27 Environmental Microbiology

• As an environmental health nurse, you are researching ways to reduce nitrous oxide levels in the atmosphere.

• N2O is a greenhouse gas that can absorb 300 times more energy than carbon dioxide.
• N2O emissions are linked to soil nitrite levels, so nitrate fertilization is essential for crops.
• In your experiments, it was found that there was a correlation between the levels of N2O and the amount of ammonia in the soil.
• The nitrogen cycle can be found on pages 774-776.

• The answers to In the Clinic questions can be found online.

• We focused on the disease-causing capabilities of the organisms in the previous chapters.
• Environmental health microbiologists test drinking water to make sure it is free of diseases.

• There are many positive functions microbes perform in the environment.
• Life on Earth is dependent on the existence of organisms.

• The most widely varied habitats on Earth are where Microbes live.
• They are found in boiling hot springs and isolated from the snow at the South Pole.
• Microbes have been recovered from minute openings in rocks a kilometer or more below the surface.
• There are large numbers of microbes living in the deepest ocean, which is subject to incredible pressures.
• Microbes can be found in mountain streams flowing from a melting glacier and in the waters of the Dead Sea.

• The diversity of populations shows that they take advantage of any niches found in their environment.
• There are different amounts of light and oxygen in the soil.

• Oxygen and anaerobes are able to each other.

• If the soil on the left is disturbed by mycorrhizae, the seedling on the right is not.

• Most grasses and other plants are dependent on Microorganisms that live in an intensely competitive environment and must exploit any advantage they can.
• In the plant kingdom, they may versal.
• Managers of commercial pine tree must use common nutrients more rapidly or ensure that seedlings are not inoculated against competing organisms.

• They are considered organisms by biologists.
• The lactic acidbacteria can't use oxygen as an "underground mushroom" because they can't ferment sugars with an electron acceptor.

• The growth of more efficient, competing microbes is dependent on the ability of the truffles to attract them.

• There are organisms in this cycle.

• There are two types of func microorganisms in this cycle.

• Explain the roles of other animals.

• The carbon cycle and the phosphorus cycle can be compared and contrasted.

• Two examples of the use ofbacteria to remove pollutants.

• When plants and animals die, the organic compounds form huge insects and earthworms.
• CO2 is returned to the cycle when millions ofbacteria in each organic compound are oxidation.

• Carbon can be found in rocks such as limestone and can be found in a gram of soil.
• It is thought that it would be dissolved in the oceans.
• There are 20,000 square meters of surface area.
• The amount of fossil organic matter in this sample is about 1 billion, but only about coal and petroleum.
• Burning fossil fuels can increase the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere by more than a kilometer.

• Methane (CH4) gas is an interesting aspect of the carbon cycle.

• There are 10 tril ion tons organisms in the ocean floor.
• Although actinomycetes have twice as much methane as the Earth's deposits of fossil teria, they are usually considered separately.

• The platebacteria in the ocean's depths are producing more and the actual numbers are proba page 780.
• Methane is a much more potent greenhouse gas than this method suggests.
• If all the carbon dioxide escaped to the atmosphere, the Earth's environment would be a danger medium or growth condition.

• In biogeochemical cycles elements are reduced and oxidation occurs.

• Life on Earth would cease to exist without biogeochemical cycles.

• When Charity came home, she started with some of the basic building blocks.
• The day these organic compounds are formed, it becomes worse to experience diarrhea.

• She has organic matter.
• You might think that there are 10 watery stools per day in a tree.

• CO2 is added to the atmosphere by burning wood and fossil fuels.

• CO2 is increasing.

• In moist soil it becomes solubilized in water and needs nitrogen to synthesise compounds.
• Almost 80% of the Earth's atmosphere is made up ofMolecular nitrogen.

• NH4 OH must be fixed and combined into organic compounds.
• The activities of specific Ammonium ion from this sequence of reactions are important to the conversion of nitrogen tobacteria and plants.

