There are diseases in insects.

Living organisms need carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. The same atomic number and chemical behavior are useful for other organisms. The material is fied as chemical elements by manybacteria.

The human body has normal microbiota. They don't cause disease and can be beneficial.

Humans can be produced cheaply by thesebacteria.

Microorganisms can be used as a vaccine. Decomposition reaction, digestion, or genetical modification to produce components of vaccines.

The activity required for the reaction is lowered by the enzyme.

Looking at three-dimensional detail.

In a Gram stain, the mordant combines with the basic dye to form a complex that will not wash out.

The decolorizer removes the color from the Gram stain.

One a-ketoglutaric acid and one a-ketoglutaric acid to succinyl CoA.

1 NADH for one cell to "rest," or survive, as opposed to grow and reproduce.

The endospore wall protects the bacterium from Succinic acid S Fumaric acid 1 FADH2 conditions.

A-ketoglutaric concentration to a low concentration does not require energy.

Carriers are required for Facilitated Diffusion.

Both require the use of enzymes to move materials. Energy is used in active transport.

After it crosses the membrane, the substrate is changed.

The gram-positive bacterium is absent from the diagram because of the lipopolysaccharide-phospholipid-lipoprotein layer.

After the dye-iodine complex enters, it becomes trapped by the peptidoglycan.

penicillin can't enter the gram-negativecel s because of the outer layer.

The gram-positive wal contains essential molecules.

An extracel ularidase hydrolyzes starch into disaccharides and monosaccharides.

There is a group of genes that can be used to moveglucose asglucose-6-phosphate.

In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is a molecule of oxygen.

In respiration, the final electron acceptor is usually y organic.

The electrons are returned to the chloro cycle.

Dihydroxyacetone phos electrons from hydrogen atoms are catabolized by the pathway.

The outer portion has a positive electrical charge.

It is necessary to pick up more electrons.

NADH can be converted into alcohol.

The cell grows and the chromosomes grow.

The nuclear material is evenly divided.

Because of the high specific heat of water, moist heat is inward between the invaginations.

Carbon is the synthesis of molecule that make up a living creature.

Pasteurization destroys organisms that cause disease.

The thermal death point is determined by variables.

Catalyzes the breakdown of H # The past history of the culture.

The peroxide ion is O2 during the test.

The anion has one unpaired electron.

O2 and H2O2 break DNA strands.

Direct methods are the ones in which the microorganisms are counted. Direct methods include plate count, fil tration, and most probable number.

The growth ofbacteria slows down when the temperature drops.

Food won't be spoiled quickly in a refrigerator.

It is possible to meet the carbon and energy requirements for an oil result.

A hypertonic environment is created by the presence of salts and sugars. Salts and sugars make things.

Meats are usually preserved with salt in a chemical medium, which is the exact chemical with sugar. The composition of the mold is known. A medium that can grow in high osmotic pressure is a complex medium.

Disinfectant B is more effective because it can beDiluted more.

Genetics provide genetic diversity. Natural selection takes place when Gram-negativebacteria are stuck in cracks or around factors.

The survival of some organisms is dependent on genetic diversity. The processes of natural selection could cause these gram-negativebacteria to die. Organisms that do not die may undergo dure. There are pseudomonads that can grow on quats.

Both are related. A transcribable gene is adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. There is a unit of DNA in a cell.

Both are related. RFLP is a segment of DNA that is held together by hydrogen bonds.

A-T and C-G are the bases.

Both are related. A short, single-stranded piece of basis for synthesis is a DNA probe.

A gene is a transcribable unit of DNA that codes for something.

Both of them areidases. At a time, a DNA template is used to synthesise one nucleotide at a time.

Both are related. cDNA results from copying a strand ofRNA from two different sources.

The proteome is a part of the genome. A complete copy of an organisms genetic information is called ge nome.

The proteome is composed of 5' of genetic material.

Two wall-less cells combine their genes in a fusion. This process can result in a variety of different strains. In b, c, and d specific genes are inserted.

The number of plasmids will increase as the cell grows.

Iron deficiency could cause the expression of iron-requiring genes.

Culture 1 will not change.

There are tables 9.2 and 9.3.

You might have used a few plant cells in the experiment.

Plants can be grown on plant-cell culture media.

The only cells that will grow are the ones with the new plasmid.

Both of them are oxygenic photo autotrophs.

Actinomycetes and fungi are prokaryotes.

There are two large rod-shapedbacteria. Two species are not the same.

There are two small rod-shapedbacteria. A and D are related in many ways.

Both are related to each other.

Both of them are rod-shaped.

Both are parasites.

Both are atypical gram-positivebacteria.

There are a lot of ways to draw a key. This is an example.

There is a possible key shown. There are alternative keys that could be made.

Living host cells are necessary for Viruses to multiply.

As the first colonizers on newly exposed rock or soil, lichens are multiplies inside a living cell using the synthetic machinery of the responsible for the chemical weathering of large particles and cell.

The synthesis of virions is caused by #.

The viral slime molds are multinucleate mass of protoplasm. Both survive and start multiplication.

Viruses can't be seen in host tissues. Viruses can't be cultured in order to be inoculated into a new host.

The male reproductive organs are in one individual, and the female substitute a laboratory animal for the third step of Koch's postulates.

Some viruses can not cause cancer.

Answers will change. There is a possible mechanism that can be seen in an abnormal tissue.

The study of the cause of a disease is called eviology, while the manner in which the disease develops is called pathogenesis.

There is a change in a state of health. Sometimes a disease can be caused by an infection, but not always.

Hemolysins lyse red blood, whereas a noncommunicable disease is not transmitted. neutrophils and macrophages are destroyed from one host to another by leukocidins.

One of the organisms benefits and the other is unaffected, as shown by the example of coryne kinases breaking down a clot in the eye.

Iron is useful for the human host. IgA antibodies protect warmth in the large intestine, and IgA proteases destroy them.

Would stop the growth ofbacteria.

Patients were mitted to by endotoxin.

The hospital staff, visitors, and other patients are Gram 2 of infections.

The host needs a chemical or environment that is essential. Commensal organisms are not essential.

Incubation period, prodromal period, period of illness, period of decline, period of convalescence.

Pathogenic fungi do not have a specific virulence factor.

Host tissues are destroyed by Protozoa and helminths.

Some can remain in a cell for a long time.

Encapsulatedbacteria can grow.

The acidic environment in female is related to their virulence.

Inflammation is the body's response to injury.

Interferons are involved in defense.

There are self-antigens in the major histocompatability complex.

There are reactions with MHC II and MHC I.

Endotoxin causes cell lysis by binding C3b. This can result in free cell wall fragments, which bind more C3b, resulting in C5-C9 damage.

Oxygen products can be toxic.

The activated complement causes hemolysis when the recipient's antibodies combine with the donor's.

CTLs destroy targets on contact.

The immune response is suppressed by TR cels. A response by other cels is initiated by the release of cytokines.

Kill or stop the growth ofbacteria.

The resistance to infections obtained through adaptive immunity leads to the production of B cel s with different genes.

The person recovered because he or she produced an immunity against the pathogen. The memory response will protect the per or individuals from certain diseases that are not dependent on the pathogen.

The immune system is due to antibodies. The immunity is due to T cel s.

If the disease is caused by a live, avirulent virus, it can be caused by injection of antibodies or by changing its state.

The whole-agent killed thebacteria.

Subunit is an inactivated toxin.

T-independent antigens can cause an immune response.

The CD8 antigen is present in the nucleus acid C cels.

There are 5 different types of Immunoglobins and 5 different types of TCRs.

This procedure can be used to detect the presence of mycotic or helminthic infections.

If there is excess antibody, it will combine with several anti body molecules. If there is excess antigen, an antibody will combine with it.

Recipient's blood contains complement.

The recipient's antibodies will react with the donor's tissues.

Lymphokines are to blame for the symptoms.

