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Osmosis
A passive movement of water molecules through a semi permeable membrane. Water moves from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration
Active Transport
An active movement where an input of energy is required. Particles move from low concentration to high concentration
Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
A passive movement of particles from high to low concentration through a protein channel in a cell.
Isotonic Solution
The same concentration of dissolved substances. Water in = water out.
Hypertonic Solution
Higher concentration of solutes outside cell than inside
Plasmolyse
When a cell has shrunk
Hypotonic Solution
A cell has more solute inside than outside.
Turgid
Cell may explode under pressure due to a hypotonic solution.
Exocytosis
Movement out of a cell
Endocytosis
Movement into a cell
Lysosome
A vesicle that contains destructive/digestive chemicals
Pinocytosis
A form of endocytosis where a cell engulfs liquid into the cell.
Phagocytosis
A form of endocytosis where a cell engulfs solids into a cell
Scientific question
Questions that can be answered by using experiments and factual reasoning.
Biology
The study of living organisms and how they function.
Scientific Method
A method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.
Hypothesis
1st part of the scientific method
experimental design
Experimental design refers to how participants are allocated to the different conditions (or IV groups) in an experiment.
variable
factors that are kept constant or unchanging.
observation
The process of studying of something to gain information.
inference
A conclusion made up of facts and inferring knowledge.
conclusion
The final ending or idea of a process
prediction
A statement about the hypothesis
qualitative observations
detailed examination with your senses only
quantitative observations
measuring something with numbers
homeostasis
Balancing human or any living organisms
metabolism
The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life
heredity
The genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring.
Golgi apparatus
packages proteins from the ER and materials and sends them to other parts of the cell
Smooth ER
network or tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell with a smooth surface; functions in a variety of different metabolic processes such as synthesis of lipids, oils, phospholipid and steroids; process drugs, alcohol, and store calcium ions
Rough ER
network of tubular membanes within the cytoplasm of the cell with a rough surface (ribosomes are attached to it); helps the ribosomes make proteins, such as insulin
Organelles
tiny structures within the cell that carry out specific functions
plasma membrane
forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings; made if phospholipids
nucleus
oval-shaped organelle that contains DNA and controls much of the cell's activities by directing protein synthesis
mitochondrion
carries out cellular respiration; rod-shaped organelle that makes energy for the cell to function with; converts the energy stored in food to energy the cell can use (ATP); "powerhouse" of cell
nucleolus
nuclear subdomain that assembles ribosomal subunits in eukaryotic cells; makes rRNA to form the subunits of ribosomes, which then exit to the cytoplasm
chromatin
complex of DNA and proteins that form within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells; directs the cells' functions
vacuole
sac-like organelle that holds water, food and organisms; can also store waste products until removed
chloroplast
green structure that captures energy from sunlight and changes it to energy that cells can use in making food.
prokaryote
plant, bacteria or archea cell
eukaryote
animal cell with nucleus
ribosomes
small grain-shaped organelle that produces proteins
cell membrane
thin, flexible barrier that surrounds the cell and controls what goes in and out; found in animal cells
cytoplasm
the thick fluid region of a cell inside the membrane or next to the nucleus
lysosome
membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes; contains chemicals that break down bigger food particles so they can be used in the cell; also break down used cell parts. The cell's "recycling center".
cell wall
rigid layer surrounding the cells of plants
multicellular
made of many cells
unicellular
single-celled organism
centriole
small set of microtubules arranged in a specific way
phospholipid bilayer
thin membrane of lipid molecules
cytosol
part of cytoplasm not held by an organelle
cilia
the appendages that propel certain cells
cytoskeleton
networks of protein fibers that extend through the cell
cell theory
all living things are composed of cells and all cells come from other cells
why are cells so small?
smaller cells have more surface area across which to pass oxygen, nutrients and waste materials
flagella
a projection from a prokaryotic cell that propels it through its liquid environment
cellular metabolism
chemical activities of cells
nuclear envelope
double membrane enclosing the nucleus; controls the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus
where are ribosomes found?
free-floating in the cytosol, or bound to the rough ER or the nuclear envelope
endomembrane system
A system of membranes that are specific to a eukaryotic cell. Some are physically connected, while others link when vesicles transfer membrane segments between them.
vesicle
sacs made of membranes
what makes up the endomembrane system?
nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and the plasma membrane.
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
processes, warehouses and ships (outside and inside cell) ER products
cristae
folds in the mitochondria that increase the surface area and therefore its ability to produce ATP
ATP
Adenine Triphosphate - main energy source for cellular work
Plant Cell
What type of cell is this?
Animal Cell
What type of cell is this?
X) cell wall
Which of the following is NOT a structure found in human cells:
W) mitochondrion
X) cell wall
Y) lysosome
Z) peroxisome
Nucleus
What organelle functions to isolate a human cell's chromosomes from the cytoplasm?
Cell
What is the basic unit of life?
Chloroplast
In what organelle of a plant cell does photosynthesis occur?
Photosynthesis
It is generally believed that most of the oxygen in the air on Earth today came from what general biological process:
DNA
What is the most common term for the biological polymer found in chromosomes that stores genetic information?
Osmosis
The spontaneous movement of molecules through a semi-permeable membrane in order to create equilibrium.
Nucleus
These structures are located inside of a cell's...
Body Systems
Sets of organs in our bodies that do the work to keep us healthy and alive.
cells
Small part of all living things.
Organs
Made of thousands of cells, connected by several body systems to do work to keep our bodies healthy & alive.
photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen
photosynthesis equation(very important)
6CO2 + 6H2O --> light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
chloroplasts
A structure in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food.
main function of chloroplasts is to produce food (glucose)
Chloroplasts contain the pigment, chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs most of the colors in the color spectrum, and reflects only green and yellow wavelengths of light. This is why we see leaves as green or yellow - because these colors are reflected into our eyes.
glucose
another name for sugar C6H12O6
three things used for making glucose are sunlight water and carbon dioxide
used for energy and growth
sunlight
main source of energy
cellular respiration
C6H1206->CO2 + H20+ ENERGY (released)
goal is to create ATP
occurs in all living things
mitochondria
An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
the energy is stored in ATP until it is released by the reactions remove a phosphate from ATP
a simple way of remembering it is just that it's just energy
Metabolism
The sum total of all processes in an organism which convert energy and matter from outside sources and use that energy and matter to sustain the organism's life functions.
Anabolism
The sum total of all processes in an organism which use energy and simple chemical building blocks to produce large chemicals and structures necessary for life.
Catabolism
The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks.
Photosynthesis
The process by which green plants and some other organisms use the energy of sunlight and simple chemicals to produce their own food.
Herbivores
Organisms that eat only plants.
Carnivores
Organisms that eat only organisms other than plants.
Omnivores
Organisms that eat both plants and other organisms.
Producers
Organisms that produce their own food.
Consumers
Organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food.
Decomposers
Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms.
Autotrophs
Organisms that are able to make their own food.
Heterotrophs
Organisms that depend on other organisms for their food.
Asexual reproduction
Reproduction accomplished by a single organism.