Studied by 0 peopleBovis
________ that causes TB in cattle how does tb transmit human to human, by coughing, sneezing etc.
X ray of thorax
________ when coming from a region with high TB prevalence.
Attitudes
________ & beliefs- influence on how you deal with pain.
Syndrome
________ that shows difficulties in memory, language, behaviour that makes it difficult for daily activities how is the incidence rate for AD and why, why is it different in low & middle & high income countries expected to increase drastically as well as the costs for care.
personal conflict
Ethical- ________ "playing god, "making the perfect child, devaluing the lives of ppl with the condition.
Long term complications
________- overlap with CVD (hypertension, smoking) what is self- management in t2dm and the 5 core processes day to day management of the condition.
inflammation ruptures
When ________ and gets into the airways and spreads into lungs what is miliary tb when ________ and gets into the bloodstream and spreads throughout the body what are symptoms of active tb active-> fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue.
Social environment
________- how much support you get, what info u get fear avoidance model and what behaviour does it entail relates to psychological aspect.
Vascular & Alzheimer
________) what are some primary and secondary prevention for AD primary- early diagnosis of cognitive impairment, early treatment at high risk, make people more aware of modifiable factors.
low educational level
Grey matter usually declines with AD what are the risk factors for AD (2 types) modifiable, CVD factors (hypertension, obesity, high cholesterol, T2Diabetes), lifestyle factors (limited PA, smoking, alcohol, diet), psychosocial (loneliness, bad social network, depression), environmental (air pollution, ________)
T2DM
Treatment (invasive) can be helpful in beginning (early diagnosis) What is ________ and how is it characterized by, when is the risk high chronic disease, by HbA1c, the glycated haemoglobin (glucose is tuck to the blood cells and builds up in blood.
QoL QoL
Role functioning health- related ________ subjective perspective based on your health status ICF Model International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health by WHO.
PGT
________ and IVF is cancelled what is informed decision making (3) knowledge, understanding of condition, options, risks, benefits, uncertainties of options.
Amniocentensis & CVS
________ are coslty and risk for miscarriage.
Positive reinforcement
________, adding a stimulus to encourage behaviour.
online info
Describes blogs, social networks, and internet- based services that emphasize collaboration and sharing what are some web 2.0 challenges for PH communication, ________ influences people and everyone reacts to it, which makes it difficult to communicate safely (misinformation, etc .)
Value consistency
________, preferences and values should be clear and decision should be based on that what factors influence PGT decision making process (4) physical- concerns about physical burden and risks of IVF, to avoid offspring suffering, to avoid termination (yk if the child is healthy)
Education
________- all about teaching the patient and providing them with ideas of how to manage, old education was providing info but now it is helping to put the info into practice.
chronic non specific
Cant solely depend on a mental disorder when is a pain disorder chronic and what if less after 6 months, if less its acute how is ________ low back pain treated and prevented (secondary, tertiary)- (tertiary) medication and self management.
Lung
________- (primary) reduce exposure to smoke in public, raising costs, laws.
Physical exam
________- visual or auditory abnormalities.
Nervous system
________- neuropathy, nerves have it harder to carry messages from brain to body (attacks movement, senses, numbness, etc.
Positive punishment
________, adding a stimulus to discourage a behaviour.
Kidney
________- nephropathy, kidneys have it hard to clear fluit and waste from body due to high blood sugar levels and hypertension (need dialysis)
risk factors
Eyes- retinopathy, damage to retina causes vision impairment td2m ________ and different factors for long term complications unmodifiable- age, race, sex, family history & genetics, previous gestational (pregnancy) diabetes,
Psychological support
________) how do you prevent T2dm + example of secondary prevention and what are the 15 healthcare essentials both primary, secondary and tertiary.