A delayed hypersensitivity occurs with subsequent exposure to the antigen.

The production of IgG is believed to be caused by small repeated doses of the antigen.

Patients of the disease have their own immune system.

Antibodies react with cells.

Table 19.1 shows cell-mediated destruction.

Inherited can be either a conjugate or a conjugate bound to synthetic particles. HIV infections take part in precipitation reactions.

TSTA and T antigen are tumor specific.

Some cancer patients can escape the immune system with the help of immunological enhancement. Immune enhancement might be triggered by immunotherapy.

The drug should exhibit toxicity, have a broad spectrum, not cause hypersensitivity in the host, and not harm normal microbiota.

The host's metabolism makes it difficult to damage the virus without damaging the host. Antihelminthic drugs and the mode of transmission of protozoan must be affected by the agent Clinical Symptoms.

Direct contact organisms are exposed to a lot of agents.

Administering two or more drugs simultaneously is a respiratory route scription.

The woman's susceptibility to rubel a is determined by the test. She is susceptible to the disease if the test provides therapy until a diagnosis is made and the toxicity of negative is lessened. She can acquire the disease by reducing the dosages of her drugs. The fetus could become sick. A problem that can be caused by simultaneous use of two agents is a woman should bevaccinated.

Polymyxin B causes leaks.

70S ribosomal subunits are prevented from forming.

Measles, mumps, and rubel were attenuated.

The 3'- OH has bases.

The patient has mites on their skin. Penicillin is an anti-bacteria cell wall synthesis drug.

Polymyxin B is a disruptor.

The symptoms of tetanus are due to neurotoxin.

Immediately after exposure to the vaccine, the immune system needs to inactivate the virus. These antibodies are provided by passive immunization.

Over a longer period of time, active immunization will provide antibodies, but they are not formed immediately.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease's causative agent is transmissible.

There is some evidence for an inherited form of the disease, but it has been transmitted by transplants. The prion can't be cultured by conventional techniques and the prion isn't readily seen in patients with the disease.

Passive immunization with HDCV lowed by active immunization.

There are abnormal heart valves.

There are rickettsial diseases. They differ from each other in severity and mortality.

Refer to Diseases in Focus 24.1, 24.2, and 24.3 to complete the table.

There are several different viruses that can cause viral pneumonia.

There are symptoms that can cause pneumonia.

Refer to Diseases in Focus 24.3 to finish the table.

Amantadine is used to treat the flu.

The area around the injection site is reddened when there is an active infection.

It is produced by fungi.

The four are caused by parasites.

Giardiasis is a disease.

Refer to Diseases in Focus 25.5 to complete the table for amebic dysentery, which has blood and mucus.

From the time of preparation to the time of ingestion.

Water occurs when food is mishandled.

Antimicrobial agents are not effective in cooking.

The organisms could be present during preparation or after cooking.

The table can be completed by referring to Diseases in Focus 25.2.

Refer to Diseases in Focus 25.3 and 25.4 for the answer to this question.

All organisms need Phosphorus.

Personal hygiene and medical procedures can cause urinary tract infections. They are caused by diseases.

The proximity of the anus to the urethra and the short length of the urethra can cause urinary bladder infections in females.

There are portals of entry from the lower urinary tract.

Refer to Diseases in Focus 26.2 and 26.3 to complete the table.

Improved aeration and mixing results in improved cell growth and densities.

The process reproducibility is improved.

Methane can be used to produce products or accomplish a process, while industrial microbiology is the science of using organisms to make alcohol and hydrogen. Industrial microbiology is produced by respiration.

Eliminating disease-causing organisms is the goal of commercial sterilization.

The berries have acid in them.

Lactic acidbacteria grow in the interior of the curd to ripened hard cheese. Soft cheese is ripened by molds on the outside of the curd.

Water is also needed for hydrolysis.

Larger culture volumes can be grown with a bioreactor.

Monitoring and controlling critical environmental conditions such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and aeration can be done with process instrumentation.

Cleaning and sterilization systems are in place.

It has a harvest system for in-process sampling.

The log10 of a number can be found by writing the number Very large and very small numbers in standard exponential notation. The log10 is difficult to work with if the coefficients are exactly 1. It's more convenient to say the same thing as the exponent. The bers are as a power of 10.

The logarithm function on a positive or negative can be used if the coefficients are not 1, as is often the case.

Follow two steps to change a number.

Microbiologists use logs for calculating pH levels and graphing the coefficients so there is only one growth of population in culture.

The population increases as a cell divides. The coefficients is 3.2. If one cell divides into two, you have to count the number of times the number of places you moved the decimal point. The cell divided if you moved it to the left.

You moved the decimal point seven places to the right in the example.

This would result in a small number if 5 cel s were allowed to divide 9 times.

To calculate the number of generations a culture has undergone, cell num 4,650,000,000 is used.

The on 10 is the number of numbers written in exponential notation. The log of 2 is used when one cell splits into two.

Microbiologists use exponential notation. The number of organisms in a population can be described with the use of exponential notation. Such numbers can be very large.

There are 14 generations in a solution that include media components, disinfectory, antibiotics, and 5 hours of tants.

The calculation can be used to determine the effect of a new carry out.

The growth was stopped by the preservative.

A sample of material is often needed to diagnose a disease.

It is necessary to take samples asepti 5. Take care not to taint the sur cal y by touching a sterile swab. The sample container should be labeled with the patient's name.

The container should be replaced with a new one and properly labeled.

Pathogens are fastidious and die if not kept. The skin and canal should be cleansed with a small amount of iodine.

The tissues are cultured in the laboratory.

This procedure is done by an eye doctor.

All health care workers should use the following procedures. Students are returned if their activities involve contact with patients or with blood.

Close the room's windows.

The skin around the vein should be cleaned with 2% of iodine on a membranes and nonintact skin.

The dried iodine should be removed with the moistened gauze.

Take a few liters of blood.

The skin should be washed immediately and thor 5.

During 1 protective eyewear or face shields should be worn. The patient should have a sterile container.

The patient should void a small amount of the bladder fluids.

During procedures that are likely to collect a sample, gowns or aprons should be worn.

A urine sample can be stored for up to 5 days. Needles should not be recapped for 24 hours.

A small sample is all that is needed. They should be placed in puncture-resistant containers for disposal.

saliva has not been implicated in HIV transmission, but it is possible to get a mouth by putting a sterile swab into the rectum or feces. In areas where the need for resuscitation is predictable, a tube of sterile enrichment broth should be placed in which the pieces, bags, and other equipment can be taken for transport to the labo.

A small sample may be taken from an emergency mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

Health care workers who have exudative lesions or weeping dermatitis should refrain from all patient care and from handling adult parasites.

If a health care worker develops HIV while the patient is sleeping, a morning sample is the best.

The patient should rinse his or her mouth thoroughly to remove food health care workers should be familiar with.

A sterile glass wide-mouth jar should be used for the patient's cough.

It's important to take care of health care workers.

In cases with little sputum, stomach aspiration may be necessary.

People tend to swallow sputum.

The area should be cleansed with a sterile swab.

Disinfect the area with 70% solution.

A sterile scalpel will be used to open the abscess if it has not spontaneously burst.

When there are only two syl ables in the name.

Talking about new material is the easiest way to learn it. The next-to-last syl can be a diphthong. Ah-kan is saying scientific names. It may look difficult to see a scientific name.

The next-to-last syl able is the primary c. There is a requirement in saying a scientific name.

The rules for the pronunciation of scientific names depend on words ending in the following suffixes: the derivation of the root word and its vowels. Some general guidelines have been provided by us.

A common usage has become accepted or the derivation of the name cannot be determined.

The reverse pronunciations are correct in some cases.

The third-to-last syl is able in family names.

A prime is noted with a secondary accent.

The next-to-last or third-to-last syl able is the usual syl able.

The conidia were developed at the end of the aerial hypha.

deactivation and becoming inactive are examples.