• Most of the nitrogen in the soil is in organic molecule, which oxidizes the nitrogen in the ammonium ion.
• Living in the soil bial decomposition results in the hydrolytic breakdown of proteins, which in turn leads to the growth of autotrophic nitrifyingbacteria.
• Ammonia is converted into nitrite by the removal of groups of amino acids.

• Plants use nitrate as a source of nitrogen.
• Because nitrate is mobile in soil, it's more likely that it's put into the microbial cells where ammonification occurs.

• Nitrogen goes through various processes in the atmosphere.
• After nitrification, nitrates are absorbed into plants and animals.

• The negatively charged nitrate ion are bound to negatively charged clays in the atmosphere and represent a con to the soil, whereas the gas tively charged nitrate ion are not.

• We live at the bottom of an ocean of nitrogen gas.
• The air we dized has no usable energy.
• They convert nitrogen gas to gas.

• Oxygen inactivates nitrogenase.
• It probably evolved early in the history of the planet, before Denitrification occurred, when there was little oxygen in the atmosphere.

• There are examples of free- living and symbiotic nitrogen fixing.

• When one symbiont is a nitrogen, the rhizosphere is a place where nitrogen can be found even in the soil.
• The forest soil is enriched by the free-living bacte.

• The aerobic organisms protect the surface of the soils.
• Rice paddies have a lot of nitrogen-fixing organisms, which can accumulate theidase from oxygen.

• This is a reduced com of fixing large amounts of nitrogen under laboratory conditions that generally forms under anaphylactic conditions.
• A shortage of usable soil is a source of energy for autotrophicbacteria.
• The reduced sulfur in H2S is used to convert it into ammonia, which is incorporated into theProtein.
• The granules and sulfates are neverthe.

• Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing organisms use light for energy, while the hydrogenbacteria play an even more important role in plant growth for sulfide, which is used to reduce CO2 (see Chapter 5, page 133).

• Nitrogen can be fixed by the entire biological community.
• The fur of the plant can be found without photosynthesis because of the energy in the bacte H2S.

• There is a plant attached to root hair.

• The root cells form a lump.

• The packed root cells enlarge.

• A thread of infections is formed by the entry ofbacteria into root cells.

• Both the plant and thebacteria benefit from this mutualistic association.

• Entire biologi cal communities are supported by deep caves that are totally isolated from sun light.

• Over 1 km deep within rocks, a colony of organisms operating far from sunlight has been discovered.

• A section of organic matter is produced.

• We don't take for granted that the soil will degrade.
• Excess phosphorus rials entering the soil can cause problems.
• The chapter describes natural organic matter such as falling.

• In this industrial age, many chemicals that do not occur and undergoes very little change in their oxidation state are the only ones that exist.
• Plastic forms comprise about a fourth of all munic uble forms.
• The solution to the problem is to have a relation to the pH.
• In the way carbon plastics are appearing in a number of commercial products, dioxide, nitrogen gas, and sulfur dioxide are returned.
• There is a tendency to accumulate phosphorus in the seas.
• Polyhydroxyalkanoate, or PHA, is a type of plastic made from the above-ground deposits of ancient seas.
• Products made from calcium phosphate.
• Seabirds can stand higher from the sea if they eat fish with PHA and deposit peratures in use, but they are more expensive than PLA.
• Many are ing it as bird droppings.
• Certain small islands inhabited synthetic chemicals, such as pesticides, are highly resistant to birds and have long been mined for the deposits as a source of degradation.
• There is a well-known example of this.

• There are small differences in chemical structure that can make large nonphotosyntheticbacteria accumulate sulfur differences.

• Garbage is placed into large landfills a lot.
• Paper is not very effective at being attacked by microorganisms.
• Recovering a 20-year-old newspaper in readable condition is not unusual.
• The same methanogens are used in the operation of anaerobic sludge digesters to treat sewage.
• The methane can be tapped with drill holes and burned to generate electricity or be used for natural gas.
• Some of the large landfills in the U.S. provide energy for industrial plants and homes.

