Civi Combined

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Capitalism

Capitalism

An economic system in which private individuals and corporations control the means of production and use them to earn profits.

Communism

An economic and political system based on one-party government and state ownership of property.

Containment

The blocking of another nation's attempts to spread it's influence - especially the efforts of the United States to block the spread of Soviet influence during the late 1940s to early 1950s.

Satellite Nations

A country that is dominated politically and economically by another nation.

Iron Curtain

A phrase used by Winston Churchill in 1946 to describe the imaginary line that separated Communist countries in the Soviet bloc of Eastern Europe from the countries in Western Europe.

Truman Doctrine

A U.S. policy, announced by President Harry Truman in 1947, of providing economic and military aid to free nations threatened by internal or external opponents.

Marshall Plan

The program, proposed by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947, under which the United States supplied economic aid to European nations to help them rebuild after World War II.

Berlin Airlift

A 327-day operation in which U.S. and British planes flew food and supplies into West Berlin after the Soviets blockaded the city in 1948.

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

Military alliance created in 1949 made up of 12 non-Communist countries including the United States that support each other if attacked.

Warsaw Pact

A Military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellites.

McCarthyism

The attacks, often unsubstantiated, by Senator Joseph McCarthy and others on people suspected of being Communist in the early 1950s.

Red Scare

Promotion of fear of the potential threat of Communism in the United States.

38th Parallel

Latitude line/boundary between North and South Korea.

John F. Kennedy (JFK)

35th President of the United States. Was in office during the Bay of Pigs Invasion, Cuban Missile Crisis and the building of the Berlin Wall.

Fidel Castro

Communist dictator of Cuba who came into power in 1959.

Bay of Pigs

Failed CIA operation in April 1961 to overthrow Castro and take over Cuba using Cuban exiles.

Cuban Missile Crisis

13 Day period in October 1962 when Soviet nuclear missiles were pointed at the United States in Cuba and was the closest the Cold War ever came to an actual fighting war.

Berlin Wall

A concrete wall that separated East Berlin and West Berlin from 1961-1989, built by Communist East German government to prevent its citizens from fleeing to the West.

Korean War

A conflict between North Korea and South Korea, lasting from 1950-1953, in which the United States along with other UN countries, fought on the side of the South Koreans while China fought on the side of the North Koreans.

China

Asian nation that turns to Communism in 1949 after Mao Zedong comes into power and fights with the North in the Korean War.

Hollywood 10

10 witnesses from the film industry who refused to cooperate with the House Un-American Activities Committee's investigation of Communist influence in Hollywood.

Joseph Stalin

Soviet leader following World War II, dies in the middle of the Korean War in 1953.

Harry Truman

33rd President of the United States. He fired General Douglass MacArthur over disagreements on the Korean War.

Mao Zedong

Communist leader of China who comes into power in 1949.

Chiang Kai-shek

Nationalist leader of China who even with aid from the United States cannot stop the spread of Communism.

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

Married couple who become the first U.S. citizens put to death for espionage in 1953. They were charged with passing Atomic Bomb secrets to the Soviets.

Blacklist

A list of about 500 actors, writers, producers and directors who were not allowed to work on Hollywood films because of their alleged Communist connections.

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

A congressional committee that investigated Communist influence inside and outside the U.S. government in the years following World War II.

Brinkmanship

The practice of threatening an enemy with massive military retaliation for any aggression.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

A U.S. agency created to gather secret information about foreign governments.

Reagan Doctrine

US would support freedom fighters trying to overthrow Communist regimes; applied in Nicaragua, Angola, Cambodia and Afghanistan

Potsdam Conference

(1945) a meeting of Allied leaders near Berlin to address issues about the post-World War II Europe

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Nikita Khrushchev

Soviet leader from 1955-1964, responsible for putting missiles in Cuba.

Domino Theory

The idea that if a nation falls under communist control, nearby nations will also fall under communist control

17th Parallel

Line of latitude that separated North and South Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam, led the fight against the French and then the Americans to reunify the country

Lyndon B. Johnson

Became president after Kennedy's assassination and reelected in 1964; committed the US more heavily to fighting in Vietnam after the Gulf of Tonkin incident; decided not to run for President in 1968 due to the unpopularity of the Vietnam War.

MAD

Mutually Assured Destruction: the idea that the superpowers had so many nuclear weapons that they would completely destroy each other in a war

George Kennan

American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. Wrote the "Long Telegram" advising that the Soviet Union couldn't be dealt with as a normal government

Yalta Conference

1945 meeting between US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and Soviet Leader Joseph Stalin (("the Big Three") to plan for ending the war and the post-war period

Space race

the competition between the USSR and the USA regarding achievements in the field of space exploration.

French/Huron and Shawnee tribes

Allied during the French and Indian War (on France's side)

English/Iroquois tribes

Allied during the French and Indian War (on Britain's side)

George Washington

Leader of the Continental Army who became the first president of the United States, VA delegate

Fort Duquesne

French fort on the Ohio river that was the site of the first major conflict of the French and Indian war, George Washington attempted to attack this fort but failed

Edward Braddock

British general who accompanied George Washington on his trip to take Fort Duquesne, was killed in this battle

Albany Congress/Albany Plan of Union

A congress that served to unite the colonies (and the Iroquois Confederacy) against the French, JOIN or DIE cartoon by Ben Franklin

Seven Years' War/French and Indian War

War fought in the colonies from 1754 to 1763 between the British and the French, first war started IN THE COLONIES that spread back to Europe (rather than vice versa), Britain wins (Treaty of Versailles) but is left in serious debt

Treaty of Paris

1763 Treaty that ended the French and Indian war and granted Britain all of the land in America west of the Appalachians that the French used to occupy - British also gained a LOT of new responsibility!