They are weakened but still active organisms (viruses)
a milder version but doesn't cause disease
reproduction number (R0)
expected number of cases generated by one case in a population where everyone is susceptible for an infection what should the reproduction number be for the disease to be eradicated
by delivering info that changes perceived personal risk of vaccine preventable diseases or side effects what would be a solution to have a better platform to provide information for vaccines
implement interactive, customized communication
confirmation bias
they search for info that fits their beliefs rather than info that opposes their beliefs how could the government have better communication
(6)
vaccines are not available to the poorest (inequality in distribution)
vaccine hesitancy
delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite the availability of them what solutions are there for vaccine inequality
better ways to target vulnerable communities with interventions what are reasons for vaccine hesitancy (6)
language barrier
when inflammation ruptures and gets into the airways and spreads into lungs what is miliary tb when inflammation ruptures and gets into the bloodstream and spreads throughout the body what are symptoms of active tb active
fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue
in lung
prolonged coughing, sputum, cough blood, chest pain, shortness of breath how do you diagnose tb
(old) culture
breeding/culturing the antigen in its ideal environment and testing what type it is and whether it is sensitive to treatments
(new) pcr XpertMTB/RIF
DNA is multipled and see if there is TB-bacterium DNA, detects resistance of rifampicin (most important drug for tb)
combining drugs to prevent resistance too what are the treatments for tb and mtb
prolonged multi-drug
then 4 months with 2 drugs (I) and (R) downsides of treating active TB lots of side effects
hepatitis, nervous disorders, eye disorders
(6)
development of resistance against drugs
(5)
immune-suppressing conditions (HIV/AIDS)
(5)
comorbidity
mdr
multidrug resistant tb (2 drugs)
xdr
extensively drug-resistant (almost every drug (4 drugs)) why are people developing mtb or even xdr
2
false negative if the individual has a immune suppressive condition, the results will be negative, not showing how the body fights back outbreak management in TB (stone-in-the-pond principle) investigate contacts closest and longest contact with index-case (e.g
emerging infectious diseases, newly appeared in a population what causes the spread of infections (moving)
travelling for reasons such as work, tourism, leisure what are zoonoses
(5)
infectious disease spread from animals to humans
(3 categories) host
humans who are susceptible to those infections
agent
susceptibility to an agent
(4) time
how are these disease trends, do they coincide with interventions
place
where is the disease, geographic variations & factors
person
who is affected, minority groups, gender, age, culture, SES, race, occupation
disease characteristics
clinical or lab characteristics, severity and outcome why is covid and ebola so different
research and evaluation on effects of substances or practices
gaining understanding of positive & negative effects what is risk estimation scientific judgement on past events to predict size and likelihood of future events and estimates of uncertainty what is risk evaluation relies on social & political judgement to determine importance of hazards and estimated risks what is the process of risk communciation estimate risk evaluate risk
pharmacological
medication to control and reduce risk factors (statins, aspirin, surgery (bypass),
non-pharmacological
lifestyle changes (smoking cessation, increase PA, limit alcohol, focus on healthy diet, stress, reduce obesity) what are risk factors of CVD (12) smoking hypertension
primary
lifestyle change for people who experience risk factors
secondary
prevent from further progression of CVD via medication and lifestyle changes in which age group and sex has a higher CVD mortality rate
value-consistency, preferences and values should be clear and decision should be based on that what factors influence PGT decision making process (4) physical
concerns about physical burden and risks of IVF, to avoid offspring suffering, to avoid termination (yk if the child is healthy)
psychological
feelings of guilt, feeling the need to accept PGD since it is available and feeling guilty after for not using it, low success rate
ethical
personal conflict "playing god", making the perfect child, devaluing the lives of ppl with the condition
time
takes time to get pregnant and interviews what is preconception care and counselling
Discussion of the pros and cons related to PGD what is downs syndrome and when is a baby at risk to develop it chromosmal anomaly
Trisomy 21, 3 copies of the 21st chromosome, the older the women gets, the higher the risk (maternal age) can downs be inherited
yes due to better treatment of comorbidities and respiratory infections NIPT
Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing, what is it
Pros
Helps parents to have child with disability → to know in advance, arranging things, the doctors are also prepared
participants focus on test safety and good info where professionals focus on accuracy and early testing decisional stages in vaccine decisions predecisional phase