• A pile of leaves will be degraded.
• In a couple of days, the manager will be able to raise the tanks of oily water from the Gulf to 55-60 degrees.
• After 30 days of reduction by the temperature, the water on the right can be turned into a pile.

• When space is available, municipal waste is composted in windrows of Agent Orange, which was used to defoliate jungles during the Vietnam war.
• The structure of 2,4-D prolongs its life in the soil from a few days to a few weeks.

• Oil spills from wrecked tanker and drill ing accidents are some of the most dramatic examples of chemical pollution.
• If conditions are aerobic, bioremediation occurs naturally.
• Oil-based products and aqueous solu tion are relatively nonsoluble.
• Nitrogen and phosphorus are essential elements.

• Solid municipal waste is being turned.

• Oxygen doesn't diffuse into water very well, as any aquar ium owner knows.

• Wastewater pollution tends to increase the amount of oxygen in rivers and cause an ecological problem.

• List some of the biochemical activities that take place in synthetic microbes in deeper zones.

• The H2S can be converted into sulfur and sulfate in the bottom of the sedi rivers, estuaries, and oceans.

• A body of water with large numbers of organisms should be reduced to H2S.
• The high levels of methane in the water are indicative of the high levels of nitrogen in the water.
• The water is contaminated by benthic populations.
• Methane gas can be produced in swamps, marshes, sewage systems, and bottom sediments.
• The ocean estuaries may include species that are common in the bottom sediments and may include botulism organisms, which can cause large outbreaks of fore larger populations than other shoreline waters.

• In this way, a microorganism has contact as knowledge of the life of the oceans expands with more nutrients than if it were randomly suspended.
• Water has appendages and holdfasts that attach to ing more conscious of the importance of oceanic microbes, which are the main hab sion of FISH on page 283 in Chapter 10.

• These organisms have low energy requirements and adapt well to environmental stresses.

• One conclusion so far is that nearly a third of all life on the planet is found on a typical lake or pond.

• Popula Microbial populations of freshwater bodies vary depending on the availability of oxygen and light.
• There is an unseen population of organisms.
• The primary producers of the upper 100 meters of ocean are the organisms that live in the lake.

• Water in nature is not always pure.
• As the rain falls to Earth, it is contami.

• Microbial pollution is our primary interest in the form of water pollution.

• The water that moves below the ground undergoes a purification process.
• Good quality water comes from springs and deep wells.
• When feces enter the water supply, it is the most dangerous form of water pol ution.
• The organ under the eye can be covered by a tissue lid if the disease is perpetuated by the fecal-oral route.

• The Greek word for wandering plants is improve.

• The rate at which the water is contaminated by pests is the same as the rate at which it is polluted by humans.
• It is difficult to fix carbon dioxide.
• When dissolved in water, industrial and agricultural chemicals form organic matter that is used by the ocean's Heterotrophicbacteria.

• The nitrate is converted to nitrite by the gas isms in the ocean.

• The synthetic deter Microbial Diversity is an example of chemical pollution.

• Many of the soaps were replaced by members of the Archaea.
• The new begin to dominate life.
• Their carbon comes from dissolved CO2.

• Charity can drink a lot of liquids.
• She told him that she had been to China.
• The Philippines, haiti, Chile, and Indonesia are some of the places where these fish use the glow of their resi.
• Charity was in good health before she became an aid in attracting and capturing prey.

• She remembered drinking a half glass of water with her dinner, but didn't know if it was bottled water.

• The main source of phosphates in lakes and streams is municipal waste containing detergents.
• Many places have banned the use of lawn fertilizers and detergents containingphosphate.

• Most of the concern about water purity has been related to disease.
• Many of the tests used to determine the safety of water are applicable to foods.

• It's not practical to only look for pathogens in water supplies.
• It would be too late to prevent an outbreak of the disease if we found the pathogens causing it in the water system.

