Chapter 19

• "There is no place like a young man in a great city," Darrow wrote.

• Darrow felt despair at one point.

• In 1860, less than 20 percent of Americans lived in an urban area, defined as a place with more than 2,500 inhabitants.

• More Americans lived in cities by 1910 than in the nation as a whole on the eve of the Civil War.
• The country now has three of the world's ten largest cities.
• The Northeast was the most urbanized region, but the industrial Midwest was catching up.
• Los Angeles, Seattle, and San Francisco became hub cities on the Pacific coast.
• Atlanta and Birmingham were thriving in the South.

• Experiments that ranged from the amuse ment park to the art museum were encouraged by the scale of the industrial cities.
• Some of the city's problems were worse than Clarence Darrow's.
• slums, pollution, disease, and corrupt political machines flourished.
• Homeless men slept in the shadows of mansions of the superrich, while fasttalking hucksters enjoyed prime opportunities to fleece newcomers.
• Industrial cities became important sites of political innovation and reform.

• George Bellows was a member of the Ash Can school of painters.
• Madison Square was crowded with streetcars, horse-drawn wagons, and pedestrians during the winter rush hour.

• Trolley lines should be moved off the streets.
• The "el" or elevated The New Metropolis railroad, which began operation as early as 1871 in New York City, became a safer alternative.
• Mark Twain arrived in New York in 1867 and said planners built down not up.
• Boston opened a short busi underground line in 1897 and by 1904 a subway running ness, you cannot even pay a friendly call without it.

• Railroads were used to reorganize urban geography before the Civil War.
• The growth of outlying residential districts began to include areas for finance and well-to-do.
• The high cost of transportation effectively splits the wealthy districts.
• The trend accelerated in the late nine grant wards.
• It was a confusing world.

• Before the Civil War, affluent wives and children enjoyed refuge from the pollution in cities.

• In the countryside, where the nephew of a wealthy Southern Pacific Railroad man could draw water power from streams, Henry Huntington sprang up and helped foster an emerging suburban ideal as he ful fuel and raw materials and recruit workers.

• Huntington's family fortune was invested in Los Angeles ports, where urban merchants bought and sold goods for transportation and real estate.

• Middle-class buyers came to trade.
• The change was made possible by the steam engines.

• Anticipating on unreliable water power.
• Americans' love for affordable increased the scale of industry.
• A factory employing single- family homes near large cities, Huntington had thousands of workers who could instantly create a small city.

• Commercial building methods have changed.
• Industrial cities are also designed by architects.
• Warehouse invented the skyscraper, a building supported by its from the typical city before districts converted to small-scale steel skeleton.

• Port cities are used to enclosing the structure.
• skyscrapers allowed downtown offered cheap labor, an essential element to profit from small plots of land, even though they were expensive to build.

• The striking designs were commissioned by residents as symbols of the industrial city.

• The first skyscraper was designed by William Le Baron Jenney in Chicago.

• Jenney's steel-girder lines, which each trolley touched with a pole mounted construction, inspired the creativity of American archi on its roof.
• Trolleys became the primary mode of transportation.
• Congestion design of buildings that expressed form rather than accidents led to demands that masked their structure and function.

• The headquarters of the nationwide Woolworth's five-anddime chain became a dominant feature of the New York skyline under construction.

• Manhattan had more skyscrapers than any other city.

• At the end of a long working day, city dwellers flocked strong columns gave skyscrapers a "proud and soaring" to this free entertainment.
• Nothing, declared a presence and offered plentiful natural light for workers observer, matched the panorama of Broadway inside.

• The beginning of Manhattan's modern skyline was marked by the Newcomers and Neighborhoods fifty-five-story Woolworth Building.

• The urban arrives from the countryside.
• Rural amenities used to be electric light.
• Industrialization relocated early 19th century, but gas lamps were too dim for household tasks, and had been used for residential light since the and weaving cloth.
• Finding ways to improve streets and public spaces.
• Farm daughters sought paid employment in the 1870s as generating technology became commercially viable.
• The age of electricity proved to be better.
• Many sons left the Wanamaker's department store in Philadelphia in farm and set aside part of their pay to help the people in need.
• Gaslights were replaced by electric streetlights.
• Explaining why she moved to Chicago.