seeking for more information before deciding to vaccinate
decisional phase
evaluating the outcomes of either decision (yes or no), risk perception on being affected or not by a consequence,
post-decisional phase
getting feedback to their decision (costs pain, time and potential side effects prostate cancer can it be treated
symptoms, diagnosis, treatment non small lung cancer
more common
diagnosis
chest xray, CT, MRI, bronchoscopy
treatment
both types chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy (non small cell is less sensitive to therapies) how is the tumour growth with prostate cancer
in the inner lining of the colon or rectum prostate cancer symptoms, diagnosis, treatment symptoms
urinating difficult, pain, hesitancy, urgency, nocturia (waking up to piss)
diagnosis
(based on age and coexisting conditions) biopsy, rectal exam, PSA level (metastatic progression), ultrasound, bone scan for bone metastases
diagnosis
CT, MRI, colonoscopy
treatment
surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy lung cancer incidence decrease due to smoking cessation colorectal cancer incidence low but increases with age prostate cancer incidence increase due to better screening why cancer mortality rates have decreased better screening technology and opportunities
the earlier the stage, the better the survival rate what are the risk factors for lung cancer smoking, older age, exposure to second hand smoke, radiation, exposure to carcinogens, family history what are the risk factors for colorectal cancer nutrition (low veggie, fruits), history, comobidity (IBD), diabetes, alcohol consumption, obesity, low PA what are the risk factors for prostate cancer over 50 years, race, family history, alcohol, vitamin, nutrition (high fat) development of cancer where it starts starts locally, grows into blood vessels, spreads to rest of body and finally death what are some prevention opportunities for prostate, lung and colorectal cancer (primary or secondary) prostate
(secondary) early widespread screening with PSA level
lung
(primary) reduce exposure to smoke in public, raising costs, laws
colorectal
(secondary) early detection with screening why screen for cancer
the earlier, the better survival rate what is screening population based opportunity to diagnose something and early detect it for risk groups then to provide adequate treatment and improve QoL what are downsides of screening
false positives, if many screenings are done, people may get misdiagnosed and treated for something they dont have
high income is due to higher age, middle & low is due to change in lifestyle factors (obesity, alcohol, changed eating behaviours) what is the cause for alzheimer biologically (2) tau protein
binds and stabilises cells but when abnormal, they stick to other tau molecules and forms tangling inside neurons
beta amyloid as plaques
accumulation of these plaques between nerve cells what happens to the gray matter reduces the older we get what is grey matter and how is it with AD
non-modifiable, age, sex, genetics, family history, brain injury, down syndrome how to diagnose AD interview
draw things, questions,
physical exam
visual or auditory abnormalities
vascular & Alzheimer) what are some primary and secondary prevention for AD primary
early diagnosis of cognitive impairment, early treatment at high risk, make people more aware of modifiable factors
secondary
lifestyle changes, cognition triggers pathological ageing in brain as we age, we lose nerve cells (brain reserve) and also forms new connections
kidney
nephropathy, kidneys have it hard to clear fluit and waste from body due to high blood sugar levels and hypertension (need dialysis)
nervous system
neuropathy, nerves have it harder to carry messages from brain to body (attacks movement, senses, numbness, etc
heart
CVD risk factors overlaps with T2DM
modifiable
obesity, PA, hypertension, alcohol, smoking, race, cholesterol levels, environmental influence (neighbourhood, space for PA, healthy shops)
long term complications
overlap with CVD (hypertension, smoking) what is self-management in t2dm and the 5 core processes day to day management of the condition
education
all about teaching the patient and providing them with ideas of how to manage, old education was providing info but now it is helping to put the info into practice
support
support provided to enable the skills and behaviours such as helplines and group events (incl
perspective of an individuals level of functioning and health status which also depends on environmental and personal factors what is functioning (5 domains) physical functioning
jhsbdsd
unknown cause of the pain, pain for 12 weeks or longer causes of back pain
weak muscles
psychological what is the rate of low back pain common, mostly in occupational-related cases criteria for pain disorder (5)
pain in one or more sites
cant solely depend on a mental disorder when is a pain disorder chronic and what if less after 6 months, if less its acute how is chronic non-specific low back pain treated and prevented (secondary, tertiary)
(tertiary) medication and self management
pain
medical condition, severity, duration
attitudes & beliefs
influence on how you deal with pain
social environment
how much support you get, what info u get fear avoidance model and what behaviour does it entail relates to psychological aspect
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