Having the ability to live or exist is an example.

Aerobic, in the presence of air; aerate, to add air.

A cyst is enclosed in a encysted.

Ameboid is a movement involving changing shapes.

An example is amylase, anidase that degrades starch.

Anabolism is building up.

An example of an epidemic is the number of cases of a disease.

An example is antimicrobial, a substance that prevents the growth of bugs.

The ascus is a baglike structure.

In a whiplike fashion, flagel um is a projection from a cell.

basidium is a cell that has spores.

To make larger.

The blastospore was formed by budding.

Butyric acid, formed in butter, is responsible for rancid odor.

Any agent that produces disease is an example.

schizogony produces many and nails.

The conidia formed inside the hypha.

The structure of the chromosomes is readily stained.

There is an agent that killsbacteria.

The cleistothecium is completely closed.

There are shingles that appear to creeps along the center.

A cell with many nuclei is not separated from other organisms.

The bacterium found in the large intestine is produced by the Homofermenter.

Coccoid is similar to a coccus.

The oligiosaccharide is a comparison with another.

Not permitting passage is the example.

There is a chemical element that produces a violet vapor.

Isotonic means having the same osmotic pressure when you live together.

An epidemic affecting a large region is an example.

Leprosy is a disease characterized by skin diseases.

There is a hypha that bears conidia.

Lipase breaks down fats.

saprophyte is a plant that gets its nutrition from function brought on by disease.

There is a substance in some organisms that wanders in water.

A body within a body.

The archaeobacteria lack pregnant before birth.

The best place for psychrophile to grow is at the lowest part of the brain.

Rodents, the class of mammals with teeth.

Having one flagel is an example of monotrichous.

Disaccharide is a sugar consisting of two organisms.

Multinuclear has several nuclei.

The form of half a circle is semicircular.

Cell death is the death of a portion of tissue.

An example is obstruction, obstructing or blocking up.

A monocular is pertaining to one eye.

The study of the relationships among organisms mouths is an example of Siphonaptera, the order of fleas.

There is a structure that holds spores.

The example is turning toward the Earth.

trophic is related to nutrition.

immunity is the condition of being resistant to chains.

Being above others is an example of superior.

The example is unicel ular.

There is a response to the presence of cows.

vacuoles are an empty space.

There is a wall-less container in the example of Tenericutes.

An example is an animal that eats other animals.

Any plant that tolerates dry conditions is called xerophyte.

xylose is a sugar obtained from wood.

zygospore is a spore formed from the fusion of appendix.

The example is an example of a living cell that makes pressure.

There is a chemical signal that promotes a response to the environment.

The catabolic process begins with the production of ethyl alcohol.

There are two polypeptides in the exotoxins.

The tissues found in plants may be the reason for a lack of a photosynthesis.

A substance that creates colonies of hydrogen ion in nature.

A differential stain used to identifybacteria that are not 6H8O6 is found in brown algae.

A hypersensitivity response is evoked by an antigen.

There is a bacterium that grows below a certain pH.

Due to drugs or disease, the activity of an enzyme is changed to produce a specific antibody.

There are anti-fungal agents that interfere with sterol synthesis.

There is a process used in secondary sewage treatment.

A procedure to identify cancer-causing organisms.

A chemical group requires minimum collision energy. The carboxyl groups are attached to the reaction in alpha-amino acids.

There is a region on an enzyme.

There is a pathway that is both catabolic and anabolic.

Having a flagel at both ends.

The synthesis of reactions in a living organisms.

The substance is formed when growth occurs.

A substance is added to a vaccine.

An O group is needed to determine the cause of the disease.

The asexual stage of a fungus is where the organisms do not use molecular oxygen.

It is not affected by its presence.

A clumping is a joining together.

A structure with ascospores is found in the ascomycetes.

Food preservation can be done by filling sterile containers alone.

Natural y was produced by a bacterium of the patient.

There are techniques used to minimize contamination.

A reproductive cell can combine specifical y with that antigen.

The smallest unit of matter can enter into a chemical reaction.

There are three nucleotides by which a tRNA recognizes a codon.

Any substance that causes the formation of an immune system.

Thebacteria do not have flagel a.

A site on an antibody.

There is a region on the surface of an antigen.

Viruses can cause damage to one's own organs.

Carbon dioxide is the principal in H and N.

A microorganism with a population requirement.

The structure for motility is found in spirochetes.

There are anti-fungal agents that interfere with sterol synthesis.

There are bugs in the blood.

The domain of prokaryotic organisms is characterized by peptidoglycan protein.

The viral RNA can't act as a messenger.

A substance that can killbacteria.

There is a blood-derived fluid.

There is a specific antibody produced by the body.

The photophosphorylation blocker is found in anoxygenic photosyntheticbacteria.

The archaea must be activated by theprotein portion of an enzyme.

A virus that causes illness.

A treatment that can stop the growth ofbacteria.

One of the three A-U and G-C is lacking peptidoglycan.

The asexual fungal spore is formed by a septate being broken down.

A granulocyte is not injected with antiserum.

A process in which plants are grown for a period because of their desirable qualities.

There is a type of lymphocyte.

The alcoholic beverage is produced by fermentation.

A substance that keeps the solution's pH stable.

A condition arises when sludge floats.

Two names are used by autotrophs.

The nucleic acid is surrounded by a virus.

A substance that can kill organisms.

B-lactam antibiotics and cilastatin are included in some antibiotics.

The hydrogen and oxygen present in a 2:1 ratio promote the growth of carbohydrates.

There are processes that convert CO2 to organic substances.

Carbons from CO2 are used to synthesise sugars.

There is a theory that living cel s arise from the past.

Computer-assisted analysis is used to determine the function of genes.

ribulose 1,5-diphosphate is required for a prokaryotic inclusion.

Controls for environmental conditions are transmitted by a fermentation vessel.

The use of microbes to remove pollution.

Safety guidelines for working with complex organic compounds.

2H components are used to make a useful product.

Use of a living product to intimidate.

A charged ion.

Number assigned to a single property.

The product used to cause harm.

The DNA was made from a template.

Two phenol groups are connected by a bridge.

Culture media is also called tissue culture.

There is asexual fungi produced by budding.

A cell dies.

Some substances can pass through cell membranes.

The outer covering of most organisms are seen against a white background.

The method is used to determine the minimal inhibitory information.

Inflammation causes an enlarged lympian.

A rod with a bacterium on it.

There is a sequence of three nucleotides that is involved in the formation of a polypeptide.

A force between atoms.

The bonds between atoms are broken.

A culture medium in which the exact chemical forming, rod-shapedbacteria that ferment lactose with acid and gas formation composition is known.

Anidase that hydrolyzes agen.

There is a visible mass of organisms arising from one cell or from a group source.

A desired carbon and energy is identified.

There is a substance that causes certain leukocytes to enter the area.

An organisms uses oxidation-reduction reactions.

There is asexual fungi within a hypha.

The state in which a recipient cell can take and photophosphorylation is found in plants andbacteria.

Growth of some organisms prevents the growth of others.

A chemical competes with a normal one.

The DNA was made from a template.

Genes are contained in the process in which complement combines.

A short projection from some encouraging its decomposition.

There is a membranous sac in the Golgi that uses visible light as a source of illumination.

The host's resistance to infections is impaired.

A molecule of water is branch on a cladogram in a chemical reaction.

A lens system located below the microscope stage directs light to suggest the classification of organisms based on the time sequence in which it rays through the specimen.

Refers to a condition that is already present at birth.

The elimination of B and T is done with self.

Clones of B and T cel s are created against a specific to produce specific antibodies.

There is a population ofcels arising from a single parent.

Asexual spore produced in a chain.

A blood clot can be caused by a bacterialidase.

A toxin that affects the host's functions.

Cell-to-cell contact is the transfer of genetic material from one cell to another.

The specimen appears white against a black background because it has genes for sex pili and il Uminator.

There is anidase that is produced continuously.

