ChAPTER 39 Rebirth and Revolution:

• At the height of the Cultural revolution in Beijing in the mid-1960s, there was a photo of a mass demonstration in front of the gate ofHeavenly Peace that showed both the participants' adulation of Mao and their capacity to intimidate his political rivals.

• During the Cultural revolution of 1967, the assault on doctors, government officials, scientists, and technicians expanded to include red guards and other political groups who were proclaiming their loyalty to Chairman Mao.

• The Soviet union distanced itself from China in the early 1960s.
• Russia was seen as a threat to the People's republic by the end of the decade.
• The campaign of vilification against his father was largely due to his romantic ties with Yun.

• His family took the couple's love letters and passed them on to the government.
• The fervor of the Cultural revolution had begun to fade when Yun was released from prison in 1974.
• He died of a lung disease that was probably contracted during his imprisonment, and his experiences in prison left him mentally unbalanced.

• During the post-World War II era, the turmoil and uncertainty of the life of the man was the main theme in much of east and southeast Asia.
• The Pacific war devastated societies in both regions.
• Most of Japan's cities were destroyed and its islands were occupied by the U.S. military.
• China, Vietnam, and Korea were involved in civil wars that lasted for decades in Korea and Vietnam.
• The long civil war in China was decided by the victory of the Communists in 1949.
• By the late 1950s and 1960s, the persecution of the regime's perceived enemies would continue and would spread to loyal supporters of the revolution.

• Their Hong Kong, Taiwan, typified by rapid economic successes and political stability, as well as some of the challenges they have posed in recent growth rates, expanding exports, decades for older developing societies, such as the United States, will be considered in the following and industrialization.
• Vietnam and China had begun to recover from foreign occupations, civil unrest, and revolutionary turmoil by the 1980s.
• China in particular has emerged as a values, with considerable reliance on a global economic power, and Vietnam has opened its tightly controlled society to the outside world.
• The nations of east Asia and the Pacific Rim have become major economic, limitations on dissent and instability.

• Although retaining some military bases, the United States pledged to grant independence quickly after regaining the Philippines.

• Taiwan was a separate republic.

• Japan in 1945 was a mess.

• New contacts and alignments were created by its and political systems.

• The American occupation government worked to destroy Japan's wartime political structure by establishing the republic of China in 1948.
• Japan's military forces were dissolved, with the aid of the united States, and police were quickly replaced.

• The parliament was made the supreme government body in the new constitution.
• Civil liberties, along with gender equality in marriage and collective bargaining rights, were guaranteed.
• Japan became a major nation because military forces with war potential were abolished.
• The emperor was a symbolic figurehead, without political power or Shinto claims.
• Japan inserted its own values into the new constitution even though it accepted many Western concepts.

• Many of the Japanese people became opponents of military revival because of the new constitutional measures.
• The United States kept important bases in Japan after the occupation period ended.

• Women were granted the vote, but their conditions differed.

• The American occupation forces wanted to open secondary schools to more social groups.
• The emphasis on school success was heightened by these changes.
• Japan has one of the most meritocratic systems in the world, with students advanced to university training on the basis of rigorous exams.
• The government restored some traditional components of the education package after the occupation ended.
• Schools in this situation should generate ethical discipline and group consciousness, touching base with more customary goals while preparing students for their role in Japan's expanding economy.

• Korea's postwar adjustment period was more troubled than Japan's, due to the intervention and war of Korea sponsored by the united States.
• The leaders of the great Allied agreed in principle that Korea should be restored as a parliamentary state.
• The United States' desire to get Soviet help against Japan resulted in Soviet occupation of the northern part of the peninsula.
• The Korean Communist party founded emergence after 1950s.

• The northern half of the Korea regime was headed by a nationalist named Syngman.
• South Korea developed institutions that were parliamentary in form but maintained a headed by Kim il-sung, who initiated a Korean strongly authoritarian tone.

• The flight of hundreds of thousands of refugees from one region to another was caused by the internationalization of the civil conflict between the regimes of North and South Korea.
• Many of the people in flight died of the cold and hunger during the harsh winter season.

• The United Nations sponsorship of a largely American "police action" in support of South Korean troops was orchestrated by President Truman, who insisted on drawing another line against communist aggression.
• North Korea was pushed back by Allied forces from 1950 to1953, supported by the U.S.S.r.

• The People's republic of China sent volunteers to force American troops back toward the south after this action roused concern on the part of China's communist regime.
• The united States near the original north-south border supported the front in 1952.
• When a new American and small international administration agreed to an armistice, the stalemate was over.

• Korea continued its dual pattern of development after the nations force ended.
• A continued division of Korea was produced by North Korea.

• There was little change in the late 1980s.

• American troop levels were reduced but the South Korean army gained more sophisticated military equipment as a result of a mutual defense treaty.
• The United States gave economic aid to the country in order to prevent starvation.

• South Korea's politics continued to be authoritarian.
• The army took over effective rule of the country in 1961.

• The communists could not threaten the Nationalist regime because they did not have a navy.
• A huge military force was drawn from the mainland to impose over the Taiwanese majority of Chinese leadership.

• The need to keep in check disaffected indigenous Taiwanese, who grew restive as Chinese migrants dominated political and economic life on the island, was amplified by the authoritarian political patterns the nationalists had developed in China.
• Hostility with the communist regime was high.
• As the United States backed up its ally, the communists bombarded two small islands controlled by the nationalists.
• China agreed to fire on the islands on alternate days, while the U.S. ships supplied them on the off days.
• The United States persuaded Chiang to abandon his intentions of attacking the mainland.
• When Taiwan's prosperity seemed assured, the United States ended its economic aid in the 1960s.

• Agreement was reached between Hong Kong center and British rule.
• The Chinese population grew at various points in Britain and the People's republic after communist rule.

• The British naval base in Malaysia was retained until 1997 after China returned to Singapore.

• In 1965, Singapore became an independent nation.

• The political situation of many east Asian nations improved by the end of the 1950s.
• Combining Western contacts with traditions of group loyalty, these areas moved from an impressive economic recovery to new international influence on the basis of manufacturing and trade.

• Conservative stability was the main focus of postwar Japanese politics.

• The government was held by the party from 1955 onward.

• Changes in leadership, which at times were frequent, were handled through negotiations among the Liberal Democratic elite, not directly as a result of shifts in voter preference.

• Many of the features of Meiji Japan and the Japan of the 1920s were revived by this system.
• The Liberal Democrats' willingness to consult opposition leaders about major legislation during the 1970s and 1980s reinforced Japan's political unity.
• There were new questions raised at the end of the 1980s when several Liberal Democratic leaders were branded by corruption.

• Japan's political atmosphere after the war was strong in cooperation with business.
• The state set production and investment goals and lent public resources to encourage investment.

• Population growth slowed because the government promoted birth control and abortion.
• The tradition of state-sponsored discipline is strong.
• Japanese culture preserved important traditional elements, which provided aesthetic and spiritual satisfactions, despite rapid economic change.

• There were customary styles in poetry, painting, tea ceremonies, and flower arrangements.
• The emperor presided over a poetry contest on New Year's Day and masters of traditional arts were honored as Living National Treasures.
• The Noh theater flourished.

• The country's earlier history is often recalled in Japanese films and novels.
• The "international style" pioneered in the West was often infused with earlier J apanese motifs, such as stylized nature painting, by Japanese painters and architects.
• The Japanese flute and zither were used in the works of Western composers.

• Cultural combinations can be hard to perfect.
• Key intellectuals used art and literature to protest change after World War II.
• The flamboyant postwar writer Hiraoka Kimitoke was a case in point.
• His novels and dramas dealt with controversial themes such as homosexuality while also updating versions of the Noh plays.
• He was too sickly to serve in World War II.
• He wanted to create cults of body building and Samurai discipline.
• He came to hate Western ways after first enjoying them.
• He formed a private army to restore Japanese ideals.
• Mishima performed a ritual suicide after finishing his last novel.

• After the mid-1950s, rapid economic growth made Japan's clearest mark internationally and commanded the most intense energies at home.
• The combined totals of China, Koreas, Taiwan, India, Pakistan, Australia, and Brazil were equal to the total national product by 1983.
• The per capita income of many countries, including Britain, had passed that of the leading Western nations.
• During the 1960s and 1970s, Japan became one of the top two or three economic powers in the world, as annual economic growth reached at least 10 percent regularly from the mid-1950s onward.

• The great automobile manufacturers and electronic equipment producers of Japan became known for their high quality goods, not just for the volume of their international exports.

• There were a number of factors that contributed to the economic performance.
• Government encouragement was a major ingredient.

• Tokyo at night at the beginning of the 21st century epitomizes the resurgence of Asian economies.

• Foreign policy was involved.
• Japan was able to devote most of its capital to investment in productive technology because of its dependence on the U.S.

• Japan's labor policies worked well.
• The company unions that organized the workers were careful not to impair their companies' productivity.
• This cooperation spurred work from most employees.
• Group exercise sessions before the start of the working day, promoted and expressed group loyalty, and managers taking active interest in suggestions by employees are some of the social activities.
• The Japanese system ensured lifetime employment to an important part of the labor force, a policy aided by economic growth, low average unemployment rates, and an early retirement age.
• The network of policies and attitudes made Japanese labor seem less class-conscious and more individualism than in the West.
• It was reminiscent of old traditions of group solidarity in Japan.

