Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Protein Synthesis
Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Protein Synthesis
Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Protein Synthesis
Photosynthesis
The Four Main Biomolecules used in photosynthesis
- Lipids: provide insulation and produce long term energy
- The monomer= glycerol and 3 fatty acids
- The polymer= trygliceride
- Nucleic Acids: code the genetic information of living things
- The monomer= nucleotide
- The polymer (three different types)
- DNA
- RNA
- ATP
- Carbohydrates: work as and provide a fast source of energy
- Proteins: help with transport, provide storage, give energy, conduct gene expression, and enzymes
Carbohydrates
- The monomer= monosaccharide
- The polymer= disaccharides or polysaccharide
- Then two monosaccharides combine, they lose a water molecule
Chloroplasts
- Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of plants
- These chloroplasts are in the leaves of plants
- There are 2 stages
- Light Independent Reactions
- Light Dependent Reactions
Light Dependent Reactions
- They take place in the thylakoid membrane
- Light dependent reactions require constant light energy
- The chloroplasts absorb this light energy and use it to produce 2 compounds:
- ATP (cellular energy)
- NADPH (electron carrier)
- Light splits H2O into O2 and the H+ attaches to NADP+ to make NADPH
- Photosystems are large complexes of protein and pigment that collect light
- Electrons are passed through water and end up in NADPH
Light Independent Reactions
- Takes place in stoma/stomata and doesn’t require light in any way
- Uses ATP and NADPH to make three carbon sugar molecules called glycerol triphosphate
Cellular Respiration
Mitocondria
- Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria to make ATP
- ATP is what created cellular energy
- There are two forms of respiration
- Areobic respiration
- Requires O2
- 36 ATP are needed
- Anaerobic respiration
- No O2 required
- Alchoholic Fermentation
- Lactic Acid Fermentation
- 2 ATP required
Glycosis
- Takes place in the cytoplasm
- Glucose molecules are split into two using two ATP molecules
- Creates four ATP molecules
- Net two ATP molecules and two pyruvate acid molecules
- Net two NADH+H+
- If there is oxygen present then it is automatically aerobic respiration,
oxygen present = aerobic
Citric acid/Krebs cycle- aerobic respiration
- The matrix of mitochondria
- One pyruvic acid molecule goes through at a time
- Net production
- 8 NADPH
- 2 FADH2
- 2 ATP
- 6 CO2
Electron Transport Chain
- Electrons come from NADH and FADH2
- H+ cannot move throught the membrane, so protein channels move up
- H+ concentration builds up, moves back through the protein called ATP synthase creating ATP
- Yeilds 30 to 32 ATP
- Yeilds 6 H2O
Types of Anareobic Respiration
- Alchoholic Fermantation
- Bread rises (yeast)
- Lactic Acid
- Builds up in muscles
- Helps make yogurt and cheese
Protein Synthesis
Ribosomes
- Not an organelle, has no membrane
- Found in all cells
- Free floating in cytoplasm or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Site of protein synthesis
- Ribosomes in rough ER:
- Make proteins specifically to be used by cell membrane or to be exported to other parts of the body
- Golgi- packages and sorts proteins and lipids
- Lysosome- breaks down cells and cell structures
- Make proteins specifically designed to be used within the cell
RNA
- One nucleotide chain
- Contains nitrogen base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)
- Contains sugar ribose
- The three types of RNA
- Messenger RNA (mRNA)
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
- Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Protein synthesis steps
Important: everything is read in 3’s
Transcription
- Occours in nucleus
- Transfer of genetic information in DNA to mRNA
- Step 1: Initiation
- RNA polymerase binds to DNA signaling it to unwind
- Step 2: Elongation
- Addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand
- Step 3: Termination
- Ending of transcription, mRNA is complete, dtaches from DNA
Translation
- mRNA made in the nucleus from DNA
- Codons match antocodons
- Amino acids “pop off” tRNA and attach to eachother though peptide bond
Gene Mutations
Substitution/ Point Mutation
- When a nucleotide is coded improperly and substituted
Insertion
- When and extra nucleotide is inserted, causing a frameshift
Deletion
- When one of the nucleotides gets deleted, causing a frameshift
Inversion