• America's cities became homes for millions of residents because of electric streetlights, as one magazine put it in 1912.
• Nightlife became less Irish and more appealing in other northern countries.
• The journalist described the cities.
• In 1894, immi Broadway arrived in a great metropolis and all the shop fronts were lighted.

• Minneapolis used to be lit by dim gaslight at night.
• The first lighting of a 257-foot tower topped by a ring of electric arcs took place on February 28, 1884.
• As Minneapolis became an electric city, the electric poles on the right would grow into a lot of poles and overhead wires.

• He heard a Polish voice offer a son of Ukrainian immigrants.
• "From sheer joy," he said, "tears welled up are born in this country."

• A lot of people are trying to find jobs.

• The table shows the ten largest cities in the world by population in millions.

• California's San Andreas Fault had caused earthquakes for centuries, but when a major metropolis arose nearby, it created new potential for catastrophe.
• Many residents were asleep when the earthquake occurred.
• The photograph shows the damage caused by the fires.
• The exact number of people killed by the earthquake will never be known.
• The earthquake felt as far away as Los Angeles, Oregon, and central Nevada.
• Researchers opened new lines of inquiry to predict tremors and build buildings that could survive them.

• The Bridgeman Art Library is part of the Universal History Archive.

• As more and more laborers arrived from the south, New York Jews frequented a lively Yiddish theater.

• I had never been paid wages by the province or town.
• He settled with his members and paid support in case of death or disabil uncle in New Jersey.
• The work here was just as hard as it was on the job.
• I didn't mind that because I am a club member.
• We must have an orga in San Francisco.

• Francisco's Chinatown, Italian North Beach, and Jewish became Bank of America as it expanded across the West.

• The institutions of many kinds both discrimination and immigrants' desire to stick sprang up to serve ethnic urban communities, as a result of being driven by Like Giannini's bank.

• Borhoods diversified and incorporated Italians and Jews.

• As the plaza became a site for business and tours, it was more than 50 percent African American.
• Immigrants were pushed into working-class settled in northern cities, but not in the numbers that neighborhoods like Belvedere and Boyle Heights would arrive during the Great Migration of World which sprang up to the east.

• African Americans sought opportunities in the city.
• Almost 90 percent of American blacks were worse off than African Americans in 1900, but more foreign-born immigrants moved to the South.

• The small African American community that had established itself on the city's West Side was settled in 1893 by Wiley and Fannie Cherry.
• The Cherrys seem to have prospered.
• The family portrait taken in 1906 shows them entering the black middle class.
• After 1900, long settled urban blacks like the Cherrys became uncomfortable and relations with needy rural newcomers were tense.

• The violence was fueled by a nasty political campaign Europe, Mexico, or Asia, working-class city residents that sensationalized false charges of "negro needed cheap housing near their jobs."
• Black faced grim choices were attacked by groups of white men.
• As urban land values climbed, Atlantans invaded middle-class black neighborhoods and tore down houses that had been occupied by middle-class families who were moving away from the industrial area.
• Twenty-four core were killed by the rioters.
• There were race riots in cramped, airless apartments.
• In New York City's Tenderloin district, tene ments fostered rampant disease and infant mortality.

• In 1901, York's Tenement House Law required interior courts, indoor toilets, and fire safeguards for new structures.
• The law did not affect the 44,000 tenements that existed in Manhattan and the Bronx.
• The economic facts of urban development made it hard for reformers to succeed.
• Industrial workers couldn't afford transportation and had to live near their jobs.
• Landlords made a significant profit from high density, cheaply built housing.

• Industrial cities could be fun to live in.
• In the 19th century, white middle-class Protestants set the cultural standard and immigrants and the poor were expected to follow their example.
• Mass-based entertainments emerged among the working class in the cities.
• The entertainments spread from the working class to the middle class.
• Cities became centers for intellectual life.

• Atlanta race shows are depicted on the cover of a Paris newsmagazine.
• The artist's dramatic illustration shows that the artist's appeal is to include middle-class audiences.
• Racist violence could be a source of embarrassment for the United States in the early 1900s.

• In New York's Eleventh Ward, an average of 986 per acre was occupied by working girls who refrained from less sons.
• One investigator in Philadel might watch a movie about twenty-six people living in nine rooms once or twice a week.

• She reported that the amusement parks were used as kitchens.
• The only toilet in York's Coney Island was located at New partment in the yard.
• Americans suffered the most at African world's fairs.

