which elevate mood states; 3 main categories include tricyclics (elavil), MAO inhibitors (nardil), and SSRI inhibitors (prozac)
antipsychotics
powerful medicines that lessen agitated behavior, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations and delusions, improve social behavior, and produce better sleep behavior especially in schizophrenic patients (also called neuroleptics)
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
a treatment for depression involving repeated pulses through a magnetic coil positioned about the right eyebrow of the patient that does not result in memory loss
ECT (electroconvulsive treatment)
used as a last resort to treat severely depressed patients; involves passing small amounts of electric current through the brain to produce seizure activity and a change in affect
psychosurgery
any surgical technique in which neural pathways in the brain are cut in order to change behavior, including lobotomy
corpus callosum transection
cutting of the broad band of nervous tissue that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres transmitting information from one side of the brain to the other
prefrontal lobotomy
a surgical procedure that destroys the tracts connecting the frontal lobes to lower centers of the brain, once believed to be an effective treatment for schizophrenia