The time it took to kill 80% of another.

A solution is used to remove a stain.

Small parts from a large molecule are produced by an industrial fermentation.

Human made small antibiotics.

A molecule that allows the repressor to bind to an operator.

There is a sexually mature form of a parasites.

There is a contrast to the encoded by several codons.

Degermation is the removal of organisms from an area.

The electrons of one atom are shared with another atom in a chemical bond.

The phase of a cold is characterized by sweating.

The inside of achondrion has a folding.

A portion of one chromosomes is exchanged with a portion of another.

A change in the structure of a molecule.

A type of cell characterized by medium.

Nitrogen is reduced in nitrate to nitrite or nitrogen gas.

There is a solid part of milk in the teeth.

There is a covering on helminths.

A five-carbon sugar.

Tinea or ringworm is a skin disease.

The molecule is derived from the ATP and acts as a messenger.

The mycosis is caused by a fungus.

phagocytes move out of blood vessels.

An identification scheme based on respiration and photosynthesis.

A three-dimensional, magnified image is provided by an instrument that immune response.

Damage to colonies can be caused by overproduction of cytokines.

The damage to their cell resulted in the destruction of their cells.

There is a visible effect on a hostcel caused by a virus.

There are two forms of growth.

Different individuals havefilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

An electron is given up by an ion to another atom.

A cell with two sets of chromosomes has normal levels of diploid in the atom.

The embryo is grown in a petri dish.

The nucleus is a region of an atom.

A fluorescent-antibody test is used.

A sugar is composed of two sugars.

An abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not functioning correctly.

A cell from an embryo has the potential to be healthy.

A new or changing disease is called a Disinfectant.

A disease is present in a group.

A chemical reaction requires energy.

The process by which a material is moved.

Two atoms of sulfur are held together by a bond.

There is an organisms that lives inside rock.

There is a network of membranous that recognizes DNA in samples being tested.

There is a structure inside of somebacteria.

The DNA is created by copying a template.

A culture medium used for isolation.

The transmission of an infectious disease by small droplets of liquid.

There is a covering around the viruses.

The stain eosin is taken up by a granulocyte.

There is a disease that is not present in a given area.

Science studies when and where diseases occur.

A particle is moving around the nucleus of an atom.

Different methods have the same effect.

There is an appendage on a cell.

A macrophage is located in a certain organ or tissue stripimpregnated with an antibiotic.

In archaeal 9 1 2 microtubules, there is bonding between the two acids.

canned goods were not accompanied by Domain Eukarya.

A cell has a distinct nucleus.

A group of organisms can interbreed.

The method of counting is using a flow cytometer.

A chemical reaction.

There is a region of a chromosomes.

The study of a disease.

The bacterium counts and sorts cells labeled with fluorescent antibodies with the help of a glycocalyx.

A diagnostic tool that uses temperature, acidity, alkalinity, or pressure.

The genes that are produced by the extremophiles.

A systemic infections began in one place.

There is an infection of hair follicles.

A non living object can spread infections.

There is a structure consisting of chromosomes, cytoplasm, and endospore.

An organisms capable of growth in, but not requiring, a cell culture.

The identification of microbes by the presence of stearic acid migrates toinfecting tissue.

An indirect fluorescent-antibody test is used to detect STDs.

The end-product severity is a condition that develops quickly and rapidly.

Aphosphorylation and O2 are not required for the Kingdom Fungi.

There is an inverted tube to trap gas as a result of the merging of the plasma membranes.

streptococci produces a kinase.

The passage of a liquid or gas through a screen like material.

When combined with a carrier molecule, a segment of DNA can be used to make antibodies.

A mechanism to stop the expression of genes.

Replacing abnormal genes is a way to treat a disease.

The time required for a cell or population to double in a stay at a health care facility was not present at the time the patient was number.

The codons and the acids they contain.

There is a flagel in the host.

A red blood cell lyses.

There are both male and female reproductive capacities.

Lactic acid and other acids are restricted in a bacterium, yeast, or phage.

The F factor has become integrated into the taxon between family and species.

The process of growing from an endospore.

The principle that diseases are caused by organisms.

There is a class of proteins that has an immune system. A substance released by tissue causes a reaction.

Acel is surrounded by a gel.

There is aUbiquitin in the chromosomes.

An organelle is involved in the production of a certain amount of a certain amount of a certain amount of a certain amount of a certain amount of a certain amount of a certain amount of a certain amount of a certain amount of a certain amount of a certain amount of a certain amount of a

The immune response to the tissue recipient can be affected by the description of an organisms ability to produce only lactic acid.

After treatment with safranin, the genes between the two organisms stain red.

Gram-negative endotoxins can cause a Septic shock.

An organisms isinfecting a pathogen. The crystal violet color is retained by thebacteria after intermediate host.

Gram-positivebacteria can cause a Septic shock.

A lump of tissue.

Apoptosis is caused by proteases that induce it.

The human immune system is produced by genetically modified mice.

The use of reduced organic compounds as electron donors for CO fluids is called antibody-mediated immunity.

Gram-negative, nonproteobacteria; strictly anaerobic hyaluronic acid and helps spread microorganisms from their initial site of and phototrophic; no growth in dark; use reduced sulfur compounds as infection.

The B cell was fused with a cancer 2 fixation.

Active transport is when a substance is cell.

A water molecule has drugs and OH2 in it.

A base is formed by the anion that forms it.

An alcohol is formed by covalently bonding to a molecule.

An organisms needs a high salt concentration for growth.

serological testing identified a antigens of enterics.

A host response to tissue damage.

Host defenses give protection against pathological changes.

Growth is initiated byMicrobes introduced into a culture medium.

A solution with a higher concentration of hydrogen.

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes than DNA.

The number of organisms required to cause an illness. The activity of the macrophage is stimulated.

T-cell proliferation is caused by a chemical.

A period of stationary growth helminth is a stage in which secondary metabolites are produced.

The class of antibodies are found in the body.

There is a class of antibodies found on Bcel s.

There is a region in a gene that does not code for something.

Hypersensitivities are caused by the class of antibodies.

The first class of antibodies appear after being exposed to an object.

A group of atoms is negatively or positively charged.

A precipitation reaction test causes ionization. There are examples of X rays and gamma rays.

Localized decreased blood flow.

A tissue transplant from an identical source followed by serological testing.

A solution in which the osmotic reaction can be achieved after the immersion of a cel.

The sexual stage of a specific antibodies is when the nuclei of twocels are fused.

The hair, nails, and skin have something in common.

There are reserve deposits in the material held inside a cel.

A substance is released from tissue.

A test for agglutination using amylase.

The spread of pathogens by fomites is called tricarboxylic acid objects.

A fluorescent-antibody test can be used.

Lactic acid is created by a chemical or environmental stimulation.

There is a process that turns on a gene.

There is a disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host.

Anidase is capable of hydrolyzing a cell.

A condition in which a pathogen stays in the host for a long period of time.

For example, erythromycin is an antibiotic.

50% of the inoculated hosts will be killed within a given period.

A reddened skin area.

Substances produced by somebacteria that can destroybacteria act like magnets.

It is possible to return to walled state if you lack a cell wall.

Grains containing amylase and maltose.

The process by which phagocytes stick to the lining of the blood is called conversion.

A type of cell found throughout the body is used to reduce CO2 to sugar. Calvin-Benson is one of the substances that stimulates vasodilation.

There is a surface zone of water away from the can.

There is a test to detect the presence of Peyer's patches.

Anidase that breaks down triglycerides into their component infections carries pathogens on their feet and other body parts.

A body of organisms.

A screenlike material with pores small enough to retain polysaccharide forms the outer membrane of gram-negative cell wal s.

The B or T cell is responsible for the atom.

The area along the shore of the ocean or a large lake is called anamestic because there is a lot of vegetation and light at the bottom.

There is inflammation of the meninges.