Acadians/Cajuns

French colonists in Nova Scotia that were expelled from their homes by the victorious British and were moved to Louisiana where they formed a new culture

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 Indian uprising after the French and Indian War from the Ottawa tribe, first use of CHEMICAL WARFARE where the British gave the Indians smallpox infested blankets

Proclamation of 1763

Britain stated that colonists could not move to land past the Appalachian mountains in order to avoid conflict with the Indians and the additional costs for protecting the British against them

Vice-Admiralty Courts

British royal courts without juries that tried people accused of smuggling - if the defendant is found guilty, the judge gets a cut of their belongings, so there is an INCENTIVE to convict colonists

Writs of Assistance

Gave customs officials the right to search colonist's houses at any moment without probable cause - General Search Warrants

Sugar Act

Laws passed by Parliament taxing sugar and molasses that was imported to the colonies

Stamp Act

1765 Tax on all printed goods, like newspapers, letters, etc. that angered EDUCATED ELITES (people who would print documents) and was led by Grenville

External Tax/Regulate Commerce

These are INDIRECT taxes payed by merchants, they are not directly seen on the price of a good payed by the consumer

Internal Tax/Raise Revenue

These are DIRECT taxes payed by consumers for the sole purpose of making money (in this case to pay off debt from the French and Indian War), like a sales tax

Virtual Representation

British (Grenville's) governmental theory/response to pushback about taxation without representation which stated that Parliament would serve the best interest of the colonists even without them having a direct representative

Patrick Henry

Leader of the American Revolution who spoke out against British rule in the colonies (Give me liberty or give me DEATH!)

Loyal Nine

Group of Boston merchants and artisans that forced in opposition to the Stamp Act, tormented stamp distributors and tax collectors - eventually evolved into the larger group the Sons of Liberty

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization that formed in 1765 in response to the stamp act that fought for more colonial independence - incited riots and were known for the tarring and feathering of stamp/tax collectors - Samuel Adams and Paul Revere were part of this group

Stamp Act Congress

An assembly held in NY to protest the Stamp Act, was the FIRST MAJOR COORDINATED ACTION AGAINST THE BRITISH BY COLONISTS!

Declaratory Act

1766 after Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, this act was passed at the same time and basically stated that Britain could do/tax whatever they wanted to, and that they only repealed the Stamp Act through their own choice

John Locke

British enlightenment philosopher who emphasized natural rights, popular sovereignty, and greatly influenced Thomas Jefferson in his writing of the Declaration of Independence

Republican Government

Representative political system (democracy) where power was in the hands of the voters and is exercised by elected officials

Samuel Adams

American revolutionary leader and one of the founders of the Sons of Liberty - organized the Boston Tea Party

Clergy and Protest

Priests gave speeches on the natural rights and other Enlightenment ideals to encourage participation in the fight for liberty in America

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

Series of 12 letters written by John Dickinson in response to the Townshed Acts - Encouraged colonists to oppose the new taxes and for Britain to repeal them

John Dickinson

Protested the Townshed Acts and wrote the "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania"

Spinning Bee/Club

Local women who gathered at their houses to spin the clothes that they were boycotting purchasing from Britain - discussed their political beliefs during these sessions

Committees of Correspondence

Organized by Samuel Adams, groups of elites from each colony wrote each other letters periodically with updates on their protests for liberty/against the crown

Coercive/Intolerable Acts

1774 acts passed by Parliament in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party - Port Bill closes Boston Harbor - MA Gov't Act revokes MA's charter - Murder Act says that British officers will be brought to Britain for trials of their crimes - *Quartering Act says that citizens must house soldiers in their homes if necessary, feeding and sheltering them - Quebec Act allowed Catholicism to be the religion of New France

1st Continental Congress

September 1774 in Pennsylvania, all colonies (except GA) were present - decided to all IGNORE the coercive/intolerable acts, boycott British goods, and write a letter to the king - FIRST GOVERNMENT OF AMERICA!

Boston Massacre

1770 Clash between 12 stationed British soldiers and drunk colonists, after the angry mob escalates and someone unknown yells "FIRE!", the smoke clears and 5 colonial citizens are dead - the soldiers are tried for their crimes but get of with almost no consequences (thanks to their defense attorney John Adams) - FIRST BLOODSHED of the American revolution

Crispus Attucks

A free black man who was the first person killed in the Boston Massacre

Regulators

Angsty vigilante group active in Western NC, violently protested the new taxes and acts

Lord Dunmore's War

War between Virginians and Indians in 1774, the colonists won - Virginia gained rights to the lands south of the Ohio river in exchange for its norther claims

Green Mountain Boys

Angsty group of Vermont soldiers who captured Fort Ticonderoga and fought the Indians

Tea Act

1773 act which enacted tea tariffs and allowed the East India Company to sell tea straight to the colonists, not through merchants (without tax process)

Lexington and Concord

1775 fighting between the MA and British soldiers that is considered the FIRST SHOTS of the American revolution

2nd Continental Congress

May 1775 Another assembly where an ADDITIONAL LETTER was sent to the king, voted to get all colonies involved in the war, to ally with France, and made George Washington Commander in chief

Olive Branch Petition

July 1775, A piece offering/petition to the king - Stresses colonial loyalty to the king, demands a ceasefire, asks to repeal the coercive/intolerable acts, negotiates colonists rights as British citizens - at the same time, the Continental Army is formed in case their peace offer is not accepted and they go into war

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that says the monarchy is OUTDATED, DANGEROUS to liberty, and INAPPROPRIATE to colonists

Thomas Paine

Author of Common Sense - which became extremely popular among colonists