- When a sequence of nucleotides gets invented
Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Protein Synthesis
Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Protein Synthesis
Photosynthesis
The Four Main Biomolecules used in photosynthesis
- Lipids: provide insulation and produce long term energy
- The monomer= glycerol and 3 fatty acids
- The polymer= trygliceride
- Nucleic Acids: code the genetic information of living things
- The monomer= nucleotide
- The polymer (three different types)
- DNA
- RNA
- ATP
- Carbohydrates: work as and provide a fast source of energy
- Proteins: help with transport, provide storage, give energy, conduct gene expression, and enzymes
Carbohydrates
- The monomer= monosaccharide
- The polymer= disaccharides or polysaccharide
- Then two monosaccharides combine, they lose a water molecule
Chloroplasts
- Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of plants
- These chloroplasts are in the leaves of plants
- There are 2 stages
- Light Independent Reactions
- Light Dependent Reactions
Light Dependent Reactions
- They take place in the thylakoid membrane
- Light dependent reactions require constant light energy
- The chloroplasts absorb this light energy and use it to produce 2 compounds:
- ATP (cellular energy)
- NADPH (electron carrier)
- Light splits H2O into O2 and the H+ attaches to NADP+ to make NADPH
- Photosystems are large complexes of protein and pigment that collect light
- Electrons are passed through water and end up in NADPH
Light Independent Reactions
- Takes place in stoma/stomata and doesn’t require light in any way
- Uses ATP and NADPH to make three carbon sugar molecules called glycerol triphosphate
Cellular Respiration
Mitocondria
- Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria to make ATP
- ATP is what created cellular energy
- There are two forms of respiration
- Areobic respiration
- Requires O2
- 36 ATP are needed
- Anaerobic respiration
- No O2 required
- Alchoholic Fermentation
- Lactic Acid Fermentation
- 2 ATP required
Glycosis
- Takes place in the cytoplasm
- Glucose molecules are split into two using two ATP molecules
- Creates four ATP molecules
- Net two ATP molecules and two pyruvate acid molecules
- Net two NADH+H+
- If there is oxygen present then it is automatically aerobic respiration,
oxygen present = aerobic
Citric acid/Krebs cycle- aerobic respiration
- The matrix of mitochondria
- One pyruvic acid molecule goes through at a time
- Net production
- 8 NADPH
- 2 FADH2
- 2 ATP
- 6 CO2
Electron Transport Chain
- Electrons come from NADH and FADH2
- H+ cannot move throught the membrane, so protein channels move up
- H+ concentration builds up, moves back through the protein called ATP synthase creating ATP
- Yeilds 30 to 32 ATP
- Yeilds 6 H2O
Types of Anareobic Respiration
- Alchoholic Fermantation
- Bread rises (yeast)
- Lactic Acid
- Builds up in muscles
- Helps make yogurt and cheese
Protein Synthesis
Ribosomes
- Not an organelle, has no membrane
- Found in all cells
- Free floating in cytoplasm or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Site of protein synthesis
- Ribosomes in rough ER:
- Make proteins specifically to be used by cell membrane or to be exported to other parts of the body
- Golgi- packages and sorts proteins and lipids
- Lysosome- breaks down cells and cell structures
- Make proteins specifically designed to be used within the cell
RNA
- One nucleotide chain
- Contains nitrogen base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)
- Contains sugar ribose
- The three types of RNA
- Messenger RNA (mRNA)
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
- Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Protein synthesis steps
Important: everything is read in 3’s
Transcription
- Occours in nucleus
- Transfer of genetic information in DNA to mRNA
- Step 1: Initiation
- RNA polymerase binds to DNA signaling it to unwind
- Step 2: Elongation
- Addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand
- Step 3: Termination
- Ending of transcription, mRNA is complete, dtaches from DNA
Translation
- mRNA made in the nucleus from DNA
- Codons match antocodons
- Amino acids “pop off” tRNA and attach to eachother though peptide bond
Gene Mutations
Substitution/ Point Mutation
- When a nucleotide is coded improperly and substituted
Insertion
- When and extra nucleotide is inserted, causing a frameshift
Deletion
- When one of the nucleotides gets deleted, causing a frameshift
Inversion
- When a sequence of nucleotides gets invented