• The blooms of aquatic growth are caused by excess nitrogen in the water.
• The color might not be included in the samples that are tested.

• The most important thing is for the microbe to be present in large numbers so that it can be detected and for detergents to not be harmful to the water.
• Large rafts of detergent suds organisms should survive in some rivers, as well as be seen traveling downstream.
• These detergents were bad.
• The indicator needs to be replaced with synthetic organisms.

• To understand the concept of eutrophication, recall that to form gas within 48 hours of being placed in a body of water, they need sunlight and a temperature of 35 degrees C. coliforms can have carbon dioxide dissolved in water.

• coliforms can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, but certain strains need only trace of phosphorus to start blooms.

• There are methods for determining the presence of coliforms.
• In the long run, the water produced by these organisms is based on the ability of coli oxygen to ferment.
• They eventually die and are degraded by bac formbacteria.
• The multiple-tube method can be used.
• The oxygen in the water is mate coliform numbers by the most probable number used up, which is what happens during the degradation process.
• The fil ing of the lake can be sped up with the help of the membrane filters.

• In Chapter 12 it was mentioned that this is one of the most widely used reasons.

• Populations of the mol usks that eat plankton become toxic to humans.

• Each year in the United States, industrial plants produce 265 million metric tons of hazardous molecule in such a way that 80% of it goes to waste.

• Chemical analyses are used to locate activated.

• Scientists in several countries are not active.

• Within minutes, thebacteria will emit and work.

• When biosensors are killed by toxic pollutants, they need to emit light.

• The presence of antibiotics fluoresce in the presence of a living cell if it contains inducer and structural genes.
• A decrease in light output is measured in the presence of a.

• In this application, any positive water sample should be reported, and any indigenous coliforms that have been detected should be placed on an appropriate and occasional basis.

• This has led to unnecessary community orders to boil water.

• A more serious problem is that some pathogens, such as viruses and cysts and oocysts, are more resistant than a few noncoliformbacteria that would mask the results.

• Coliforms produce the b-galactosidase, which acts on the physician's suspected case of cholera, and he sends a stool sample to a local laboratory, where it forms a yellow color.
• The fluorescent compound that glows blue is tested by latex agglutination in the state public health laboratory.
• It can be applied to solid media.
• The CDC is testing in the method.

• The growth of coliformbacteria on the inner surfaces of water pipes is a problem.

• The water is stored in a body of water.

• Chlorination, ozone treatment, or exposure to UV light are some of the ways water is treated.

• Viruses are more resistant to treatment pension indefinitely than a general that is smaller than 10mm.

• The large num bers of viruses are also removed this way.

• Coliforms are the most common indicator of health and can be found in beds of 2 to 4 feet of sand.
• It's usually anthracite coal.

• Even though the clear mountain streams or from deep wells may not be contaminated, the water needs less openings than the microbes that are treated to make it safe to drink.
• Many cities get out.
• The filters are periodically flushed to clear the water from polluted sources.
• Municipal and industrial waste are sent upstream to the water systems of the cities.
• Charcoal removes ment is not intended to produce sterile water, but rather water that is free of disease-causing microbes.

• There are skimmers that remove floating oil and grease and floating systems that have small openings for debris.

• Flocculat water is chlorinated before entering the municipal distribution system.
• The plant operators have to pay attention to the main added at this stage because the chemicals that increase the removal of solids are sometimes rine.
• Effective levels of chlorine are not affected by biological activity.

• During long holding times, another disinfectant for dissolved organic matter can occur.

• The sludge is removed on either a continuous or intermittent of oxygen that is formed by electrical spark discharges and UV basis, and the effluent undergoes light.

• Ozone treatment leaves no smell or taste.

• The use of UV light is a supplement.
• The primary treatment removes most of the BOD cal disinfection.
• Tubes are arranged so that sewage can be seen.

• The amount of oxygen needed by the body is determined by the amount of UV radiation.

• The first bottle to be filled with water is the one with the test water.