• Between 1895 and 1904, working-class and model tenements financed by public-spirited citizens were installed at sev elite city residents who were unwilling to accept a limited return on their investment.

• Coney Island's popular beaches were not helped by private philanthropy.

• Between 1865 and 1901 the city limits of Chicago increased by more than 300 percent.

• The dumbbell tenement won a contest for a design that met an 1879 requirement for every room to have a window.

• The air shaft was a dumping ground for garbage and provided almost no light for the interior rooms.

• The tenements were so bad that they became the catalyst for the next wave of New York housing reform.

• The roller coaster's roots go back to 1884 when it was installed at New York's Coney Island.
• The goal was to create the biggest possible thrill when the Jack Rabbit Race was built.
• Angelenos journeyed by trolley to Long Beach to take a dip in the ocean as well as to ride the new roller coaster.

• Ragtime became wildly popular among roller coasters, lagoon plunges, and "hootchy-kootchy" audiences who heard in its dance shows.
• Cuban tious rhythms were exciting, and revolutionary Jose Marti worked as a journalist with Victorian hymns and parlor songs.

• Scott Joplin was the master of the genre.
• There wasn't any serious music out of the ragtime.
• Coney Island took piano lessons from a German teacher.

• The young Americans embraced the old style.

• Ragtime ushered in booming urban entertainment as they embraced each other.
• Pan Alley was the nickname for New York City's song more than 500 dance halls by 1910.

• The most famous sold more than a million copies of restau sheet music, as well as audio recordings for the newly rant jobs rather than domestic service so they would invented phonograph.
• One publishing Bear called for a close body agent to visit "sixty joints a week" to test new songs, contact and plenty of hip movement.

• Despite widespread African American musicians bringing a syncopated denunciation, dance mania quickly spread from the beat that began, by the 1890s, to work its way into urban working classes to rural and middle-class youth.

• Performers of color became stars in American popular culture.
• W. C. Handy, born in named for its ragged rhythm, combined a steady beat Alabama with a syncopated music from the cotton fields of the Mississippi.

• Blues music is practical.
• There was a line between working-class treats and casual prostitution in "St. Louis Blues".

• Dat man got a heart lak a rock cast in the sea, world in which large numbers of residents were young or else he wouldn't gone so far from me.

• The 1900 census found that 20 percent of women in Detroit, Philadelphia, and Boston lived as boarders and lodgers, not in family loneliness or bitter disappointment, and that more than Blues spoke to the emotional lives of young urbanites.
• New collec ties were forged in the city due to the social opportuni activities of single men.
• In a world of strangers, the late nine tive experiences have been called by one historian.

• Influence on twentieth-century American cul boardinghouses, restaurants, and personal ture can be found.
• By the time "St. Louis Blues" was published, the city had bachelors all the comforts of composer Irving Berlin, a Russian Jewish immigrant, home and an array of men's clubs.

• As in the cultures, the lyrics often featured sexual innuendo.
• Middle-class men, both of such music, marked the arrival of modern youth who were straight and gay.
• Its enduring features were "crossover" music or to find friends.
• A medical student from the black working class remembered being taken to a ball at which he was taken to find five hundred gay and lesbian couples African American musical styles.

• In the city, many young people were harassed and moral reformers found parental oversight weaker than it had been before.
• Arrests were few at amusement parks and dance halls.
• Gay sex shows and the new custom of dating were popular among the working class and were lucrative for those who ran them.

• The gay urban escort offered a dramatic challenge to Victorian ideals.

• The rise of great cities offered a world of pleasure, sexual adventure, and danger for elites.
• Millionaires wanted a man's money more than the man himself.

• As early as possible.
• In Boston, symphony orchestras were formed because they earned less money than men in New York.
• Europe was tried in new experiments.
• The Metropolitan Opera, founded in 1884 by wealthy businessmen, maintain strict standards of respectability, which made them aware that their prospects for marriage depended on a astic crowds to hear the innovative work of Richard.
• Others became charities.
• The Met shocked audiences in 1907 with present girls eager for a good time.

• The first major art museum in the United States, the Corcoran Gallery of Art, opened in Washington, D.C. in 1869, and it was a matter of sexual favors for some women.