• As a result of adapting older traditions of leadership, Japanese management displayed a distinctive spirit.
• There was more group consciousness, including a willingness to abide by collective decisions and less concern for quick personal profits than in the West.
• The efforts of corporate bureaucrats were focused on their company's success.
• Many Japanese were reluctant to take vacations because of the lack of leisure life.

• Despite some similarities to the West's indus trial experience, Japan's distinctiveness extended to family life.
• Japanese women, despite being well educated and experiencing a decline in birth rates, did not follow Western patterns.
• A small group of intellectuals were the focus of the feminist movement.
• By the 1970s, women in the West were more focused on domestic duties and childrearing than they were within the family.
• Complying to group standards was emphasized more in childrearing in the West than in China.
• A study of nursery schools in Japan showed that the teachers wanted to develop strong bonds between the children.
• In the early 19th century, the West abandoned a disciplined approach to behavior.
• Japanese television game shows imposed punishments on losing contestants that were very similar to those in the West.

• It was assumed that people could make and abide by firm arrangements through mutual agreement, for the nation had few lawyers.
• Psychiatrists said there were less problems of loneliness in the West.
• The situations that promoted competition between individuals, such as university entrance tests, produced far higher stress levels than Western experiences.
• The Japanese used different ways to relieve tension.
• The time in the West when normal codes of conduct could be suspended under the eyes of friends was when heavy drinking was more readily accepted.
• geisha houses were used by businessmen and politicians for female-supplied cosseting, a normal and publicly accepted activity.

• Japanese popular culture was not static because of continued attraction to Westernstan dards and rapid growth of the economy.
• Baseball flourished after the U.S. presence after World War II.
• Japanese athletes excelled in golf and tennis.
• In the 1980's, the government was appalled to discover that a majority of Japanese children did not use chopsticks but preferred knives and forks in order to eat more quickly.
• Japan relied heavily on family support for elders because of the cost of supporting the rapidly growing percentage of older people.

• Other issues were associated with change.
• As cities and industry expanded, pollution became a serious problem.
• Traffic police wore masks to protect their lungs.
• The government paid more attention to environmental issues after 1970.
• There were new questions in Japan in the 1990s.
• The Liberal Democrats were replaced by shaky coalition governments due to political corruption.
• Unemployment was caused by the economic recession.
• Even as Japanese methods were being promoted in the West as a basis for economic and social revival, some of the critical patterns of postwar development were disrupted.

• Japan's 20th-century history allowed the Korean government to rest.

• In 1960, a military general, Park Chung-hee, seized power after Syngman Rhee was forced out of office.
• His director of intelligence assassinated him in 1979.
• A general took bows to the parliament.
• The military was pushed from power by student protests at the end of the 1980s.
• It was not dissidents who wanted to know how much the political situation had changed after a conservative politician won the general election.
• There was opposition activity in South Korea.

• There was some freedom of the press but not from communist countries.

• After the Korean War and previous Japanese exploitation, the South Korean government began to focus on economic growth.
• Huge industrial firms were created by a combination of government aid and entrepreneurship.
• Korea's surge in steel was based on its southeastern coast, which has the most up-to-date technology, a skilled engineering sector, and low wages.
• In textiles, Korean growth and that of Taiwan erased almost one-third of the jobs held in the industry in Japan.

• Chung Ju-yung, a modern folk hero who walked 150 miles to Seoul, South Korea's capital, from his native land at the age of 16 to take his first job as a day laborer, was known as "Hyundai".
• Chung's firm had 135,000 employees and 42 overseas offices when he was in his 60s.
• Korea's southeastern coast was ruled by the virtual y.
• It built ships, including petroleum supertankers, built thousands of housing units for low-paid workers at below-market rates, built schools, and built an arena for the practice of Korean martial arts.
• When a fleet of cars was shipped abroad or a new tanker was launched, the Hyundai workers responded in kind, putting in six-day weeks with three vacation days per year and participating in almost worshipful ceremonies.

• South Korea's rapid entry into the ranks of newly industrialized countries produced a host of changes.
• The population grew.
• In the 1980s, more than 40 million people lived in a nation about the size of the state of Indiana, which produced one of the highest population densities on the planet.
• This was one of the reasons why many Koreans left.

• The government began to encourage couples to have fewer children.
• It developed a hothouse atmosphere of deals and business maneuvers as it expanded to embrace 9 million people.
• Despite the increase in the population, per capita income rose almost 10 times from the early 1950s to the early 1980s, but still only one-ninth of Japan.
• The poor were better off than the less developed nations in this setting.

• The photo of an ultramodern skyscraper in Hong The Republic of China, as the government of Taiwan came to call itself, illustrates some of the most innovative architecture of experienced a high rate of economic development.
• In the age of globalization, productivity can be found in the great commercial centers, both agriculture and industry increased rapidly.
• One of the world's tallest land reforms benefited small commercial farmers.

• In Japan and Korea, formal economic planning reached high levels.
• Literacy rates and levels of technical training rose rapidly when money was poured into education.
• The Taiwanese people experienced cultural and economic change as a result of the result.
• Modern, Western-derived medicine and some of the urban entertainment forms popular elsewhere were expanded to allow simultaneous use.

• The Taiwanese government was stable despite a number of new concerns.
• The U.S.'s recognition of the People's Republic of China led to a decrease in official commitment to Taiwan.
• The United States severed diplomatic ties with the Taiwanese regime in 1978 but there were still unofficial contacts through the American Institute in Taiwan and the Coordination Council for North American Affairs.
• Japan was the nation's most important trading partner and ruler of industrial goods.

• Taiwan and the communist regime in Beijing had some informal ties, although the communist regime in Beijing continued to claim the island as part of its territory.
• The young islanders were emphasized.

• The dock is for export to the US.

• Political diversity was not encouraged because of a strong authoritarian strain.

• The conditions in Singapore were similar to those in Taiwan in many ways.
• In 1959 the government established from independence through tight controls over its citizens.
• Sexual three decades; established tightly behavior and potential economic corruption, as well as more standard aspects of municipal regulation controlled authoritarian government, were scrutinized carefully.
• The necessity of ruled through the People's Action party was declared unusual discipline and restraint because of the large population.
• suppressing political diversity is one thing.

• The opposition was suppressed by the People's Action party.
• A combination of government controls and initiatives and free enterprise made the authoritarian political style more palatable.
• Manufacturing and banking are the main sources of revenue for Singapore, which is the world's fourth largest port.
• The major sectors were shipbuilding, electronics, textiles, and oil refining.
• By the 1980s, Singapore's population had the second highest per capita income in Asia.

• Health conditions improved as well.

• Hong Kong retained its status as a major world port and branched out as a center of international banking, serving as a bridge between the communist regime in China and the wider world.
• High-speed technology combined with low wages and long hours resulted in highly competitive results.
• Textile and clothing made up 39 percent of total exports by the 1980s.
• As in other Pacific Rim nations, a prosperous middle class emerged, with links to many other parts of the world.
• Hong Kong was returned to China in 1997.
• Although the changeover raised questions for the future, the communist government promised to respect the territory's free market economic system and maintain democratic political rights.

• The Pacific Rim states had more in common with each other than their rapid growth rates.

• They all supported hard work and against excessive individualism.
• As part of this effort to cement group cohesion, Confucian morality was often used.

• The expansion of the Japanese market for factory goods, such as textiles, as well as raw materials, greatly benefited them.

• Along with the pollution problems that accompanied new manufacturing and larger cities, "little tigers" such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand began to experience rapid economic growth.

• The final years of the 20th century revealed weaknesses in the region.

• Some firms in the U.S. introduced larger civilizations that resulted in a host of policy issues for all who Japanese management methods are involved.
• The rise of the Pacific Rim economies posed some challenges with workers.

• The United States promoted an eco stance.
• The United States should pull out of Japan, Korea, and Taiwan in order to discourage the spread of communism in the Pacific Rim.
• Japan would have to shoulder more of its own defense costs.

• Thailand and Japan were major destinations for military.
• During both wars, American workers were aggrieved by R & R leaves.

• The case of tion was growing.
• The military rivalry between mainland China and Japan seemed to have a permanent balance-of-payments superiority.
• Some U.S. policymakers worried about China's growing nuclear arsenal and naval power in the 1970s and 1980s, which contributed greatly to the United and warned that America was in danger of losing its century States' unfavorable overall trade balance.

• States are becoming more indebted to foreign nations.
• There were real questions about the problems.
• Japanese observers pointed out earlier that what Western patterns to copy and what to with some justice that Americans seemed more worried about continued to be important, as the Japanese concern about Japanese investments than about larger British holdings in the forks and chopsticks suggests.
• Issues about how to United States smacked of racism.
• It was more difficult to accept Asian competition than it was to accept Western tendencies to belittle and patronize them.

• In 1988 the summer Olympic games were held in South Korea and the country gained near monopolies in key industries as well as a source of great electronic recording systems.
• During the games, Korean nationalism flared challenge in steel and automobiles meant or seemed to mean against the U.S. athletes and television commentators, based on loss of jobs and perhaps a threat of more fundamental economic their real or imagined tendencies to seek out faults in Korean decline in years to come.

• The United States should open to put the relationship on a more equal footing, despite the fact that South Korea and Japan still rely on Western.
• This desire for more partnerships between government and private industry reflected widespread public opinion, and it could have policy do more economic planning, it should teach managers to commit implications.

• The Pacific rim posed great challenges to the US.