A skin rash, or asthma, is an organisms that grows between 10 and 50 degrees Centigrade.

The increase in cell size is an artifact of preparation.

There are two flags at one end of a computer.

A sequence of reactions in bioluminescence.

The amount of chemical reactions that occur in a living environment.

A leukocyte is involved in the immune system.

The study of small molecule growth.

They are known as volutin.

The study of the genomes of uncultured organisms.

The CH4 is a gas formed by the viral DNA.

A molecule is attached to a molecule without lysis.

There is an organelle.

An environment with less O2 is the best place for an organisms to grow.

Each time a cell divides there is a chance that a gene will change.

There is a mass of long filaments of cells that branch and connect.

There are long-chained, branched fatty acids.

The toxin is produced by a fungus.

The lowest concentration will kill the test organisms.

Hypothesizedbacteria well below the accepted lower will grow.

Making small products.

The electron transport chain is destroyed by a lymphoid cell.

In response to an duplicated, the cells are divided into two parts.

Data on notifiable diseases and topics of special interest are contained in organisms with certain inherited genes.

The process of identifying changes in organisms.

A nerve impulse molecule is interfered with by an exotoxin.

A chemical compound is formed by a combination of atoms.

A specific antibody is produced by a exotoxin.

A progenitor of a macrophage.

There are both male and female reproductive capacities.

A small molecule together to form something.

nitrate is produced by the oxidation of nitrogen in ammonia.

Nitrogen is converted through a series of processes.

A sugar with 3-7 carbon atoms.

There is a single flagel.

The number of people affected by a disease in a given period.

The number of deaths caused by a disease is an example.

A codon doesn't have any acids.

An organisms ability to move by itself.

Normal flora is the line of body openings that include the disease.

An agent is in the environment.

The U.S. Public Health Service is called reportable disease.

An essential organic compound is in the nucleus of an animal.

The solute concentration is higher for a macromolecule consisting of nucleotides.

To identify an organisms without water, you have to do a test.

The force with which a solvent moves.

A vaccine made up of DNA is an activity in a shallow pond of water.

There is a region in a cell.

The synthesis is done with an electron.

Oxygen is produced as in plant andbacterial photosynthesis.

A compound consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base.

A living host is where the nutrients come from.

The host does not get any benefit in return for the repair of DNA.

The test values are assigned a number.

Mild heating is used to kill spoilage organisms.

There is agar in the soup.

A medium made of beef and peptone.

The way a disease develops.

The defense of a host is made up of polysaccharide antigens.

A compound light microscope has a lens closest to the specimen.

An organisms needs O2 to live.

The b-lactam ring is killed in the presence of O2 if an organisms does not use O2 and penicillins.

A pathway that can lead to high concentrations of NaCl.

In a compound light microscope, the lens closest to the viewer is called production.

There is a gene that can bring about transformation.

The cytotoxic T lymphocytes is a virus that is capable of producing tumors.

The next infectious stage is the recovery period.

There is a bacterium that has an outer membrane and it forms opaque colonies.

The central nervous system is controlled by the region of DNA adjacent to structural genes.

Structural genes they control.

Having a distributed flagel.

An oxygen anion has two atoms of oxygen.

The organelle oxidizes some acids.

A species grows best at a certain temperature.

A class of sterilizing disinfectants.

A molecule with both carbon and hydrogen.

The sexual stage is where the fusion of the cytoplasm occurs.

It is characteristic of certainbacteria to have many shapes.

A food vacuole is called a phagocytic vesicle.

Having a flagel at one or both ends.

Also known as carbolic acid.

Multiple copies of a DNA template can be made using this technique.

phenol was used as a disinfectant.

A portion of a molecule is joined through dehydration.

The passage of small molecule can be done.

A pathogen leaves the body.

A growing complex of glycerol, two fatty acids, and other substances.

The various stages of phosphorus in the mixingbacteria in the melted medium and pouring the medium into a Petri environment.

There are chemicals that promote the growth of beneficialbacteria in the body.

Light is the energy source for the organisms that form visible aggregates.

A precipitation test was performed.

The body is more susceptible to organic carbon sources.

Human tissue that only grows for a few generations in electrons from chlorophyll starts the reactions.

The initial illness is caused by an acute infection.

A product of an industrial cell population.

Light is used at its primary energy source.

The evolution of a group of organisms that convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds.

An appendage on a cell used for conjugate can be held in tanks or ponds.

Molecules are taken in by infolding of the plasma membrane.

Microbes inoculated into a host to occupy a niche.

There is a clearing in a lawn. The time after the first dental plaque.

The inland body is suspended in the deeper water.

A body segment of a tapeworm contains both males and females.

There is a type of pinocytosis.

A cell that receives genetic material from another cell.

A DNA molecule is made by combining two genes.

The host's genetic material was inserted into it.

It was used to prevent disease.

The vaccine was made using genetic techniques.

The trematode stage reproduces asexual y to produce cercariae.

The proteolyticidase is an enzyme that digests.

A culture medium with ingredients that will remove sulfur, and some that have a helical structure, is used to allow the growth of anaerobes.

The science of determining what is in a cell.

It's a term used for unicel ular and simple multicel ular eukaryotes.

The nucleus of an atom has a positively charged particle in it.

A plant cell is treated to remove the cell plate.

A method of joining two people by removing their cell.

The operator site is the location of aprotein that bind to it.

The host's DNA is made up of viral DNA.

Through innate and adaptive separation of daughter after budding, the ability to ward off diseases can be achieved.

There are genes that determine feeding.

Adenine and guanine are included in the class of nucleic acid bases.

The final electron acceptor of Alphaproteobacteria is an inorganic molecule.

The double-stranded DNA is cut at specific electron donors.

The growing stage of a sexually transmitted disease.

The class of nucleic acid bases includes uracil, and proceeds to find out what it does.

The ability ofbacteria to communicate and coordinate is very useful.

The fragment is a result of restriction-enzyme digestion.

The nonfunctional groups of a molecule are represented.

A rootlike hypha is used to anchor a fungus to a surface.

There are tools that perform ribosomal RNA.

A five-carbon sugar is part of ribonucleotides.

ribosomes are formed by the type of RNA molecule.

A group of genes for resistance to antibiotics.

Recombination of DNA is aided by Catalyzes joining of DNA strands.

There is a site of synthesis in a cell.

A classification is based on rRNA genes.

A codon is used for an acid.

It can act as a messenger RNA.

To remove introns, you have to use RNA.

A percentage of positive samples are correctly detected.

Changes in the bloodcel can be measured.

There is a proliferation of pathogens in the blood, with some of them causing organ damage.

A sudden drop in blood pressure.

The process of taking a sample and making it smaller.

There is a growth on the roots of some plants.

Techniques for identifying a microorganism are based on sewage exposure.

The immunology branch studies the reactions of the blood and the immune system.

A variation within a species.

The relative rate of sedimentation is noted.

The liquid that is left after blood is clotted.

H1 and OH2 are not included in the substance that is dissolved in water to cations and anions.

The removal of bugs from food preparation areas.

Sexual reproduction creates a spore.

An organisms gets its nutrition from dead organic matter.

Sequences of 2- to 5-nucleotides are repeated.

The technique is used to determine the sequence of the nucleotides in the product at all times.

Some dinoflagel ates produced a neurotoxin.

A person can observe and measure a change due to a disease.

A method of staining organisms.

Three-dimensional views of the specimen have been magnified 1000-10,000x with an electron microscope.

Multiple fission is the process in which organisms divide to produce something.

The cell wal has a disorganized glycocalyx that is attached to it.

Solid matter comes from sewage.

The head of a tapeworm may have hooks.

A surface of a slide can be the site of an infectious disease.

There is a single nucleotide polymorphism. Single base after the microorganism has largely completed its period of rapid growth and is pair variations in the genomes of a population, found in at least 1% of the in a stationary phase of the growth cycle.