• The Metropolitan Museum of Art was built in York in the late 19th century.
• The greatest library benefactor was steel St. Louis, "bribery was a joke", while Andrew Carnegie was the greatest library benefactor because he operated a private company that would build a library in any town or city that most of the city's street was.
• Carnegie had profit by 1907.
• Historians think that Steffens and others spent more than $32 million to establish sand libraries throughout the United States.

• Patrons of Carnegie's libraries industrial cities grew with breathtaking speed, they could read in addition to books, and an increasing array of governance posed a serious problem.

• Water, gas, and electricity were in short supply when Pulitzer developers built streetcar lines in the 1890s.
• This preference is for Thinking Like a Historian.

• Americans believed that great Pulitzer's sensational coverage was often irresponsible.

• It was so tempting for the United States to declare ment opportunities during the war against Spain.
• From the ruins, new cities sprang up, exposing scandals and injustices.
• The papers should challenge the powerful by speaking of the Francisco earthquake of 1906, which they believed to be a catastrophic Chicago fire in 1871.

• The term were ward bosses and, at the top, powerful, but muckrakers' influence was profound.
• The leaders who started at the bottom and inspired thousands of readers to get involved in reform worked their way up.
• Machines deal with problems caused by patronage, arranged for urban services, and devoted industrialization.

• One of the most famous muckrakers was Lincoln, who was known for helping the unemployed or grieving families.

• Mass-market newspapers were among the businesses that served urban consumers.

• Elizabeth Jane Cochrane took her pen name from a popular song.
• She filed many investigative pieces.

• An old woman stood on the side of a building.
• She had a ragged shawl over her head.
• The skirt was around her knees.
• The streets were covered in thick and slushy rain and sleet.

• The old woman didn't give a sign that she was cold.
• She was looking around the corner.
• Her eyes were fixed on the door.

• Three small boys, unmindful of the weather, came trudging down the street.

• They came upon the old woman as they turned the corner.

• She was made for the station-house and taken the responsibility of being a foster mother to the boys.

• Newspapers sold bundles of one hundred papers to boys and girls, who were able to resell as many as they wanted.
• The caption suggests one strategy for selling papers.
• The National Child Labor Committee has a person named Hine who takes many such images.

• His brother gives him more.
• Joseph said that he was the best at the Library of Congress.

• Newsboys struck.

• A huge mass meeting was held at New Irving Hall last night to support the newsboys' strike.
• The audiences fought the little fellows.

• Consider the tone and point of view of the sources.
• What do they say about American attitudes?

• We will strike and restrike until we get it.

• The boys said they would.

• Irishman Plunkitt was one of the primary sources from this period.

• Plunkitt's Fifteenth District was filling up with Italians and Russians by the 1890s.
• He might attend an Italian success on a given day.
• They arranged for companies to funeral in the afternoon and a Jewish wedding in the evening, as well as bringing clean water and gaslight.
• Wherever he went, he brought gifts.
• There was no one in the world who could offer a helping hand to his people's troubles.

• Plunkitt gave favors to cities in the United States.
• The nature of this achieve via a system of boss control that was, as Lincoln ment can be grasped, corrupt.
• At that time, Chicago's waterworks pumped 500 million gal lems, the cities gave 139 gallons of water a day, and there were opportunities for bribes.
• Plunkitt Berliners made do with 18 gallons each.
• Politicians used to make contracts for city homes.
• Some of the money ended up in the pockets of the vices.
• In Berlin, the main source of light was gaslight.
• Chicago had more parks in the 1860s than the German capital, but it had only Tweed, who was known as the Boss, and he was brought down in 1871.

• The achievements were remarkable because they were titious.
• Plunkitt said that he didn't need municipal governments to work under bribes.
• He favored political constraints that were honest.
• In 1897, for example, New York's state knew where and when to buy land, thanks to judges.
• The supreme court ruled that New York City had the right to operate a sub waterfront.

• Middle-class reformers were against immigrants regulations a city might impose.
• But, starting with machines.
• The American legal system believed that most middle-class Americans didn't care about the plight of poor city folk like themselves.

• In contrast to state governments, cities had Machines that were not perfect, but immigrants could rely on them for jobs, emergency aid, and the only example, to stop crime, but not to pass more ambitious public services they could hope to obtain.
• Bosses dominated city government most taxation power and received most public reve because they provided what was needed with no nues.
• Machines and their allies flourished in condescending moral judgments.
• Jane was part of the reformer movement because cities were starving for cash.