• Western observers argued that the crisis could only be solved by reducing links between governments and major firms and introducing more free market competition.
• The World Bank tried to insist on reforms in this direction as a condition for economic assistance, as they contended that only a Western industrial model could be successful.

• The long civil authoritarian ruler of Indonesia was overthrown in favor of pledges for future democracy after their victory.
• The economic growth rates in the region began to pick up after the war.
• It wasn't clear if Chinese communists had to change their patterns in 1949.

• The struggle for power in the People's republic of China resulted in widespread human suffering and environmental degradation.

• Forced by his military commanders to concentrate on the Japanese threat, Chiang grudgingly formed a military alliance with the communists.

• The Chinese people looked at their standing.

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• The political map of north China was different.
• After World War II, the Nationalists took control of most of the cities in the north due to civil wars and foreign invaders.

• Most of China's intellectuals and students supported the communists because of their determination to fight the Japanese.
• The communists were clearly in control of the balance of power in China by 1945.
• In the four-year civil war, communist soldiers who were well treated and fought for a cause routed the Nationalists, many of whom switched to the communist side.

• The communist drive to victory depended on the Japanese invasion.
• The communists' social and economic reform programs won the majority of the peasantry, the students and intellectuals, and even many of the bureaucrats to their side.
• Mao made uplifting the peasants the central element in his drive for power, even though he was able to do little to improve the condition of the great mass of the people.
• Land reforms, access to education, and improved healthcare gave the peasantry a real stake in Mao's revolutionary movement and good reason to defend their soviets against both the Nationalists and the Japanese.
• Mao's soldiers were trained to protect the peasantry and win their support, unlike the armies of Chiang who were trained to murder and rape China's villagers.
• Execution for stealing an egg was one of the harsh penalties levied.

• Mao's soldiers had a better chance to survive and advance in the ranks than the foot soldiers of the Nationalists.
• The poster features Mao Zedong as the date to govern China because he offered solutions to China's fundamental friend and father of the people.
• Soldiers, peasants, women, children, and peoples from the many regions of China are pictured here.
• They actually rallied to Mao's vision of a strong, just, and prosperous China.

• After the communists came to power in 1949, most China was administered by military officials for five years.
• Mao's military success over the army was not important to the party.
• Cadre advisors were attached to the military.

• The Chinese commander was forcibly repressed by the Communist regime and trained at the academy of the Dalai Lama.

• A stalemate and division of the peninsula is what the states want.
• The communist leadership has military contingents at all levels, despite the fact that they refused to accept a similar but far cadre advisor.

• The Chinese Communist army played an important role in the liberation of Vietnam, but it did not peak until after the American involvement in the conflict in the 1960s.

• The fall of the Soviet Union in the late 1950s marked the beginning of the People's republic of China.

• With the passing of Stalin, Mao thought he was the leader of the communist world.
• In the early 1960s, the Chinese flexed their military and technological muscle by defeating India in a brief war that resulted from a border dispute.
• The Chinese exploded the first nuclear device developed by a nonindustrial nation.

• The new leaders of China moved with equal gusto, but with less success.
• Their first priority was to complete the social revolution in the rural areas that had been carried through to some extent in communist-controlled areas during the wars against the Japanese.
• The landlord class and large landholders were dispossessed between 1950 and 1952.
• Tenants and laborers had a chance to get even for decades of oppression thanks to village tribunals.
• As many as three million people were executed for being members of the exploitive landlord class.
• The property taken from the land-owning classes was given to peasants who didn't have much.
• One of the central pledges of the communist revolutionaries was that China would become a land of peasant smallholders.

• Rapid industrialization was seen as the key to development by communist planners.
• When the first Stalinist-style five-year plan was introduced in 1953, the com munist leaders turned away from the peasantry, which had brought them to power, to the urban workers as the hope for a new China.
• With little assistance from either the West or the Soviet bloc, the state has turned to strict measures to draw resources from the countryside to finance industrial growth.

• Heavy industries such as steel made some advances in industrialization.
• The consequences of the shift in direction were not acceptable to Mao.
• State planning and centralization was stressed, party bureaucrats greatly increased their power and influence, and an urban-based privileged class of technocrats began to develop.
• The U.S. intervention in Korea and continued U.S. China tensions led to a change of strategies in the mid-1950s.

• The Confucian system was associated with a deep hostility toward elitism by Mao.
• He didn't use the vision of revolution from above by the professional political activists.
• He distrusted intellectuals, disliked specialization, and preferred the peasants to the workers as the repository of basic virtue and the driving force of the revolution.
• More than 90 percent of China's peasant population were members of the farming collectives in 1955.
• The peasants became farming collectives in less than three years.
• The leaders of the revolution in the Soviet Union.

• Mao may have made a mistake in striking at the intel.
• Mao encouraged professors, artists, and other intellectuals to speak out on the course of development under communism.
• Angry protest and criticism of communist schemes followed his request.
• If the campaign was a ruse, the party struck with demotions, prison sentences, and hard labor on the collectives.
• The flowers were quickly dying in the face of betrayal.

• The programs of the Great Leap ended in 1960.

• The 1900-Present plants located in the cities would be pushed through small-scale projects integrated into the peasant communes.
• Industrial development would be focused on making cement, tractors, and other items needed by the peasantry instead of building steel mills.
• Enormous publicity was given to efforts to produce steel in "backyard" furnaces that relied on labor rather than machine-intensive techniques.

• Mao preached the benefits of backwardness and the joys of mass involvement, and he was looking forward to being withered away from the bureaucracy.
• The emphasis was placed on self-reliance.
• The heads of the local labor brigades were in charge of the lives of their members.

• The indicators suggested that the Great Leap forward and rapid collectivization were leading to economic disaster.
• The Great Leap was turned into a giant step backward by Peasant resistance to collectivization, the abuses of commune leaders, and the dismal output of backyard factories.
• For the first time since 1949, China had to import large amounts of grain to feed its people, and the numbers of Chinese to feed continued to grow at an alarming rate.
• China's environment was damaged by hunger and starva tion.
• A campaign to eradicate sparrows and other birds who fed on seeds led to a sharp increase in insect pests.

• The need for fuel to fire the backyard furnaces accelerated the cutting of China's already depleted forests, and the widespread erosion of lands stripped of vegetation polluted the river systems.

• During the "great Leap forward" of the late 1950s, the backyard steel furnaces became a symbol of China's failed drive for selfsufficiency.

• Mao and like-minded radicals insisted that socialism could care for its people no matter how many they were, despite the fall in agricultural output.
• Birth control was seen as a symptom of capitalist selfishness and inability to provide a decent living for all of the people.
• China's birth rates were lower than those of many emerging nations.
• Like India, the Chinese were adding people to their population base.
• China had over 500 million people at the time of the communist rise to power.
• China's population was 1.3 billion by the year 2000.

• The government launched a nationwide family planning campaign in the 1960's to limit urban couples to two children and those in rural areas to one.
• The targets were changed to two children for either urban or rural couples.
• By the 1980s, only one child per family was owed.
• There is evidence of official excesses.

• By that time, there will be many more people who will be able to provide for themselves and their families with One- Child Family Policy.

• China's national productivity fell by 25 percent, the most important being Mao Zedong.
• Population increase overwhelmed the productivity of the leader of the Communist party.
• By 1960, it was clear that the Great Leap must be ended and a new China created from the 1930s until his death course of development adopted.
• Mao lost his position as state chairman in 1976, although he remained the premier of China from 1954.

• It was consistent with Mao's commitment to incentives at the local level that he relied on her.
• As a young man, Mao came back to power.

• Women's issues and women's support for the communist movement less ideological of the major became important parts of Mao's revolutionary strategy.
• He joined the revolutionary tradition because women had been very active in the Taiping Rebellion of the mid-19th the party as a young man in the century, the Boxer revolt in 1900, and the 1911 revolution that had overthrown the Man.

• Women's rights were a part of the cultural revolution of the 1960s.
• Their efforts ended footbinding.
• In the early 1980s, they were the most influential advance campaigns to end female seclusion, win legal rights for women, and open educational and leader.

• The Nationalist counteroffensive was led by one of the gang of Four and was meant to return Chinese women to their homes.

• She taught that it was wrong for a wife to criticize her husband.

• The Nationalist campaign to restore Chinese women to their traditional domestic roles and dependence on men contrasted with the communists' extensive employment of women to advance the revolutionary cause.
• Women served as teachers, nurses, spies, truck drivers, and laborers on various projects.
• In times of crisis, women became soldiers on the front lines because the party preferred to use them in these support roles.
• Many people won distinction for their bravery.
• Many of them were prominent in the anti-landlord campaigns.

• The victory of the revolution brought women legal equality with men in China and many other Asian and African countries.
• Women were given the right to choose their marriage partners.

• In rural areas, the need to have party approval for all marriages is a new form of control.
• Women have been expected to work outside the home since 1949.
• The opportunities for education and professional careers have improved greatly.
• In other socialist states, openings for employment outside the home have proved to be a burden for Chinese women.
• Traditional attitudes toward childrearing and home care did not change until the late 1970s.

• Women were required to hold down a regular job but also to raise a family, cook meals, clean, and shop, all without the benefit of the modern appliances available in Western societies.

• The upper levels of the party and bureaucracy were mostly controlled by men, despite the fact that many women were in the middle and lower levels.
• The short-lived but impressive power amassed by Jiang Qing in the early 1970s was counter to the trends, but she was married to Mao.
• After his death, she tried to rule in her own right, but was overthrown when she exercised power in his name.