The ribonucleoprotein is a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein. The degradation of the organic matter in transcript plus the pre-mRNA will remove introns and wastewater after the primary treatment.

A substance is dissolved in another substance.

The technique uses DNA probes to detect the presence of unwanted organisms and encourage the growth of desired ones.

The process of transferring a piece of cell DNA molecule and ion to another part of the body.

A scientific binomial has a second species name.

There is a percentage of false positive results.

A gram-negative bacterium is treated to damage the environment.

Sperm is a result of many different T cels being activated.

The growth of an opportunistic pathogen is referred to when written as a genera.

O 2 + O2 + 2H+ S H2O2 + O2 non living matter.

There is amutation that does not have a mutagen.

There is a disease in a population.

There is an aerial hypha.

There is asexual fungi within a sporangium.

There is a sac containing something.

The reproductive structure was formed by actinomycetes.

A giant cell is caused by certain infections.

A group of signs or symptoms associated with a disease.

The principle is that the effectiveness of drugs used humans.

The agent is made from chemicals in a culture medium.

The science organizes groups of organisms.

Cocci in a grapelike cluster is called anaphylactic shock.

An undifferentiated cell gives rise to a variety of specialized cells.

The trophozoite form of the protozoan is growing fast.

The removal of all organisms.

The kingdom is used to classify organisms.

A group of cholesterol and hormones.

There are Molecules that recognize antigens.

A method of isolating a culture is to spread organisms over the medium.

Rods are attached to chains after cell division.

Lymphocytes suppress other T cells.

The formation of chains will be stimulated by this antigen.

A polysaccharide is found in a gram positive cell.

The ends of chromosomes are noncoding.

streptococci produces a hemolytic enzyme.

A gene determines the sequence of a molecule.

An infectious disease that does not cause a noticeable illness.

There is a site on a strand of DNA.

The temperature is needed to kill all thebacteria.

The length of time required to kill all thebacteria in sprayed out of rotating arms onto a bed of rocks or similar materials exposing a liquid culture at a given temperature

A heat loving microbe has a short segment of DNA that sticks to a target area on a double 50 and 60 degrees.

A skin test is used to detect antibodies.

The major histocompatibility complex contains a polypeptide.

The surface of a transformed cel will be stimulated by an antigen.

An estimate of the amount of antibodies or viruses in a solution is determined by serial dilution and expressed as the inverse of the dilution.

The coenzyme Q is a transmembrane protein of immune cells.

There is a method of treating food.

It can be stored at room temperature.

A modified flagel.

A toxin can be produced by a microorganism.

A poisonous substance can be produced by a microorganism.

A preparation of plants that have been killed.

A chemical element is needed for growth.

A molecule or atom has a combining capacity.

Cell wall synthesis can be slowed by an antibiotic.

The process of making a copy of a template.

The type ofRNA molecule that brings the amino acids to the cell.

Referring to the areas involved in obtaining vitamins and minerals, as opposed to the more complex areas.

The organisms that are present in an animal.

The ability of certain viruses to cause clumping collection and laboratory testing is usually used for clinical samples.

A method of diagnosis is based on exposing an ecological niche.

A complete viral particle was developed.

There is a disease caused by the growth of certain yeasts.

A disease that occurs mostly in wild and domestic animals.

The fluid part of the milk.

An asexualalgae has two flagel a.

The fusion of two haploid gametes produced a diploid cell.

Unless noted, all text credits are on the page.

Unless otherwise stated, Eye of Science/Science is done by Precision Graphics.

Gary Gaugler is a science source.

There is a fact sheet.

Permission was granted by the World Health Organization.

The surgery was performed in the Source.

Douglas Bray works for Pearson Education.

The image is from donatas 1205/Shutterstock.

Permission was granted by D'Arcy, C. J., D. M. Eastburn, and G. L.

Ronald S. Oremland/US Geological Reproduced with permission.

Permission was granted from Macmil an Publishers.

The image was provided by the U. of Virginia.

The alternative complement pathway was generated from 11 isolated plasma proteins.

All rights belong to the person.

Changes in growth photo service led to the creation of a cloned culture.

There is a zoonosis of increasing concern in the United States.

Permission was granted for this reproduced.

Christine is a Functional Bacterial Receptor that Mediates Actin Pseudopod Formation.

Images from the History of Medicine London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine is located in London, UK.

Columbia University has a website about health. The Pathogenic Amoeba Naegleria Mailman School of Public Health is at Columbia University.

The Kelco photo was reproduced by M. Voge.

immunity was acquired.

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Bt is produced by Bcel s.

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There was a nuclear disaster.

Sepsis in cattle was caused by fungi.

The CD41 T helper is activated by a drug.

There is a DNA ELISA tes.

There are 564, 597 in the vaccine against leptospirosis.

There are public health departments and the state.

Z10_TORT9150_12_Index_ppI-1-I-70.indd has 180 genomes.

The AIDS-associated antisense DNA was found to be related to the hepatitis F virus.

There is a clinical casec hepatitis G virus.

Western blotting is used to identify infections.

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257f pharmaceutical produc anoxygenic, t pigeons, cryptococcosis and 626 plant diseases were used.

The portals of entry rDNA were tracked.

Specimen sizes and direct agglutination tests are included.

Z10_TORT9150_12_Index_ppI-1-I-70.indd 56 was found to have spotted fevers.

There are specialized sponges that are resistant to MRSA.

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Z10_TORT9150_12_Index_ppI-1-I-70.indd 58 10/25/14 was used in the production of steroid simple.

T lymphocytes are the white blood cells.

The disease was caused by the HLA.

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The genetical y was modified to attack the tumor.

Z10_TORT9150_12_Index_ppI-1-I-70.indd 65 10/25/14 4:42 PM produce, 239 in chemical y defined medi chlorine dioxide and, 193 white blood cells.

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is an emerging infectious disease.

pp. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.

• 1. The Microbial World and You Microbes in Our Lives Naming and Classifying Microorganisms Nomenclature Types of Microorganisms Classification of Microorganisms A Brief History of Microbiology The First Observations The Debate over Spontaneous Generation The Golden Age of Microbiology The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy: Dreams of a "Magic Bullet" Modern Developments in Microbiology Microbes and Human Welfare Recycling Vital Elements Sewage Treatment: Using Microbes to Recycle Water Bioremediation: Using Microbes to Clean Up Pollutants Insect Pest Control by Microorganisms Modern Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA Technology Microbes and Human Disease Normal Microbiota Biofilms Infectious Diseases Emerging Infectious Diseases Study Outline Study Questions

• 2. Chemical Principles The Structure of Atoms Chemical Elements Electronic Configurations How Atoms Form Molecules: Chemical Bonds Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds Hydrogen Bonds Molecular Weight and Moles Chemical Reactions Energy in Chemical Reactions Synthesis Reactions Decomposition Reactions Exchange Reactions The Reversibility of Chemical Reactions Important Biological Molecules Inorganic Compounds Water Acids, Bases, and Salts Acid-Base Balance: The Concept of pH Organic Compounds Structure and Chemistry Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Study Outline Study Questions

• 3. Observing Microorganisms Through a Microscope Units of Measurement Microscopy: The Instruments Light Microscopy Two-Photon Microscopy Scanning Acoustic Microscopy Electron Microscopy Scanned-Probe Microscopy Preparation of Specimens for Light Microscopy Preparing Smears for Staining Simple Stains Differential Stains Special Stains Study Outline Study Questions

• 4. Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: An Overview The Prokaryotic Cell The Size, Shape, and Arrangement of Bacterial Cells Structures External to the Cell Wall Glycocalyx Flagella Axial Filaments Fimbriae and Pili The Cell Wall Composition and Characteristics Cell Walls and the Gram Stain Mechanism Atypical Cell Walls Damage to the Cell Wall Structures Internal to the Cell Wall The Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane The Movement of Materials across Membranes Cytoplasm The Nucleoid Ribosomes Inclusions Endospores The Eukaryotic Cell Flagella and Cilia The Cell Wall and Glycocalyx The Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes Organelles The Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Complex Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Chloroplasts Peroxisomes Centrosome The Evolution of Eukaryotes Study Outline Study Questions

