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Digestion
________ starts in the gastrovascular cavity and ends inside food vacuoles in the gastrodermis cells.
Sponges
________ generate a wide range of antibiotics and other defense chemicals.
hard calcareous plate
A thin skin covers a(n) ________ endoskeleton, and most species are prickly due to skeletal ridges and spines.
mesoglea
The ________ is a gelatinous layer that sits between the epidermis and the gastrodermis.
exterior components
Most adult echinoderms 'internal and ________ radiate from the center, generally in the form of five spokes.
water vascular system
The ________ is unique to echinoderms, consisting of a network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet that act in movement and feeding.
sexual reproduction
Echinoderm ________ often involves distinct male and female individuals who release their gametes into the sea.
Bundles of microfilaments
________ organized into contractile fibers are seen in the epidermis (outer layer) and gastrodermis (inner layer) cells.
central cavity
Water is pulled into a(n) ________ through the pores.
female sexual reproductive activities
Most sponges are hermaphrodites, which means that each individual performs both male and ________ by generating sperm and eggs.
Sea stars
________ (also known as starfish) and the majority of other echinoderm groupings (from the Greek urchin, spiny, and derma, skin) are slow- moving or sessile aquatic creatures.
Cnidarians
________ come in polyp and medusa forms.
fundamental body design
A cnidarian's ________ is a sac containing a central digestive compartment, the gastrovascular cavity.
nematocyst
The ________, which includes a coiled thread, is found in this kind of cnidocyte.
Hydras
________ and sea anemones are two examples of polyps.
Echinoderms
________ originated from bilaterally symmetrical ancestors, although most species seem to be radially symmetrical at first glance.
larva
A(n) ________ grows into a sessile adult after landing on a suitable substrate.
gastrovascular cavity
The ________ serves as a hydrostatic skeleton against which the contractile cells can function.
Sponges
________ are among the most basic creatures, and the ancient Greeks mistook them for plants.
Cnidarians
________ have contractile tissues and nerves in their most basic forms.
Sponges
________ are filter feeders, meaning they filter out food items floating in the surrounding water as they pull it through their body, which resembles a sac perforated with holes in certain species.
sponges
Almost all ________ display sequential hermaphroditism, which means they operate as one sex first and subsequently as the other.
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