• Women in the revolutionary struggles for social justice are more active than in the nationalist movements.

• The breakdown of the political and social systems could be heard as bitterness.

• The collapse of the village-wide gatherings the strength of "half of China" as Confucian order also ushered in decades of severe crisis and the more enlightened women, like to call it brutal conflict in which women's survival depended on their own.
• The women were assumed to have more grievances than the men because of their new roles and active involvement in revolutionary activities.
• They were as good at speaking in public as they were from their fathers and husbands.

• The work team found a woman whose husband took seriously political roles they had thought of her as ugly and wanted to divorce her.
• She was assumed and depressed until she learned that she could have her own share of land under the draft law of the Communist party.
• She cheered up immediately because of the changes that were made.
• She said she would never mind if he divorces her.

• I will get my share and the children will get theirs.

• First of all, women must be masters of themselves.
• They need to become skilled workers.

• When we first walked through the village in our Chinese gowns in China and Vietnam, we had little contact with the peasants and Vietnam.

When the vil age head beat gongs to call out the women to # how do the demands of the women supporting these the meeting we were holding for them, only men and old women revolutionary movements compare with those of women's rights came, but no young ones

• The fall of the gang of Four was the culmination of Mao's Last Campaign and the establishment of grassroots support for another renewal of the revolutionary struggle.
• The movement of his pragmatist allies to scale back the communes, promote peasant production on what were in effect initiated in 1965, pushed economic growth over political orthodoxy.
• With mass student demonstrations paving Mao's political rivals, he launched an all-out assault on the "capitalist-roaders" in the party.

• Deng Xiaoping was imprisoned, and Zhou Enlai was driven into seclusion.
• The rank and file of the People's Liberation Army were used to pull down the bureaucrats from revolution in order to undermine Mao's political positions.

• People who were not imprisoned or killed were forced to do manual labor in rural areas to understand the hardship of China's peasants.
• Workers took control of the factories in cities.

• The Cultural Revolution threatened to return China to the chaos and vulnerability of the prerevolutionary era, even though it was satisfying for advocates of continuing revolution, such as Mao.
• The rank-and-file threat forced Mao to call off the campaign by late 1968.
• The student and worker movements were repressed and the rank and file were brought back into line by the heads of the armed forces.
• Mao's old rivals began to surface again by the early 1970s.
• For the next half decade, the army and the party battled for control of the government.
• The reconciliation between China and the United States in the early 1970s suggested that the pragmatists were in control of foreign policy.

• After Mao's death in 1976, there was an open clash between the rival groups.

• Gang of Four plotted to take control of the government, the pragmatists acted in alliance with some of the more influential military leaders.
• The Gang of Four was arrested, and its supporters' attempts to foment popular insurrections were easily stopped.
• After their death sentences were commuted, Jiang Qing and the members of her group were thrown out of the party and imprisoned for life.

• Deng Xiaoping opened China to Western influences and capitalist development, if not yet democratic reform, after the death of Mao, as the pragmatists have been ascendant.

• The achievements of the communist regime in China in the late 20th and early 21st centuries have been impressive, despite the fact that it has become fashionable to dismiss the development schemes of the communist states as misguided failures.
• The communists have managed a revolutionary redistribution of the wealth of the country despite severe economic setbacks, political turmoil, and a low level of foreign assistance.
• Most of China's population is better off than it was in the prerevolutionary era, despite the fact that the population is still poor.
• The Chinese have a decent standard of living that is higher than any other large developing country.

• Most developing nations have received foreign assistance, but the Chinese have not.

• China's growth in the 21st century should be even better if the pragmatists stay in power.
• The central challenge for China's leaders will be to nurture that growth and the improved living standards without a repeat of the economic inequalities, social injustice, and environmental degradation that brought about the revolution in the first place.
• Environmental issues are very sensitive.
• China's recent leap in industrial production and energy output has been based largely on fossil fuels, despite the excesses of the Maoist era.
• China's coal is especially polluted and little of it has been "scrubbed" using the new (and expensive) technologies deployed in the Europe and North America.
• One of the world's leading producers of solar, wind, and other non-fossil-fuel energy technologies is China.

• If the Chinese continue to be a leader in the Green manufacturing and communications revolution, it could well recover its historic role as one of the top technological civilizations in the world.

• In the second half of Chinese colonization, it was possible for the Vietnamese to liberate their homeland from Japanese, French and colonial rule.

• French missionaries fell back to Vietnam after being driven from Japan by the founding of the Tokugawa shogunate.
• Vietnam attracted them because its Confucian elite seemed similar to that of the Japanese and because of the wars between rival houses in the Red River valley and central Vietnam gave the missionaries the opportunity to convert.
• French rulers took an interest in Vietnamese order that brought a communist regime to power because they considered themselves protectors of the Catholic missions overseas.

• As the number of converts grew, the French stake in the region increased.

• The death at the hands of the Tayson could have been avoided.
• He got the help of the French and formed a large army.

• His task of conquest was made easier by the disagreements between the leaders.

• The first centuries to rule all of Vietnam and the first centuries to rule a Vietnamese politically by the French were divided by the Nguyen dynasty.

• The Red River and Mekong Deltas were included in the Peasant kingdom.
• The revolution in southern Vietnam began in the century or so before Gia Long came to power.

• The Trinh palace at Beijing was taken over by the imperial and their capital was intended to be a perfect miniature.
• The administration of the dynasty was built around the dynasty of northern Vietnam.

• He had the audacity to criticize the brushwork of the reigning Chinese emperor, who was not any more Chinese than Minh Mang but was descended from Manchu nomads.
• All of the rebellion in Vietnam was disappointing to the French missionaries, who wanted to convert Gia Long to Christianity and support the retaking of southern Vietnam.

• Minh Mang came to see gia Long.

Pushed both by political pressures at home and military successor of Nguyen Anh; ruled from defeats in Europe, French adventurers and soldiers exploited quarrels with the Nguyen rulers to 1820 to 1841; sponsored emphasis of justify the conquest of Vietnam and neighboring Cambodia and Laos beginning in the late Confucianism

• The whole of the country was under French control by the 1890s, and the Nguyen dynasty had been reduced to being puppet princes.
• The French focused on drawing revenue and resources from Vietnam while giving very little in return.

• The social and economic problems of Vietnam were worsened by the French determination to make Vietnam a colony that was profitable for the homeland.
• Most of the peasant population in the north didn't have enough land to make a living.

• Many peasants were forced to work in the mines because of the French taxes and purchases of opium and alcohol.
• Many of their ancestors left their villages to work on the plantations established there by French and Chinese entrepreneurs.
• Other migrants became tenants on the great estates that were carved out of the frontier regions.

• There was little relief from migration.
• Plantation workers were treated like slaves.
• Tenants were left with barely enough of the crops they grew to feed, clothe, and house their families because of the landlords' demands.
• Statistics collected by the French revealed the exploitive nature of French colo nialism in Vietnam.
• Despite the fact that Vietnam became one of the world's major rice-exporting areas, there was a sharp drop in the food eaten by the peasantry in all parts of the colony between the early 1900s and the 1930s.

• The collapse of the dynasty was due to the failure to rally the forces of resistance against the French.
• In support of the "Save the King" movement, guerilla warfare was waged in various parts of the country.

• The French were able to crush it on a piecemeal basis because of the small resistance.

• French control over the puppet emperors who remained on the throne left the rebels with little cause worth fighting for.
• The failure of the Confucian bureaucratic classes to defend Vietnam against the French did a lot to undermine the old order in the eyes of the new generations that came of age in the early decades of French rule.
• The Chinese were quicker than the Vietnamese to reject Confucianism once the drawbacks of its inflexibility and past-oriented leanings were clear, and they did so with a good deal less trauma.
• Like the Chinese, the Vietnamese would struggle for decades to fill the ideological and institutional vacuum left by its demise.

• A new middle class was formed in the early 20th century, similar to the one found in other colonial settings.
• The children of the traditional Confucian elite and the emerging landlord class made up the majority of the group.
• Taking advantage of their parents' wealth, some went to French schools and were able to speak and wear French clothes while on holiday in Paris and the French Riviera.

• Lawyers, doctors, and journalists pursued independent careers.
• French educations and lifestyles were included in nationalist organizations.
• The members of these organizations were active in 1920s, protesting French racism and discrimination, improving their own wages, and gaining access to revolutionary force committed positions in the colonial government.

• In other colonies, nationalist newspapers and magazines expanded.
• The focal colonialism was these.

• French rule and what needed to be done to rebuild Vietnam as a whole.
• Initially a wing of French forcibly repressed all attempts to mount peaceful mass demonstrations or organize consti nationalist movement, those who argued for violent resistance eventually gained the upper hand.
• The VNQDD tried to organize Chi Minh.

• The struggle for independence was never again dominated by the bourgeois nationalists.

• The superior underground organization of the communists and the support they received from the Comintern helped Da Lat survive the French onslaught.

• Vietnam was divided into four parts.
• The end of Japanese rule left a vacuum in Vietnam and the great powers were prepared to fill it.
• The war of liberation against the French had wide appeal because of its programs for land and mass education.

• They were known as peasants of the north, where they had been born during the 1930s and especially during the Vietnam War.
• The rural population supported the Viet Minh because they put their reform and community-building programs into disguise.
• Minh's efforts to provide assistance to the peasants during the terrible famine of 1944 and 1945 also French and U.S. dominance, and to convinced the much-abused Vietnamese people that here at last was a political organization genuinely unify north and south Vietnam.