• Wastewater includes all the water from a household or electronic testing method.
• Oxygen is used for washing and toilet waste.
• The rainwater flowing as thebacteria degrade the organic matter in the sample, the into street drains and some industrial waste enter the sewage greater the BOD, which is usually expressed in milligrams of system in many cities.
• Sewage has little oxygen per liter of water.
• The amount of oxygen that is in the air.
• In large cities, the water can be dissolved in about 10 grams of water per liter; the solid portion of sewage can total more than 1000 tons of values of wastewater.

• The rap number of large American cities had only a rudimentary sew to deplete the oxygen in the lake water.

• The casual treatment of the sewage in the form of dissolved organic matter is what the greater part of the BOD remain exceeds.

• This is not cal, it is designed to remove most of the organic matter in the world.
• Many of the communities reduce the BOD.
• The sewage under the Mediterranean is dumped into the sea.

• Large floating materials trickle filters.

• Primary effluent undergoes screening, skimmed, and aeration.

• The filter was released.

• Microbial is dried.

• Remaining sludge agricultural processes are eaten by land.

• Microbial activity occurs aerobically in the activated sludge aeration tanks.
• The figure shows a system that uses either activated sludge aeration tanks or trickle filters.
• The methane produced by sludge digestion is burned off.

• The practice of adding some of the sludge from a previous batches to the incom short-term aerobic oxidation by microbes is what inspired the name.
• The effluent is clear.

• When this happens, the organic sewage organic matter is in the water and carbon dioxide.
• Important members of the microbial community are species of local pollution.
• There are a lot ofuble organic species.
• The activated sludge systems remove most of the waste from the sewage.

• In this method, the sewage is sprayed over the bed to remove the organic matter.

• Settling tank is a product of filter systems.

• The disks are mounted on a shaft.
• The disks are submerged in waste water.
• There is contact between the bio film on the disks and the wastewater.

• This is about the same as the accumulation in secondary activated sludge systems.

• The sewage is chlorinated before being discharged.

• In some arid areas of the United States, this practice may be expanded.
• In a typical system, the fil bed must be large enough so that air can penetrate to the bottom but still be able to remove suspended particles, then passed small enough to maximize the surface area available for microbial through a reverse osmosis purification system to remove activity.
• The aerobic microbes grow on the microorganisms.
• Rock or plastic surfaces kill any remaining organisms.

• The filters are less efficient than the activated sludge systems.

• Rock bed or plastic honeycomb has an improved drinking water source and only a small percentage of people have access to adequate Sanitation.
• People use springs for their drinking water.

• There are large numbers of people displaced before sewage discharges.

• Large amounts of undigested sludge remain, although it is relatively stable.
• The sludge is pumped to low drying beds to reduce its volume.

• humus and mulch have desirable soil-conditioning qualities.

sludge metals are toxic to plants

• Oxygen is almost completely excluded from the process of sludge digestion in large tanks.

• In secondary treatment, emphasis is placed on maintaining aerobic conditions so that organic matter can be converted to carbon dioxide and water.

• Methane and carbon dioxide make up most of the Septic Distribution.

• The methane is used to run power equipment in the plant and is also used to heat the digester.

• Percolating organic matter into the soil is the most efficient way to dispose of it.

• There are three stages in the activity of a sludge digester.

• The organic acids are converted into hydrogen and carbon dioxide in the second stage.

• The carbon dioxide is generated by the decomposing organic matter.

• When cholera is recognized early and appropriate rehydration carbon dioxide in their metabolism, grow and treatment is initiated rapidly, the fatality produce oxygen, which in turn encourages the activity of aer rate is less than 1%.
• Large amounts of organic mat of the people affected and lack of safe water for rehydration in the form of algae accumulate, but this is not a problem therapy contributes to the high mortality rate.
• The oxidation pond has a large epidemic of cholera that has not been reported before.

• The amount of organic matter that is not excessive can be released into the stream.