• Voters knew he was corrupt.
• On election day, working-class residents might say, "Ah, well, he has even those loyal to their local machines -- knew that a big Irish heart."
• Middle-class reform clout was not seen by citizens in Addams con affluent neighborhoods.

• The ground-level photograph by Jacob Riis shows how difficult it is to keep up in New York City around 1890.

• Public support for the political machines became clear as the cities expanded.

• Middle-class reformers wanted The Limits of Machine Government to be not public, but private.

• The scale of urban problems became much larger due to the crisis.
• The depression of the 1890s was caused by floods with "tramps", when unemploy police stations were forced to end their long-standing ment.

• Faced with this crisis, many urban voters reported on cases of starvation and even suicides.
• Most cities arose to make matters worse.

• The gardens helped feed with close ties to municipal officials, even though some people ridiculed Workers' frustration centered on corrupt businesses.
• The city's Central thousands of Detroit's working people during the Labor Union were dissatisfied with the Democrats.
• By 1901, a coalition of reform addressed its concerns and worked with middle-class allies to build a thriving local branch of the People's Party Hall.
• culmi promised to reduce crime and save taxpayer dollars in the wealthier wards of New York.

• More than eight thousand workers participated in the city's gas and electricity, thanks to affordable housing and municipal ownership.
• They defeated the candi parade.
• As they passed the mayor's dates, and though they did not fulfill all of their prom reviewing stand, the bands fell silent and the unions provided more funding for overcrowded furled their flags in a solemn protest against the may public schools.

• Reformers tried new ways of regaining support from the working class.
• The Democrats made a change in 1901, after a storm killed six people and Tom Johnson was nominated for mayor.
• The commission system ownership of utilities and a tax system that became a nationwide model for efficient govern "monopoly and privilege" were the main burdens of the rebuilders.

• Democrats were transformed into Cleveland's executive by Johnson's comfort managers.
• The reform party had difficulty persuading the league.
• While the new mayor did not adopt its business-oriented model, it won its fill of the agenda of the Central Labor Union and the greatest victories in young, small cities like Phoenix.
• Other cities chose to improve demo tive reformers.

• As part of the Oregon System, other mayors began to oust machines which called for direct voting on key political issues and launched ambitious programs of reform.
• Portland voters voted in referendums on the municipal governments of Glasgow between 1905 and 1913.

• Europe has many cities on the cutting edge of innovation.
• In Boston, the Mayor built public baths, gyms, swimming pools, and playgrounds.
• He fought Reform panies to bring down fares.
• The scope ranged from small to large.

• The challenges posed by urban life presented rich small municipally owned streetcar line with opportunities for experimentation and reform.
• Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on the pened in Cleveland with Tom Johnson's election as other hand, elected socialists who experimented with a mayor, working-class radicals and middle-class reform sweeping array of measures, including publicly subsi ers often mounted simultaneous challenges to political dized medical

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• The abuse of urban environmental prevention caused the rise of effective measures for attention to corrupt city governments.
• New power by large corporations and threats to public and antiprostitution resulted in York City's victory against the disease.

• Making innovative use of the large number of deaths, city and state officials began tion of flash photography.

• The police commissioner of New York City was killed by yellow fever in the 19th century.
• Roosevelt asked Riis to lead him on tours around the tenements to help him better invest in sewage and drainage.

• The new system did not eliminate crime.

• One of the other cities followed suit.
• Disease was the most urgent problem of the big city by 1913.
• In the late 19th century, scientists in Europe came to an average of $1.28 per resident for Sanitation and understand the role of germs.

• New Yorkers were horrified by the reports of milk dealers who used chemicals to make milk.
• The range of health threats is identified by the cartoonist.

• One of the Park's most influential reforms was the public health movement.
• The impact of pollution was obvious by the end of the twentieth century.
• Most soned food, milk, and water.
• In the early 1900s, a baby born in an American city made room for skating rinks, tennis courts, and swimming pools.
• Many died in infancy.
• reformers went to play areas with swing sets and seesaws to promote safe water and better garbage collection.

