UIUC Psyc 201 Midterm (copy)

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Emotions

Emotions

brief, specific psychological and physiological responses that help humans meet goals

primary appraisal

unconscious, fast, automatic reactions to situations (like or dislike)

secondary appraisal

conscious, slower, more deliberate (anger/fear/disgust)

six universal emotions

happiness, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, fear (All Dogs Feel Some Special Happiness)

affect valuation theory

cultures differ in the emotions they value/idealize in accordance with cultural values

display rules

cultural rules that govern how, when, and to whom people express emotion

top down processing

information is filtere and interpreted based on schema information, then a decision is made (more stereotypes)

Bottom up processing

information is taken from the senses, put together, and then a decision is made (less stereotypes)

broaden and build hypothesis

positive emotions broaden thought and action repertoires, helping people build social resources

morality

regulating behavior to fit into society

social intuitionist model of moral judgement

people have automatic emotional reactions to moral situations

moral foundations theory

five evolved, universal moral domains in which specific emotions guide moral judgements

5 moral pillars

care/harm, fairness/cheating, loyalty/betrayal, authority/subversion, purity/degradation

three determinants of emotions

peak, end, duration neglect (i.e. how painful you remember something depends on how painful it was at it's most painful moment and how painful it was at the end, not how long it lasted)

affective forecasting

predicting future emotional states and their duration

immune neglect

tendency to underestimate our resilience during negative life events

focalism

tendency to focus on only one aspect of an experience or event when trying to predict future emotions

what makes people happy

age + gender = irelevant, money only to a certain point (~$75,000), social relationships are the most powerful

ABC of attitudes

Affect, Behavior, Cognition

affect

emotional reactions to an attitude object

behavior

knowledge about interactions with an attitude object

cognition

thoughts about the attitude object

likert scales

self report of attitudes toward objects

response latency

the time it takes to respond to a stimulus

LaPiere study of attitudes

chinese couples (90% said they would deny service, 1/250 actually did)

ambivalent attitudes

when affective and cognitive components of attitude may conflice (chocolate: affective - good, cognitive - bad)

attitudes v behaviors

attitudes - broad, behaviors - specific

explicit v implicit behaviors

explicit - deliberate behavior, implicit - automatic

cognitive dissonance theory

we rationalize our decisions to reduce dissonance and restore consistency

effort justification

the more we work on something, the more we justify our reasoning to do it

forced compliance

when you subtly make people behave in a manner that is inconsistent with their beliefs, attitudes, or values to elicit dissonance

over-justification effect

when rewards/external incentives decrease one's intrinsic motivation to perform a task

self-perception theory

when we don't have a clear, solidified attitude or when the attitude isn't important

embodied cognition

the study of how thoughts are influenced by the body and physiological sensations

social psychology

the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to each other

The Milgram Experiment

80% continued past 150 volts, 62.5% continued to maximum

fundamental attribution error

the failure to recognize the importance of situational influences on behavior, and the tendency to overemphasize the importance of dispositions on behavior

channel factor

circumstances that appear unimportant on the surface but have a great consequence on behavior

construal

people's interpretation and inference about the stimuli or situations they confront

gestalt psychology

people perceive objects by unconscious interpretation of what the object represents as a whole

schema

a knowledge structure consisting of any organized body of stored knowledge

automatic processing

we perceive the world quickly and automatically (e.g. processing someones face)

controlled processing

effortful, deliberate, conscious processing

natural selection

an evolutionary process that molds animals and plants so traits that enhance survival and reproduction are passed on

theory of mind

ability to understand seemingly invisible mental states, beliefs, desires, intentions, and can predict others' responses

naturalistic fallacy

the idea that the way things are is the way things should be

operationalization

turn an abstract concept into something observable that we can test with experiments

ways to operationalize

behaviors, physiological reactions, self-report

types of sampling

random (all us college students), convenience (uiuc)

correlational research

research that psychologists conduct to see whether there is a relationship between variables

correlation coefficient

statistical value that indicates how well you can predict one variable using another

reverse causation

X may cause Y OR Y may cause X

third variable problem

X doesn't cause Y, Y doesn't X, some other unmeasured variable causes both

spurious correlatioin

correlation that occurs just by chance

experimental research

systematically controls and manipulates events to understand particular behaviors

3 components of an experiment

manipulation of independent variables, random assignment, control conditions

external validity

experimental setup that closely resembles real-life situations --> results can safely be generalized to such situations

internal validty

confidence that only the manipulated variable could have produced the results

measurement validity

the correlation between some measure and some outcome that the measure is supposed to predict

triangulation

the use of multiple methods to study a single topic

statistical significance

a measure of the probability that a given result could have occurred by chance

self

a person's particular nature or qualities that make a person unique and distinguishable from others

traits

ways that you think, feel, and act that make you different from others

3 primary components of the self

individual, relational, collective

individual self

beliefs about our unique personal traits, abilities, preferences etc.

relational self

beliefs about our identities in specific relationships

collective self

beliefs about our identities as members of social groups to which we belong

diversification

siblings may take on different roles in the family to minimize conflict

reflected self-appraisals

our beliefs about what others think of our social selves

working self-concept

only a subset of self-knowledge is brought to mind in a particular context

trait vs state

trait: the avg version of you (relatively stable), state: how you are in different contexts

social comparison theory

people compare themselves to others to evaluate their own opinions

upward comparison

when you want to improve something about yourself, you compare with people who are better

downward comparison

when you want to feel good about yourself, you compare with people who are worse

self-schema

cognitive structures, derived from past experience, that represent a person's beliefs and feelings about the self in particular domains

self-reference effect

we have a better memory for information related to ourselves

self-complexity

the tendency to define the self in terms of multiple domains that are distinct from one another

self-esteem

the positive/negative evaluation or attitude an individual has toward the self

contingencies of self-worth

self-esteem is contingent on success and failure in domains that are important to their self

self-enhancement

people's desire to maintain, increase, or protect their self-esteem or self-views

self-evaluation maintenance model

we are motivated to have positive self-esteem, and to achieve that, we engage in various forms of motivated reasoning

social comparison

we make downward social comparisons to feel better

self-verification theory

people strive for stable, accurate beliefs about the self

self-regulation

processes used to initiate, alter, and control their behavior in the pursuit of goals

possible selves

hypothetical selves that a person aspires to be in the future

self-discrepancy theory

people want to reduce discrepancies between their actual self and possible selves

promotion focus

focus on positive outcomes when working toward ideal self

prevention focus

avoid negative outcomes when working toward ought self

self-presentation

presenting the person that we would like others to believe we are

self-handicapping

tendency to engage in self-defeating behavior to prevent others from assuming a poor performance was due to a lack of ability

social cognition

how we interpret, remember, and understand information that we receive about the people and situations that surround us every day

pluralistic ignorance

misperception of a group norm that results from observing people who are acting at variance with their private beliefs (professor asks "are there any questions")

bad-news bias

people believe they are more likely to be victimized than they really are (from watching TV)

negativity bias

we pay more attention to negative information than positive

why negativity bias exists

evolutionary (threats need to be dealt with ASAP), neo-evo (default state for humans is mild positive affect)

order effects

the order in which we are presented information matters

primacy effects

info presented 1st has overly strong influence on later judgements

recency effects

info presented last has overly strong influence on later judgements

reasons for order effects

1. construal, 2. limited cognitive capacity, 3. attention & motivation (fast and frugal with cognitive resources)

framing effects

the influence on judgement resulting from the way that info is presented