• 5. Microbial Metabolism Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions Enzymes Collision Theory Enzymes and Chemical Reactions Enzyme Specificity and Efficiency Naming Enzymes Enzyme Components Factors Influencing Enzymatic Activity Feedback Inhibition Ribozymes Energy Production Oxidation-Reduction Reactions The Generation of ATP Metabolic Pathways of Energy Production Carbohydrate Catabolism Glycolysis Additional Pathways to Glycolysis Cellular Respiration Fermentation Lipid and Protein Catabolism Biochemical Tests and Bacterial Identification Photosynthesis The Light-Dependent Reactions: Photophosphorylation The Light-Independent Reactions: The Calvin-Benson Cycle A Summary of Energy Production Mechanisms Metabolic Diversity among Organisms Photoautotrophs Photoheterotrophs Chemoautotrophs Chemoheterotrophs Metabolic Pathways of Energy Use Polysaccharide Biosynthesis Lipid Biosynthesis Amino Acid and Protein Biosynthesis Purine and Pyrimidine Biosynthesis The Integration of Metabolism Study Outline Study Questions

• 6. Microbial Growth The Requirements for Growth Physical Requirements Chemical Requirements Biofilms Culture Media Chemically Defined Media Complex Media Anaerobic Growth Media and Methods Special Culture Techniques Selective and Differential Media Enrichment Culture Obtaining Pure Cultures Preserving Bacterial Cultures The Growth of Bacterial Cultures Bacterial Division Generation Time Logarithmic Representation of Bacterial Populations Phases of Growth Direct Measurement of Microbial Growth Estimating Bacterial Numbers by Indirect Methods Study Outline Study Questions

• 7. The Control of Microbial Growth The Terminology of Microbial Control The Rate of Microbial Death Actions of Microbial Control Agents Alteration of Membrane Permeability Damage to Proteins and Nucleic Acids Physical Methods of Microbial Control Heat Filtration Low Temperatures High Pressure Desiccation Osmotic Pressure Radiation Chemical Methods of Microbial Control Principles of Effective Disinfection Evaluating a Disinfectant Types of Disinfectants Microbial Characteristics and Microbial Control Study Outline Study Questions

• 8. Microbial Genetics Structure and Function of the Genetic Material Genotype and Phenotype DNA and Chromosomes The Flow of Genetic Information DNA Replication RNA and Protein Synthesis The Regulation of Bacterial Gene Expression Pre-transcriptional Control Post-transcriptional Control Changes in Genetic Material Mutation Types of Mutations Mutagens The Frequency of Mutation Identifying Mutants Identifying Chemical Carcinogens Genetic Transfer and Recombination Transformation in Bacteria Conjugation in Bacteria Transduction in Bacteria Plasmids and Transposons Genes and Evolution Study Outline Study Questions

• 9. Biotechnology and DNA Technology Introduction to Biotechnology Recombinant DNA Technology An Overview of Recombinant DNA Procedures Tools of Biotechnology Selection Mutation Restriction Enzymes Vectors Polymerase Chain Reaction Techniques of Genetic Modification Inserting Foreign DNA into Cells Obtaining DNA Selecting a Clone Making a Gene Product Applications of DNA Technology Therapeutic Applications Genome Projects Scientific Applications Agricultural Applications Safety Issues and the Ethics of Using DNA Technology Study Outline Study Questions

• 10. Classification of Microorganisms The Study of Phylogenetic Relationships The Three Domains A Phylogenetic Tree Classification of Organisms Scientific Nomenclature The Taxonomic Hierarchy Classification of Prokaryotes Classification of Eukaryotes Classification of Viruses Methods of Classifying and Identifying Microorganisms Morphological Characteristics Differential Staining Biochemical Tests Serology Phage Typing Fatty Acid Profiles Flow Cytometry DNA Base Composition DNA Fingerprinting Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs) Nucleic Acid Hybridization DNA Chips Putting Classification Methods Together Study Outline Study Questions

• 11. The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea The Prokaryotic Groups Domain Bacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria Proteobacteria The Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria The Gram-Positive Bacteria Firmicutes (Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria) Actinobacteria (High G 1 C Gram-Positive Bacteria) Domain Archaea Diversity within the Archaea Microbial Diversity Discoveries Illustrating the Range of Diversity Study Outline Study Questions

• 12. The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths Fungi Characteristics of Fungi Medically Important Fungi Fungal Diseases Economic Effects of Fungi Lichens Algae Characteristics of Algae Selected Phyla of Algae Roles of Algae in Nature Protozoa Characteristics of Protozoa Medically Important Protozoa Slime Molds Helminths Characteristics of Helminths Platyhelminths Nematodes Arthropods as Vectors Study Outline Study Questions

• 13. Viruses, Viroids, and Prions General Characteristics of Viruses Host Range Viral Size Viral Structure Nucleic Acid Capsid and Envelope General Morphology Taxonomy of Viruses Isolation, Cultivation, and Identification of Viruses Growing Bacteriophages in the Laboratory Growing Animal Viruses in the Laboratory Viral Identification Viral Multiplication Multiplication of Bacteriophages Multiplication of Animal Viruses Viruses and Cancer The Transformation of Normal Cells into Tumor Cells DNA Oncogenic Viruses RNA Oncogenic Viruses Viruses to Treat Cancer Latent Viral Infections Persistent Viral Infections Prions Plant Viruses and Viroids Study Outline Study Questions

• 14. Principles of Disease and Epidemiology Pathology, Infection, and Disease Normal Microbiota Relationships between the Normal Microbiota and the Host Opportunistic Microorganisms Cooperation among Microorganisms The Etiology of Infectious Diseases Koch's Postulates Exceptions to Koch's Postulates Classifying Infectious Diseases Occurrence of a Disease Severity or Duration of a Disease Extent of Host Involvement Patterns of Disease Predisposing Factors Development of Disease The Spread of Infection Reservoirs of Infection Transmission of Disease Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) Microorganisms in the Hospital Compromised Host Chain of Transmission Control of Healthcare-Associated Infections Emerging Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Descriptive Epidemiology Analytical Epidemiology Experimental Epidemiology Case Reporting The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Study Outline Study Questions

• 15. Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity How Microorganisms Enter a Host Portals of Entry The Preferred Portal of Entry Numbers of Invading Microbes Adherence How Bacterial Pathogens Penetrate Host Defenses Capsules Cell Wall Components Enzymes Antigenic Variation Penetration into the Host Cell Cytoskeleton How Bacterial Pathogens Damage Host Cells Using the Host's Nutrients: Siderophores Direct Damage Production of Toxins Plasmids, Lysogeny, and Pathogenicity Pathogenic Properties of Viruses Viral Mechanisms for Evading Host Defenses Cytopathic Effects of Viruses Pathogenic Properties of Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, and Algae Fungi Protozoa Helminths Algae Portals of Exit Study Outline Study Questions

• 16. Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host The Concept of Immunity First Line of Defense: Skin and Mucous Membranes Physical Factors Chemical Factors Normal Microbiota and Innate Immunity Second Line of Defense Formed Elements in Blood The Lymphatic System Phagocytes Actions of Phagocytic Cells The Mechanism of Phagocytosis Microbial Evasion of Phagocytosis Inflammation Vasodilation and Increased Permeability of Blood Vessels Phagocyte Migration and Phagocytosis Tissue Repair Fever Antimicrobial Substances The Complement System Interferons Iron-Binding Proteins Antimicrobial Peptides Study Outline Study Questions