• The advantages China had during world war II were offset by the French and Japanese.
• The Maoists of support in the rural north and the hill regions, where they had won the support of China, had a similar base guerrilla tactics.

• There were many communist and bourgeois nationalist parties vying for power in that part of Vietnam.
• One of the original and inner core of and much of south and central Vietnam was reoccupied by the French.
• In March 1946, they denounced the August declaration of leaders of the Vietnamese Communist Vietnamese independence and moved to reestablish their colonial control over the whole of Vietnam.
• The military strategist of the guerilla wars against the French and Americans was quickly broke by the truce between the French and the Viet Minh.

• Vietnam was consumed by bloody infighting between different groups of people as well as a renewal of the guerilla war of the Viet Minh.

• After nearly a decade of indecisive struggle, the Viet Minh gained control of much of the victory over the French in Vietnam in 1954.
• The French were soundly defeated by the Viet Minh in 1954.

• Some hoped that free elections would be held to determine who should govern a united Vietnam after the war of liberation.
• This electoral contest never happened.
• Vietnam became entangled in the cold war maneuvers of the United States and the Soviet Union.
• During the war against Japan, the U.S. supported the French and the fame of Ho Chi Minh drove the two apart.
• In the early 1950s, influential American leaders believed that South Vietnam should be protected from communism.

• Diem appeared to be the political leader of South cable nationalist credentials.
• He went into exile rather than give up the fight against Vietnam and became the president of the French.
• He was recommended to American politicians and clergy by his sojourn in the United States in the 1940s.
• The 1950s would be a bad time for these attributes because they would make him unpopular with the majority of the people in Vietnam.

• He tried to make out that it was approved by the united States.

• Political rivals have a name.
• The suppression campaign was focused on the communist movement in southern Vietnam because they were the biggest threat to Diem's regime.

• A photographer captured the image of a lone woman hurrying along a road strewn with uniforms abandoned by former South Vietnamese soldiers fearful of being identified as having fought on the losing side.

• The United States and the North Vietnamese supported the warring parties as guerrilla warfare spread.
• When Diem was unable to stem the communist tide in the countryside, the United States allowed his generals to take charge of the war.
• The United States stepped up its military intervention when the Vietnamese military couldn't make much headway.

• Over half a million men and women made up the force of occupation by 1968.
• Despite the loss of tens of thousands of American lives, the Americans could not defeat the communist movement.
• Their presence made it possible for the communists to convince the majority of the Vietnamese people that they were fighting for their independence from another imperialist aggressor.

• The United States used chemical warfare against the South Vietnam they claimed to be trying to save, despite the fact that more explosives were dropped on tiny Vietnam, North and South.
• The victors of the Vietnam were the people of Vietnam.
• American involvement in the conflict ended in the early 1970s.
• The unpopular military regime in the south fell apart without that support.
• Vietnam was united by the communists for the first time in over a century.
• The nation they ruled was shattered and impoverished by decades of civil war, revolution, and armed conflict with two major colonial powers and the most powerful nation of the second half of the 20th century.

• After they united the country, communist efforts to complete the revolution by rebuilding the society made little progress.
• This failure can be linked to Vietnam's isolation from the rest of the international community.

• There were border battles with China that were related to ancient rivalries between the two countries.
• Vietnam's aging revolutionary leaders were deprived of assistance from abroad and faced with a shattered economy and a devastated environment at home.

• They imposed a dictatorship that left little room for popular responses to government initiatives and devoted their energies to persecut ing old enemies.
• The Vietnamese leadership tried until the 1980s to maintain a highly centralized command economy in contrast to the Chinese.
• The rigid system that stifled growth left the people of Vietnam impoverished as they had been after a century of civil war.

• The collapse of communist regimes throughout eastern Europe and the failure of these approaches led to liberalizing and expanding the market sector within the Vietnamese economy.
• The growth of the Vietnamese economy has been stimulated by the responses of Japanese and European corporations.
• Growing investments by their industrial rivals have put increasing pressure on American firms to move into the Vietnamese market.

• The genuine and quite remark ableness shown by Vietnamese leaders in the past decade to work with U.S. officials to resolve questions about prisoners of war and soldiers missing in action from the Vietnam War has strengthened these trends.
• Vietnam has paid a high price for its efforts at integration contacts, as the failed efforts of the united States to isolate Vietnam gave way to increasing economic and diplomatic nations.
• The globalizing economy depicts an example of American corporate penetration.
• Many of its workers have had to work in this street scene.
• The free education system and other public 1990s have increased due to the opening of Vietnam to sweatshop conditions found in foreign factories.

• The experience of the Japanese has differed from that of the rest of the emerging nations, particularly in nomic power, as China and Vietnam have had a good deal in common the past century.
• Other Asian and African peoples suffered from China and Vietnam.
• The ethni was heavily affected by the assaults and exploitive terms of exchange imposed by the imperialist powers.
• They have been one of the few non-Western ronmental degradations because they were able to beat off Western imperialist advances against contend with underdevelopment, overpopulation, poverty, and envi their island home.
• The formerly peoples are able to achieve a high level of industrialization.
• The forced opening of Japan by the United States in the 1850s was one of the challenges that the Chinese and the Vietnamese had to deal with, as well as the collapse of the island nation.

• Japan embarked on its own campaign of imperialist expansion over the rest of the Asian and African worlds.
• The revival of traditional customs, along with social arrangements and religious beliefs, played a key role in Vietnam in recent decades.
• In China and Asia, including Confucianism, a combination of external aggression and inter utilized in different ways has been redefined.
• The Confucian system and self-assertion have been combined across east Asia and have long been synonymous with civilized life.
• With their traditional years with ongoing or new experiments in Western-style capital order in shambles, the peoples of China and Vietnam had no choice but to embark on full-scale revolutions that would clear away the philosophical basis for their state ideology.

• By the early 21st century, Asia is a growing force in world affairs.

• China's size and post-revolu countries of China and Vietnam did not derive any benefits from the economic surge.
• The basis for nation-building could be found in China, Japan, and South Korea.
• East Asian exports, China and Vietnam already had a strong sense of identity, including toys like Pokemon, animated films, and South Korean common language, which are now staple of global consumer culture.

• China and Japan have come to play growing roles in space tech east Asia because of economic development and the forces of revolution.
• China, Japan, and Korea have become prominent in World War II and have regained their importance to participants in global athletic contests.
• The nations of east ied have standard diplomatic and economic channels.
• The combination of Asia and the Pacific Rim has come to exert more influence in world affairs than ever before.
• The West is ensured by their growing predominance in all of these areas.
• The post-Maoist adoption of century has followed the fluctuations of major revolutionary that the peoples of east Asia will shape human history in the 21st movements.

• Novels and literary col ections are accessible and useful.

• J is one of the useful accounts of the post-1949 era.

• There are critical issues with the outcome.

What are the major contributions?

By the late 20th/early 21st 5, were there any shared factors that explain the dynamism of many east Asian nations?

• More than a million people were forced out of their homes during the civil conflict.
• After a peace agreement was signed in 1996, a church commission headed by Bishop Juan Jose gerardi investigated the atrocities committed during the civil war and found that 90 percent of the abuses had been committed by the government.
• The 75-year-old bishop was killed two days later.

• In the 1980s and 1990s, many Central American regimes were repressive.
• Their opposition to communism and social revolution earned them support from a conservative president.
• Free elections were not possible and many resistance figures were jailed.
• The situation changed.
• Local protests for democracy would not stop.
• There were opportunities for new contacts and for free expression because of the movement of people between countries.
• The church groups were active.
• European Common Market and united Nations human rights groups chimed in, as did labor organizations from the united States and elsewhere.
• Despite the power of the local military and the strength of the U.S. policy, there was a new international counterbalance.

• Attacks on foreign Christian missionaries and activities of local "death squad" received wide media attention.

• There was a new force in politics.
• The force had clear limits.

• The cold war came to an end with the collapse of the soviet union.
• A larger current of expanding democracy gave a context for these developments.
• A new set of regional conflicts complicated post-cold war politics, while the emergence of the united States as sole superpower had its own plus and minuses.
• The most recent phase of world history has been complicated by limitations on the democratic current.

• The transition to a post-cold war framework provided some of the leading themes in world history from the mid-1980s to the early 21st century.
• Along with political and diplomatic changes, there was a resurgence of terrorism.
• The renewed process of globalization affected a wide range of human activities, from culture to the environment.
• This process is taken up in the chapter.

• The context of the cold war began to shift after 30 years.
• The Russian empire had been expanding for 500 years, interrupted only briefly by World War I and the beginning of the Russian Revolution, before it resumed its growth to unprecedented levels.

• Korean leader factors in soviet decline leadership were included.
• Soviet leadership became conservative after Stalin and Khrushchev.
• Party bureaucrats, eager to protect the status quo, often advanced mediocre people to top posts, men who were unwilling to rock the boat.
• Many of the leaders continued to hold power when their own abilities declined.

• Despite continued pressure from the superpowers, some parts of the world surrounding the Soviet Union have reasserted their initiative.
• The Soviet Union's large Muslim minority was created by the rise of Islamic fervor in the Iranian Revolution of 1979.
• The Soviets invaded Afghani stan in order to set up a puppet regime that would protect Russian interests.
• The move drew a lot of disapproval.
• The war was difficult as Afghan guerril held their ground with some support from the United States.
• The first formal action of the Soviets since World War II proved unpopular at home.