• Primary and secondary treatments are inadequate in certain situations.
• When the effluent is discharged into small streams, the sludge in the tank must be pumped out periodically.
• The site of one posed by soil microorganisms is located at decom Nevada, surrounded by extensive development.
• Impaired systems can be used to treat waste entering the southern part of the country from excessive amounts of products such as antibacterial soaps.

• The systems work well when not overloading and when the nal nitrogen and 70% of the original phosphorus is properly sized to the load and soil type.
• Heavy can affect a lake's ecology.
• The clay soils need extensive drainage systems to remove all the pollutants from the soil.

• The high porosity of sandy soils results in tertiary treatment that depends less on biological treatment than on nearby water supplies.

• These are inexpensive to build and operate but require a lot of stripping towers.
• Denitrifying bac areas of land is encouraged by some systems.

• The first stage is similar to primary treatment.

• The water is suitable for drinking.
• The sludge settles in this stage.
• The process is very expensive in the second stage.
• Water that has undergone only secondary treatment is pumped into an adjoining pond or system of ponds that still have pollutants in them.
• A lot of work is being done.
• It is difficult to design secondary treatment plants in which the effluent can be used for irrigation.

• The ammonification of the Interactive Microbiology liberates Ammonia.

• nitrifyingbacteria oxidize ammonia to produce nitrates for energy.

• The nitrogen in nitrates is reduced by Denitrifyingbacteria.

• Ammonium and nitrate are used by plants.

• S0 or SO 22 4 are formed by the oxidation of sulfur.

• The mycorrhizae live on plant roots and increase the surface area of the plant.

• Plants and other organisms can reduce SO 22 4.
• Animals use these amino acids.

• H2S is released by decay.

• Some chemical elements are recycled.

• There is a substance found in birds and rocks.

• The continuation of biogeochemical cycles depends onMicrobes.

• Plants and microorganisms oxidize and reduce elements.

• Pesticides are resistant to photo autotrophs and chemo autotrophs.

• Heterotrophs is the term for the use of microorganisms to remove polutants.

• Methane produced by methanogens can be fuels.

• Drinking water is held in a holding tank for a long time.

• Micro organisms and their activities in natural waters are studied.

• protozoan cysts and other organisms are removed from the water.

• Chlorine is used to kill remaining oceans.

• The majority of aquaticbacteria grow on surfaces rather than in toilet waste.

• In primary treatment, biological activity is not very important.

• The limnetic zone is where the primary producers of a lake are found.

• The biological oxygen demand is a measure of the organic matter in the water.

• The primary treatment removes most of the sewage.

• The death of fish and the amount of oxygen in the air are the two main factors used to determine BOD.

• Secondary sewage treatment contains light and H organic matter after the primary treatment.

• The benthic zone has methane- producingbacteria.

• The organic matter degrades.

• The open ocean is the primary producer of Phytoplankton.

• Up to 85% of the BOD can be removed with secondary treatment.

• Some organisms are bioluminescent.

• The sludge is placed in a digester which can emit light.

• The methane produced in the digester is used to heat the digester.

• Excess sludge is removed from the water.

• The primary aquatic food chain can be provided by the use of sewage tanks.

• Small communities can use oxidation ponds.

• An artificial lake requires a large area.

• Coliforms are aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, gram-negative, non- precipitation to remove all the BOD, nitrogen, and phosphorus endospore-forming rods that ferment lactose with the production of from water.

• The koala eats leaves.

• The by-product of this metabolism is the water used to prepare IV solutions.

• They were in the pipes.

• They came from fecal contamination.

• The water comes from the city.

• Wastewater treatment uses the following processes.
• The growth of algae was increased by the match.

• Each choice can not be used more than once.

• In rice paddies, they live in a symbiotic relationship.

• After two weeks of heavy rain in Tooele, Utah, there was a high rate of illness.

• The bioremediation process is used to remove benzene and other hydrocarbons from the soil.
• The pipes can be used to add nitrates, oxygen, or water.