Chapter 1: Intro and Overview

• Glycolysis oxidizes glucose

• Glucose is a six-carbon molecule

• Glucose is a water-soluble solute

• Glucose needs specialized transporters called GLUT transporters

  • GLUT transporters are bidirectional

  • There are different types of GLUT receptors

  • GLUT1 is found in red blood cells, fetus, and blood-brain barrier

  • GLUT2 is found in kidney, liver, and pancreas

  • GLUT3 is found in placenta, neurons, and kidney

  • GLUT4 is found in muscle and adipose tissue

  • GLUT4 is insulin dependent

Chapter 3: Glucose-6-Phosphate

Main Ideas:

• Glucose-6-phosphate is an important molecule in cellular metabolism.

• It is produced through the process of phosphorylation.

• Glucose-6-phosphate has several important functions in the body.

Phosphorylation:

• Phosphorylation is the process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule.

• In the case of glucose-6-phosphate, a phosphate group is added to the glucose molecule.

• This process is catalyzed by the enzyme hexokinase.

• Phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate is the first step in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Functions of Glucose-6-Phosphate:

• Glucose-6-phosphate is an important intermediate in glycolysis.

• It can be converted into pyruvate, which is further metabolized to produce ATP.

• Glucose-6-phosphate is also a precursor for the synthesis of glycogen.

• It can be converted into glucose-1-phosphate, which is then used to build glycogen chains.

• Glucose-6-phosphate is involved in the pentose phosphate pathway.

• It serves as a source of NADPH, which is important for cellular antioxidant defense and biosynthetic reactions.

Chapter 4: Fructose-6-Phosphate

• Conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to phosphoenolpyruvate

  • Enzyme involved: enolase

• Formation of ATP from phosphoenolpyruvate

  • Enzyme involved: pyruvate kinase

  • Irreversible reaction

• Formation of pyruvate

  • Two molecules of pyruvate produced

Chapter 5: Fructose-1,6-biphosphate

• Conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid

  • Occurs in anaerobic conditions

  • Enzyme involved: lactate dehydrogenase

  • Lactic acid can be converted to glucose or used to make ATP in the liver

  • Lactic acid decreases pH and makes blood more acidic

• Clinical correlation: high lactate dehydrogenase levels

  • Indicates conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid

  • Can be seen in conditions with low oxygen delivery to tissues

  • May result in metabolic acidosis and anion gap

Chapter 6: Dihydroxy Acetone Phosphate / Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate

• Summary of glycolysis products

Chapter 7: 1,3-biphosphoglycerate

• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell

• Starting substrate is glucose

• End product is two pyruvates

• Byproducts of glycolysis include 4 ATP (net 2 ATP) and 2 NADHs

• Glycolysis is an anaerobic process, generating lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

Chapter 8: 3-phosphoglycerate

• Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA in the transition step

Chapter 9: 2-phosphoglycerate

• Summary of glycolysis pathway

• Transition step and conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA will be discussed in the next video

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