• The success of western Europe's economy pushed communism into a defensive posture throughout eastern Europe.
• Western institutions and consumer standards gained ground.
• There was a free trade union movement in Poland that was linked to the Catholic Church and it was repressed through martial law in 1981 but the stress of keeping the lid on was likely to increase.

• There were changes in Chinese policy.
• China separated from the Soviets in the 1960s.
• A democratic movement was quashed in 1989 because of political controls.

• Changes in the Chinese economy were rewarded with international investment and rapid growth.
• The Soviets had to contend with China's superior economic performance.

• The U.S. diplomatic policy was tightened.
• Jimmy Carter was a human rights advocate who was eager to point out Soviet deficiencies.
• Conservatives increased their opposition to the Soviet Union.
• The new strategic arms limitation agreement (SALT II) encountered resistance in the U.S. Senate.
• The Soviets moved into Afghanistan.
• The American participation in the Moscow Olympics was called off.

• Ronald Reagan, who had denounced the Soviet Union as an "evil empire," announced a huge increase in U.S. defense spending in 1980.

• These moves put new pressure on the Soviets, already stretched to the limit to maintain military and global competition with the United States and beset with an unpopular war and new regional pressures as well.
• The events that were initially promoted for different reasons undid the cold war.

• The explosion of the 1980s and 1990s was preceded by a period of reform in the Soviet Union, which resulted in the downfall of the Soviet empire.
• The Soviet economic performance deteriorated as a result of military rivalry with the United States.
• There were reasons for pride in the Soviet system, and many observers believed that public attitudes by the 1980s were shaped less by terror than by satisfaction with the Soviet Union's world prestige and the improvements the communist regime had fostered in education and welfare.
• The economy was grinding to a halt outside of the Soviet Union.
• Eastern Europe was affected by forced industrialization.
• By the late 1980s, half of all agricultural land was in danger, and more than 20 percent of Soviet citizens lived in regions of ecological disaster.
• The rates and severity of respiratory and other diseases increased.
• Infant mortality rates rose in several regions, sometimes reaching the highest levels in the world.

• Industrial production began to decline as a result of rigid central planning, health problems, and poor worker morale.
• Lower motivation was caused by the growing inadequacy of housing and consumer goods.
• The percentage of resources allocated to military production increased as economic growth stopped.
• This reduced funds can be used for other investments or for consumer needs.
• Younger leaders began to realize that the system was close to collapse.

• The Soviet system was not changeless despite its heavy bureaucracy.
• There could be problems and dissatisfactions that could cause a response.

• He wore a new, more Western style, dressing in fashionable clothes, holding press conferences, and even having the Soviet media engage in active policies of glasnost and perestroika.

• The two men worked closely to ease tensions between the two great powers after the accession of Mikhail gorbachev.

• In 1987 he negotiated a new agreement with the United States that limited medium-range missiles in Europe.
• The war in Afghanistan was ended by him.

• There is a policy of openness.
• He pressed for a reduction in bureaucratic inefficiency and political liberation in Soviet union productive labor in the Soviet economy, encouraging moredecentralization decision making and the use of some market incentives to stimulate greater output.

• It was unclear if Gorbachev could cut through the centralized planning apparatus that controlled the main lines of the Soviet economy.
• The new leader had to balance reform and stability.

• Questions about Gorbachev's prospects were common in Soviet history.
• The policies of Gorbachev constituted a return to ambivalence about the West.

• He continued to criticize aspects of the Western political and social structure.
• Gorbachev wanted to use some Western management techniques and was open to certain Western cultural styles, but he wanted to abandon basic control of the communist state.
• Western analysts wondered if the Soviet economy could improve worker motivation without embracing a Western-style consumerism or if computers could be more widely introduced without allowing freedom for information exchange.

• Gorbachev wanted to open the Soviet Union to more participation in the world economy because of its isolation and limited motivation to change.

• Gorbachev's initial policies did not quickly reform the Soviet economy, but they had immediate political effects, which the reform leader had not anticipated.

• The first McDonald's restaurant in Moscow opened in 1990 after 14 years of negotiations.
• People lined up around the block to get their first taste of fast food.

• Farmers can lease land for 50 years with rights of inheritance and industrial concerns can be bought from either private or state operations.
• Foreign women were encouraged.
• Reductions in Soviet military commitments, particularly through agreements with the United States on troop reductions and limitations on nuclear weaponry, were pushed for by bachev in order to free agriculture resources.

• He urged more self-help among the Soviets, including a reduction in drinking.

• Gorbachev encouraged a new constitution in 1988 that gave the Congress of People's deputies considerable power and abolished the Communist monopoly on elections.

• Both inside and outside the party, important opposition groups developed, pressing Gorbachev between radicals who wanted a faster pace of reform and conservative hard-liners.
• In 1990 Gorbachev was elected the new president of the Soviet Union.

• Reform amid continued economic stagnation caused unrest among minority nationalities in the Soviet Union.
• Muslims and Christians rioted against each other in the south.
• Baltic nationalists and other European minorities demanded independence, but only for greater autonomy.
• The end of Soviet control of central Asia and the European borderlands was predicted by some observers.

• Social issues were given new twists.
• Gorbachev said that Soviet efforts to establish equality between the sexes had made it difficult for women to juggle work and household duties.

• It had a somewhat old-fashioned ring to it, as he proposed that women return to their purely womanly missions of housework, childrearing, and "the creation of a good family atmosphere".

• Dismantling the Soviet empire's new approach, including Gorbachev's desire for better relations with Western powers, resulted in more definitive results outside the Soviet Union than within, as the smaller states of eastern Europe uniformly pushed for greater independence and internal reforms.
• The 1900-Present stage of world history was ousted and free elections were held.
• Hungary had a noncommunist president in 1988.
• A new constitution and free elections were planned.
• Hungary declared its great 1956 rising to be a popular uprising.
• Hungary moved quickly towards a free-market economy.
• Poland dismantled the state-run economy after installing a noncommunist government in 1988.
• As government subsidies were withdrawn, prices rose quickly.
• The Solidarity movement was born a decade before through a merger of noncommunist labor leaders and Catholic intellectuals.
• The communist government in East Germany was removed in 1989.
• The Berlin Wall was dismantled in 1990 and noncommunists won a free election.
• The collapse of postwar Soviet foreign policy led to German unification in 1990.
• In 1989 Czechoslovakia installed a new government headed by a playwright that wanted to introduce free elections and a more market-driven economy.

• Although mass demonstrations played a key role in several of these political upheavals, only in Romania was there violence, as an authoritarian communist leader was swept out by force.
• Under new leadership, the Communist party retained considerable power, but reforms moved less quickly than in other countries.
• In Albania, the unreconstructed Stalinist regime was overthrown and a more flexible communist leadership installed.

• The nature and extent of reform in eastern Europe were different than in the Soviet Union.
• Older attachment were affected by change and uncertainty.
• There were attacks on a Turkish minority left over from the Ottoman period.
• The Yugoslavian communist regime came under attack and a civil war broke out from disputes among nationalities.
• The Serbian army applied massive force to preserve the Yugoslav nation despite the fact that minority nationalities such as Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina proclaimed independence.

• The prospects for the future became unpredictable as a result of the rapid and unexpected change.
• Few of the new governments fully defined their constitutional structure and the range of new political parties almost compeled later consolidations.

• Breaching the Berlin Wall in 1989.

• European states suffered from sluggish production, massive pollution, and economic problems that may lead to new political discontent.

• Tensions over the first results of the market economy in Poland led to rising unemployment and further price increases.

• Disaffection from the Solidarity leadership grew due to these.
• A critical problem area between the two world wars had yet to be resolved.

• The change in Soviet policy was clear.
• It seemed unlikely that a repressive attempt to reestablish an empire would be possible, as evidenced by the rapid withdrawal of Soviet troops in Hungary.
• The European Economic Community seemed to promise further realignment in the future.

• In the summer of 1991, there was an attempted coup in the Soviet Union.
• Gorbachev's presidency was threatened.
• The democratic current that had developed in the Soviet Union since 1986 was asserted by massive popular demonstrations.
• The suppression of democracy in China two years before was striking.

• Gorbachev's authority waned after the attempted coup.
• The Russian Republic's leadership became stronger.

• The boundaries of eastern europe and central Asia were redrawn after the collapse of the soviet union.

• The 1900-Present stage of world history used the occasion to gain full independence, though economic links with the Soviet Union remained.

• Gorbachev struggled to win agreement on continued economic union and some other coordination despite other minority republics proclaiming independence as wel.
• Gorbachev was doomed by his attempts to save a presidency that would have displaced on some survival of a greater Soviet Union.
• Boris Yeltsin, the president of Russia and an early convert to communism, became the leader after the dissolution of the republic.
• Yeltsin brought Russia's parliament under control.

• The Commonwealth of Independent States won tentative agreement from most of the republics after the fall of the Soviet Union.
• Tensions immediately surfaced about economic coordination and control of the military, where Russia is still the largest unit-sought, including nuclear control, amid challenges from the Ukraine and from two of the other republics with nuclear weaponry.
• It was not clear how much unity there would be in the former Soviet Union.
• Economic reform's fate was uncertain.
• Russian leaders were hesitant to convert to a full market system.