• 17. Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses of the Host The Adaptive Immune System Dual Nature of the Adaptive Immune System Overview of Humoral Immunity Overview of Cellular Immunity Cytokines: Chemical Messengers of Immune Cells Antigens and Antibodies Antigens Antibodies Humoral Immunity Response Process Clonal Selection of Antibody-Producing Cells The Diversity of Antibodies Antigen-Antibody Binding and Its Results Cellular Immunity Response Process Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs) Classes of T Cells Extracellular Killing by the Immune System Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Immunological Memory Types of Adaptive Immunity Study Outline Study Questions

• 18. Practical Applications of Immunology Vaccines Principles and Effects of Vaccination Types of Vaccines and Their Characteristics The Development of New Vaccines Vaccination Technologies Adjuvants Safety of Vaccines Diagnostic Immunology Immunologic-Based Diagnostic Tests Monoclonal Antibodies Precipitation Reactions Agglutination Reactions Neutralization Reactions Complement-Fixation Reactions Fluorescent-Antibody Techniques Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Western Blotting (Immunoblotting) The Future of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Immunology Study Outline Study Questions

• 19. Disorders Associated with the Immune System Hypersensitivity Allergies and the Microbiome Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions Preventing Anaphylactic Reactions Type II (Cytotoxic) Reactions Type III (Immune Complex) Reactions Type IV (Delayed Cell-Mediated) Reactions Autoimmune Diseases Cytotoxic Autoimmune Reactions Immune Complex Autoimmune Reactions Cell-Mediated Autoimmune Reactions Reactions Related to the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Complex Reactions to Transplantation Immunosuppression The Immune System and Cancer Immunotherapy for Cancer Immunodeficiencies Congenital Immunodeficiencies Acquired Immunodeficiencies Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) The Origin of AIDS HIV Infection Diagnostic Methods HIV Transmission AIDS Worldwide Preventing and Treating AIDS The AIDS Epidemic and the Importance of Scientific Research Study Outline Study Questions

• 20. Antimicrobial Drugs The History of Chemotherapy Antibiotic Use and Discovery Today Spectrum of Antimicrobial Activity The Action of Antimicrobial Drugs Inhibiting Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibiting Protein Synthesis Injuring the Plasma Membrane Inhibiting Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibiting the Synthesis of Essential Metabolites Common Antimicrobial Drugs Antibacterial Antibiotics: Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis Antimycobacterial Antibiotics Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis Injury to the Plasma Membrane Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors Competitive Inhibition of Essential Metabolites Antifungal Drugs Antiviral Drugs Antiprotozoan and Antihelminthic Drugs Tests to Guide Chemotherapy The Diffusion Methods Broth Dilution Tests Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs Mechanisms of Resistance Antibiotic Misuse Cost and Prevention of Resistance Antibiotic Safety Effects of Combinations of Drugs Future of Chemotherapeutic Agents Study Outline Study Questions

• 21. Microbial Diseases of the Skin and Eyes Structure and Function of the Skin Mucous Membranes Normal Microbiota of the Skin Microbial Diseases of the Skin Bacterial Diseases of the Skin Viral Diseases of the Skin Fungal Diseases of the Skin and Nails Parasitic Infestation of the Skin Microbial Diseases of the Eye Inflammation of the Eye Membranes: Conjunctivitis Bacterial Diseases of the Eye Other Infectious Diseases of the Eye Study Outline Study Questions

• 22. Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System Structure and Function of the Nervous System Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System Bacterial Meningitis Tetanus Botulism Leprosy Viral Diseases of the Nervous System Poliomyelitis Rabies Arboviral Encephalitis Fungal Disease of the Nervous System Cryptococcus neoformans Meningitis (Cryptococcosis) Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System African Trypanosomiasis Amebic Meningoencephalitis Nervous System Diseases Caused by Prions Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Disease Caused by Unidentified Agents Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Outline Study Questions

• 23. Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Sepsis and Septic Shock Bacterial Infections of the Heart Rheumatic Fever Tularemia Brucellosis (Undulant Fever) Anthrax Gangrene Systemic Diseases Caused by Bites and Scratches Vector-Transmitted Diseases Viral Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Burkitt's Lymphoma Infectious Mononucleosis Other Diseases and Epstein-Barr Virus Cytomegalovirus Infections Chikungunya Fever Classic Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Emerging Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Protozoan Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Chagas' Disease (American Trypanosomiasis) Toxoplasmosis Malaria Leishmaniasis Babesiosis Helminthic Disease of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Schistosomiasis Disease of Unknown Etiology Kawasaki Syndrome Study Outline Study Questions

• 24. Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System Structure and Function of the Respiratory System Normal Microbiota of the Respiratory System Microbial Diseases of the Upper Respiratory System Bacterial Diseases of the Upper Respiratory System Streptococcal Pharyngitis (Strep Throat) Scarlet Fever Diphtheria Otitis Media Viral Disease of the Upper Respiratory System The Common Cold Microbial Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Tuberculosis Bacterial Pneumonias Melioidosis Viral Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System Viral Pneumonia Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Influenza (Flu) Fungal Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System Histoplasmosis Coccidioidomycosis Pneumocystis Pneumonia Blastomycosis (North American Blastomycosis) Other Fungi Involved in Respiratory Disease Study Outline Study Questions

• 25. Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System Structure and Function of the Digestive System Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System Bacterial Diseases of the Mouth Dental Caries (Tooth Decay) Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Digestive System Staphylococcal Food Poisoning (Staphylococcal Enterotoxicosis) Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery) Salmonellosis (Salmonella Gastroenteritis) Typhoid Fever Cholera Noncholera Vibrios Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis Campylobacter Gastroenteritis Helicobacter Peptic Ulcer Disease Yersinia Gastroenteritis Clostridium perfringens Gastroenteritis Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea Bacillus cereus Gastroenteritis Viral Diseases of the Digestive System Mumps Hepatitis Viral Gastroenteritis Fungal Diseases of the Digestive System Protozoan Diseases of the Digestive System Giardiasis Cryptosporidiosis Cyclospora Diarrheal Infection Amebic Dysentery (Amebiasis) Helminthic Diseases of the Digestive System Tapeworms Hydatid Disease Nematodes Study Outline Study Questions

• 26. Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems Structure and Function of the Urinary System Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems Normal Microbiota of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems Diseases of the Urinary System Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System Cystitis Pyelonephritis Leptospirosis Diseases of the Reproductive Systems Bacterial Diseases of the Reproductive Systems Gonorrhea Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU) Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Syphilis Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV) Chancroid (Soft Chancre) Bacterial Vaginosis Viral Diseases of the Reproductive Systems Genital Herpes Genital Warts AIDS Fungal Disease of the Reproductive Systems Candidiasis Protozoan Disease of the Reproductive Systems Trichomoniasis The TORCH Panel of Tests Study Outline Study Questions

• 27. Environmental Microbiology Microbial Diversity and Habitats Symbiosis Soil Microbiology and Biogeochemical Cycles The Carbon Cycle The Nitrogen Cycle The Sulfur Cycle Life without Sunshine The Phosphorus Cycle The Degradation of Synthetic Chemicals in Soil and Water Aquatic Microbiology and Sewage Treatment Aquatic Microorganisms The Role of Microorganisms in Water Quality Water Treatment Sewage (Wastewater) Treatment Study Outline Study Questions

• 28. Applied and Industrial Microbiology Food Microbiology Foods and Disease Industrial Food Canning Aseptic Packaging Radiation and Industrial Food Preservation High-Pressure Food Preservation The Role of Microorganisms in Food Production Industrial Microbiology Fermentation Technology Industrial Products Alternative Energy Sources Using Microorganisms Biofuels Industrial Microbiology and the Future Study Outline Study Questions

• Answers to Knowledge and Comprehension Study Questions

• Appendix A: Metabolic Pathways

• Appendix B: Exponents, Exponential Notation, Logarithms, and Generation Time

• Appendix C: Methods for Taking Clinical Samples

• Appendix D: Pronunciation of Scientific Names

• Appendix E: Word Roots Used in Microbiology

• Appendix F: Classification of Prokaryotes According to Bergey's Manual

• Glossary

• Credits

• Index

• Taxonomic Guide to Diseases