• Yeltsin's leadership deteriorated as the economy performed badly, individual profiteers pulled in huge fortunes, and Yeltsin's health deteriorated.
• Terrorist acts by the rebels seemed to feed each other as a civil war broke out with the Muslim region of Chechnya.
• In 1999, a new president, Vladimir Putin, promised to clean up corruption and install more effective government controls.
• For 50 years most of the latvians had been afraid to speak out against the soviet takeover of their government in 1939.
• The nationalist resistance movement was suppressed after World War II.
• Tens of thousands of Latvians were killed and many were imprisoned or deported to Siberia.
• In the late 1980s, when perestroika opened possibilities for change in the Soviet Union, Latvians were quick to act.
• In 1990, they elected a new parliament that declared its intention to begin a transition to independence.
• The August 1991 coup in Moscow opened the door to independence for the Baltic nation.

• One of the first things the Latvians did was to take down statues of Soviet leaders.

• The statue was erected on the day that it fell.

• The results of elections were influenced by the government's suppression of the activities of rival political parties.

• Some people want a return to the Soviet days of economic security and national glory.
• Reformists were able to voice their concerns, but Putin tightened his hold on the state and media.
• He refused to compromise on the Chechnya revolt.
• Putin was re-elected as president in 2012 after finishing his second term as president in 2008.

• At the end of the 20th century, the spread of multiparty democracy with free elections was associated with the end of the cold war.

• Economic and political success in western Europe, including the drawing power of the Common Market, helped propel Spain, Portugal, and Greece to democratic systems in the mid-1970s.
• The democratic wave hit Latin America.

• Free elections replaced authoritarian controls in Argentina and Brazil.
• Latin American countries except Cuba were in the democratic camp through the 1990s.
• The system was accepted by revolutionaries in Central America in the late 1980s.
• Mexico's first president was elected from a party other than the PRI, which had been in charge since the revolution.

• South Korea and Taiwan had Democratic systems in the 1980s.
• In the Philippines, popular pressure led to the ousting of an authoritarian ruler.
• Secular and Islamic parties are involved in multiparty democracy in Turkey.
• The soviet bloc was captured by the democratic current, with democratic systems winning out in most of east central Europe and Russia.

• The triumph of democracy over apartheid in South Africa was the start of democratic change in this region.
• Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa, became a democracy in 1999 after new assertions of military control.
• The authoritarian system in Indonesia was overthrown at this point and replaced with competitive elections.

• There was a surge in 2004.
• In Georgia and Ukraine, authoritarian leaders were replaced with democratic elections.
• In former Soviet republics in central Asia, there were also stirrings.

• The American invasion of Iraq gave rise to greater democracy in several Arab countries.
• Local elections in Saudi Arabia were openly con tested.
• The vote was granted to women.
• The Palestinians held an election in Israel.
• Key regimes, such as Egypt, continued to suppress political opposition.

• Most of the region haditarian systems.

• It is the first time that democracy has spread so widely among so many different societies.
• China, North Korea, and parts of the Middle East and central Asia all held together.

• The major democratic demonstration in Beijing in 1989 echoed the global democratic current but was brutally put down.
• The Chinese regimes wanted rapid economic change with insistence on one-party rule, an exception to democratic gains.

• Chinese troops march on the political government to yield to their political demands on June 4, 1989.

• On one hand, the government and the party have taken control of Tiananmen Square.
• The protesters had been demanding for weeks every possible measure to treat and rescue the fast for a more open, democratic system.
• They have held several dialogues with one-party control.
• The military move caused hundreds of deaths with representatives of the students who were on a hunger strike.
• China was different from the other countries in the hope that the students would stop their hunger strike societies that were establishing new democracies at that time.

• The dialogues didn't yield the results that were expected.

• China continued to shout demagogic slogans.
• The interesting experiment with authoritarian politics has students saying that they can't control economic change.

• The following document, from a leading communist party of affairs, will likely lead to serious consequences which none of us want to see.

• The document has a mixture of demonstrators and protesters.
• There have been many incidents of people breaking into specific Chinese as well as communist traditions concerning local party and government organs, along with beating, smashing, politics and order, in some standard government claims about the nature of protest with places.

• Some trains on major railway lines have Comrades, in accordance with a decision made by the Standing, which caused communications to stop.
• The Beijing-Guangzhou Committee and the State Council have convened a meeting here line after some Committee of the CPC Central Committee, the party Central thing happened to our trunk line.
• A train from Fuzhou was stopped.
• The train was stuck at the central for several hours and was full of party, government, and army people.

• If no quick action is taken to turn the turmoil in a clear-cut manner, we will have a nationwide emergency and we will have to resort to effective measures to restore order.

• The current situation in the capital is not good.

• Time and time have been undermined by our party and government.
• As a result of great efforts, the situation had begun to cool down after the beginning of May.

• The situation has become more turbulent because of the fervent patriotic spirit, wishing to push forward reform.
• This is similar to have been involved in demonstrations.
• Many institutions of the goals which the party and government have striven to higher learning have come to a standstill.
• There are traffic jams.
• Many of the questions were taken place everywhere.
• The leading views of the party and government have already influenced the work of the party, and public security has been very positive in improving the work of the party.
• The government has been undermined by all this.
• The normal order of production, work, study, and everyday life onstrations, boycotts of class, and even hunger strikes to make of the people in the whole municipality were willfully used by the people.
• Some activities on the petitions have damaged social stability and will not be beneficial for the state affairs of the Sino-Soviet summit.

• One reason for us to take a clear-cut stand is China's international image and prestige.

• The activities of some of the students on hunger strike at a small group of people is to distinguish the mass of young students in Tiananmen Square have not yet been stopped completely.
• There are a few people who incited the turmoil.
• We adopted an extremely tolerant and restrained attitude for almost a health is seriously deteriorated and some of their lives are still month.
• A few people are handling the student unrest.
• No government in the world hunger strikes as hostages to force the party and would be so tolerant.

• They are our children and the future of China.

• ThePLA took the tolerance as weakness on the part of the party because they were planning and inciting the turmoil.
• We hope that the broad mass will poison the mass in an attempt to improve the situation.

Comrades, our party is a party in power and our government, how does he try to convince ordinary Chinese that the protest is a people's government?

• It was obvious that the link to economic expectations was a vulnerability, as democracy was a precondition for freer markets and economic growth that supported many Latin American conversions and Gorbachev's reforms in Russia.

• There were new uncertainties after 2000.
• The United States supports the spread of democracy, but it also supports authoritarian regimes such as Egypt, Pakistan, and Uzbekistan.
• Russia's retreat from full democracy was an important development.
• Latin American Democratic systems struggled against poverty and social unrest.
• In 2007, the popular vote rejected Chavez's attempt to concentrate more power in his hands.
• The Arab Spring gave rise to additional gains for democracy.
• Police author ity and authoritarian politics protested in several countries, beginning with Tunisia but continuing in Egypt, Libya, and elsewhere.
• Civil war broke out in Libya and Syria.
• There was great excitement as several longstanding rulers were overthrown.
• Results were not clear.
• As the civil war in Syria raged for over two years, protests in several places were put down or opposed.
• There were new elections in Egypt in which a strong Muslim majority was returned, but then the military regime ousted the Muslim group amid ongoing tension in the streets.
• There was a story being written.
• While the reelection of Putin in Russia saw new suppression of opposition politicians, public unrest suggested a growing desire for greater political freedom.

• Some regional rivalries were highlighted by the end of the cold war framework.

• The spread of democracy was constrained by the surge of conflicts.

• The Soviet Union had kept a lid on potential internal disputes because of its opposition to religion and emphasis on class.
• The lid came off when it collapsed.
• There were religious and ethnic conflicts in several of the new nations.

• The split of the Proximity Peace Talks Agreement was caused by disagreements between Czechs and Slovaks.

• Croatia and Slovenia became independent in 1991.

• The acts of genocide were caused by brutal assaults on civilians.
• NATO protected a new nation in Bosnia-Herzegovina.

• The peace was protected by 100 miles.

• Kosovo and Montenegro became separate nations during the decade after 2000.

• The end of the cold war did not cause many of the regional conflicts.
• The reduction of cold war tension and controls contributed to new regional latitude.
• During the 1990s, the Middle East was a trouble spot.
• Saddam Hussein's ambition to destroy the Islamic revolutionary regime in Iran led to a long casualty-filled war between the two countries before the end of the cold war.
• The small oil-rich state of Kuwait was invaded by Bush.

• Many Arabs and Muslims criticized the United States for maintaining a large military presence in the Persian Gulf region.

• Tensions between Israel and Palestine served as a Middle Eastern flashpoint.
• The relationship between Israel and the Palestinians deteriorated after the cold war ended.
• The Palestinian government was established over two territories in Israel.
• Between 2001 and 2003 there was a resurgence of violence between Israelis and Palestinians.
• A wave of suicide bombings by Palestinians targeted Israeli civilians, while the Israeli government attacked Palestinian cities and refugee camps.

• The war about possible nuclear weapons in Iran in 1991 was a source of tension.
• Key issues in this are still being resolved.

• Both countries tested nuclear weapons by 2000.
• The limited nuclear group of the cold war began to confront iraq about expand and this was the most open case of nuclear dissemination.
• Hindu nationalism within India was matched by Muslim rhetoric in Pakistan.

• North Korea is also a nuclear power.

• Several components helped explain the new and troubling outbreak of ethnic rivalries.
• The potential for group identities to generate hostilities was increased by new levels of global interaction.
• Some groups have increased their investment in ethnic identity in order to counter outside influences.

• As the hold of the classic nation-state declined, a number of ethnic groups developed new opportunities for expression.
• Scottish and Welsh governments were given limited powers by the British government.
• France and Spain became more tolerant of linguistic minorities.
• During the 1990s, a number of European countries saw the rise of new political movements bent on reducing immigration in favor of protecting jobs and cultural identity for the majority national group.
• The National Front won up to 10 percent of the votes in France in the mid 1990s.
• Austria's national government was hostile to immigrants.
• New barriers against immigrants were discussed by leaders in Italy, the Netherlands, and France.
• Turks in Germany were the target of repeated violence.

• In the 1990s a set of far bloodier conflicts broke out in central Africa, pitting tribal groups, the Hutus and the Tutsis, against each other.

• 1900-Present outnumbered by resentful Hutus is the newest stage of world history.
• Uganda's intervention contributed to the confusion.
• Hundreds of thousands were killed and many more were driven from their homes.
• There was no decisive outside intervention after the Organization of African States and the United Nations urged peace.
• Civil war continued in central Africa despite the fact that bloodshed had ended.

• There were battles between government forces and various groups in Sudan, as well as warfare between military gangs in countries like Sierra Leone and Liberia.
• Sudanese conflicts resulted in over 2 million killed, and endemic warfare in the Congo killed almost the same number, in which activities by neighboring states as well as internal ethnic struggle intensified the problems.
• The conflicts were accompanied by massive displacements of refugees.

• Ethnic tensions were leading to acts of genocide that targeted whole populations of civilians, including women and children.
• In some instances, violence seemed threatening to major powers, though never without great hesitation.
• There were no policies that promised to push back the potential for ethnic conflict.

• The United States did not have a clear military competitor because of the decline of Russian power.

• As oil revenues increased in the 21st century, its role expanded.
• The global military presence was reduced.
• The U.S. military commitment remained high.
• The nation spent more on defense by 2005 than the next 25 countries combined.

• Many people were worried about the level of American power.
• China's growing power in the global economy was one of the reasons why it increased its military arsenal.
• Periodic collaborations among powers like China, Russia, and Iran did not lead to permanent alignments.
• European countries were allied with the United States.

• The success of the European China is being held back.
• What feelings do you have about the United States?

• Expansion to 25 members was a key move.
• An ambitious EU constitution that might provide more coordination in foreign affairs was criticized in 2005 by nations concerned about their own independence of action.
• The whole project was in doubt after France and Hol voted against it.
• The EU was a major economic force, but it was not as strong as the American military.
• Between 1991 and 2008 American power was not overthrown.

• Americans debated how much they should try to police regional conflicts, with some questioning the idea of being a global enforcer.
• The United States pulled out of a military intervention in 1993 to stop civil unrest in the country.
• U.S. leaders were able to tell other parts of the world how to organize their societies.

• Business and political experts agree that the U.S. model of a free market economy should be widely adopted.
• The U.S. leaders were worried about medium-sized powers that might develop nuclear weapons or sponsor terrorism.
• Efforts to mobilize the world community against countries like Iran, Iraq, and North Korea had varying degrees of success, suggesting some limits to American influence if not its direct military strength.

• Despite international support, Treaties designed to protect the environment or prevent the use of land mines were rejected.
• These gestures of independence were criticized in various parts of the world.

• Since the 1960s, American interests have been targets of terrorist attacks.
• The hijacking of airplanes and other moves expressed hostility to the U.S. policies.

• The attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon created a new level of threat.
• The attacks reflected concern about specific U.S. policies in the Middle East, including support for authoritarian governments, the alliance with Israel, and the stationing of troops on "sacred ground" in Saudi Arabia.
• The terrorists were hostile to the U.S. power.
• The hijackers crashed airliners into buildings that symbolized American financial and military might, killing 3000 people.
• The terrorists thought this was a good way to fight a nation they couldn't fight by conventional means.

• The attacks focused the administration on a war against terrorism.
• Increased screening of international visitors was one of the measures taken in the war on terror.
• American foreign policy was dominated by the problem.
• After the World Trade Center was hit by a hijacked commercial, world opinion collapsed.
• The United States has a new plane.
• Less than an hour later, the north tower collapsed.

• The terrorist attack changed the course of history.

• In both the early 20th century and the decades at its end, the main issue for the international media was the world's political and main objective of the members of these organizations was to military leaders.
• For Americans terrorism on home soil arrived at the national and international levels.
• The initial attempt to bomb the World to promote the causes of the groups that built the Trade Center in New York City faded from memory.
• For most of the world, fear of and precautions against terrorist violence had become a major concern mode of protest.
• Most terrorists as early as the late 1960s were in the pre-World War I era.
• The Basques in Spain and Prot were driven either by their desire to destroy the Catholic paramilitary units in Northern Ireland or by their desire to overthrow the capitalist world order.

• The crisis and appallingly destructive attacks that led to World War I were precipitated bySophie.

• The late Ireland is often treated by current commentators.
• In the decades before World became a major source of terrorist activities, interethnic civil wars, such as those that have raged in 20th-century global epidemic of terrorism, have had no historical precedent.
• War I terrorist attacks were carried out by radical environmentalists and groups who were against the international community.
• The International Monetary Fund and World capitals and metropolitan centers of Europe that promote economic globalization have tsarist Russia and the United States as well as terrorist tactics.

• Terrorists tell us a lot about the powers, assassinations and bombs they use.
• There are many regimes that have anarchism in them.
• In the pre-World War I period, the tsarist included the nature and causes of terrorist groups, the empire or the British Raj in India, as well as the amount of targets they favored.

• An exploration of some of these key differences can tell us a lot about the causes of terrorist activities and how they differ from one another.

• The main sources of terrorist assaults were small, secret, and politically motivated organizations.

• Both outcomes were believed to be bad for them and good for the community.

• Terrorist acts were mostly carried out to weaken governments in power to the young men.
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• These outcomes have been very rare.
• In the decades before World fact, indiscriminate terrorist acts have usually outraged public War I, individuals,monarchs (and their spouses), government and world opinion and obscured or distorted the causes that officials (including President McKinley of the United States), dissident groups were attempting to publicize.
• The propaganda value of striking at the powerful national governments and international agencies as well as public and wealthy was the reason why business tycoons and colonial officials were often chosen.
• Bombs were placed in public areas to support the measures.
• Even in situations that cause mass panic, this has been true.
• In the case of large numbers of new civilian casualties, they were caused by Marxist extremists.
• The terrorists' willingness to launch mass widespread destruction in fashionable quarters of urban areas has tended to be seen as symbolic assaults on the bourgeois, capitalist global order.

• At the turn of the 21st century, indiscriminate assaults on as to preclude negotiation and even rational explanation.
• In Ireland, Spain, Israel, and the Palestinian territories, the only viable response to the death and suffering visited upon Japan, and other areas is violent oppression.
• Terrorists were able to allow innocent civilians by technological advances.

• The nature and targets of terrorist assaults contributed to this preference.
• Between the pre-World War I era and the last decades of the 20th century, the cost of human measures taken to defend national and world leaders has greatly increased.
• It became more and more dangerous to target soldiers because of the globalization of terrorist networks.
• A proliferation of complex links between dissident magnates and religious figures has been caused by this police, and political leaders.
• Contemporary theorists argue that groups in different nations and regions are often an active agent of evil.
• It is a legitimate victim in this regard.

• The spread of communications technol groups to turn highly advanced civilian technologies, embodied ogies such as the telephone and television, complex networks for in modern passenger planes, into appallingly lethal weapons that deliver electric power and fuels like natural gas, and nuclear could be aimed at innocent and unsuspecting civilian After each of the centers of scientific experimentation was hit with a new range of vulnerable targets, the World Trade Towers collapsed.

• Invention and scientific experimentation have made it possible for the headquarters of the world's most powerful terrorist weapons to be attacked.
• The toxic events that wreaked havoc on Tokyo's subways may be a sign of a fundamental shift in the nature of warfare that will be played out in the century to come.

• The emergence of suicide bombers made this pattern even more disturbing.

• Terrorist organizations were confident that terrorism would become the dominant mode of warfare.

• Millions of demonstrators protested the impending war in February 2003 because the evidence for these charges was largely incorrect.

• The United States invaded and quickly conquered the country.
• The United States had difficulty restoring order against a variety of enemies.
• In 2009, with Iraq somewhat calmer, American attention turned back to Afghanistan and to the growing strength of radical groups in Pakistan.
• The American forces left Iraq in 2011.
• The wars may have distracted the US from other global issues.

• Peaceful solutions to many tensions seemed impossible as democracy was spreading but not winning everywhere.

• The end of the cold war caused a lot of ambivalence.
• The danger of all-out nuclear war was lowered by the disproportion.
• The nation's true global influence was given by the larger of American power.
• New kinds of global linkages were suggested by the spread of democracy, as well as American uses of it, raised and agreements.
• Some people argued that there were new disputes.
• The United States did not have the power to make the world a better place.
• The historical processes that had been of Islam were ended by its policies.
• Since the dawn of civilization, the human experience has been defined by the military confrontation between the United States and Canada.

• Regional conflicts with their tragic ideological roots of the hostilities seemed distressingly familiar to violence and dislocation, argued against this kind of optimism.