• The trial cities are more beautiful to live in.
• Reforms launched a campaign against prostitution and adopted smoke-abatement laws.
• They warned that they had limited success with enforcement until the dramatic language of the threat of white slavery, which was adopted after World War I, burned cleaner than coal.
• Large numbers of young white women were being watched.
• Urban planners were forced into prostitution before the Civil War.
• Prostitution was a cause of concern in the Progressive Era.
• Thousands of young women were exploited in the sex trade, even though the number of sex workers in the United States was likely to decline by 1900.
• It shows how immigrant women could be lured into the sex trade by their friends.
• The denunciations of "white slavery" show an overt racial bias: while antiprostitution campaigners reported on the exploitation of Asian and African American women, the victimization of white women received the greatest emphasis and most effectively grabbed the attention of prosperous, middle-class Americans.

• Sex workers who worked for wealthy clients were protected from the horrible conditions in some brothels.

• Women who had a child out of wedlock were often forced into prostitution because of brothel closings.

• Most of the sex work was casual prostitution to make ends meet.
• Before the antiprostitution crusade began, female reformers tried to rescue such women who were able to violence and earn lower wages.

• Results were mixed.
• Efforts to curb demand by focusing on arresting and punishing men who employed prostitutes proved to be unpopulous.

• The community welfare centers investigated the "white slavery" and the payoffs machine bosses exacted plight of the urban poor, raised funds to address urgent from brothel keepers, and helped neighborhood residents advocate for missions in the early twentieth century.
• The movement's peak in the early brothel closings was between 1909 and 1912, and dozens of social settlements police shut down red light districts in cities across the United States.

• The City of Chicago's Small Parks Commission had just taken over management of the playground from the Hull House workers, who had created it.
• Municipal authorities assumed responsibility and control after social settlements introduced new institutions and ideas, such as safe places for urban children to play.

• Social settlements took many forms.
• Political reform and social settlements are attached to each other.

• The St. Elizabeth Center was run by Catholics.

• The Boston Hebrew Industrial School was visited by Addams and Starr.

• The inspiration for social settlements was the U.S. urban missions of the 1870s and Addams's words, "an experimental effort to aid in the 1880s".
• The social and industrial problems which aided former slaves during Reconstruction were solved by some of these.

• Settlements were a starting point for many other employment counseling, medical clinics, and day care cen projects.
• Settlement workers fought city hall to get ters, and sometimes athletic facilities in cooperation with better schools, to lobby state legislatures for new with the Young Men's Christian Association.

• Jane Addams, a daughter of the middle class, was the first to report lead poisoning and other health threats at Hull House.
• Julia Lathrop investigated the programs for the poor.
• Addams had a view on the plight of teenagers in the criminal justice system.

• She tried to keep Hull House open while she was working on the proposal for separate juvenile courts.
• The city was depressed in the 1890s.
• Lathrop created a model for resident Florence Kelley, who had studied in Europe juvenile court systems across the United States, after Addams's views were also experiment with better rehabilitation strategies for juve influenced by conversations with fellow Hull House niles convicted of crime.

• Margaret Sanger, a nurse who moved Addams came to see her settlement as a bridge to New York City in 1911 and volunteered with a Lower between the classes, is one of the examples of settlements' long-term impact.
• She always believed that the bridge was on the East Side.

• An indictment for violating obscenity laws.
• They lacked resources to fulfill their needs, as well as the fact that they helped launch a national birth as a political voice.
• Settlement workers were trying to control movement.

• Settlements are a crucial proving ground for house, playground, kindergarten, and day care center.

• The kitchens where tired mothers could purchase a meal at an older model of private Christian charity were rejected by social workers.

• When she found that her bland New Instead had little appeal for Italians, her sional caseworkers who served as advocates of her social coworker, Dr. Alice Hamilton, investigated the justice.
• At the Henry Street, Lillian Wald organized visiting ology and economics, and undertook statistical surveys to improve health in tenement wards.
• There are other methods for gathering facts.
• Social encouraged local women to inspect the work and bring back a list of dangers to health cated women who sought professional careers.
• 62 percent of U.S. social workers are made up of city women.

• The problems caused by industrialization continued to cause suffering in urban environments despite reform efforts.
• Sinclair's descriptions of filthy packing conditions and rotten meat caught the nation's attention.

• The work of Josephine Shaw Lowell, a Civil War widow from a prominent family, was even more significant.
• After years of trying to help people in poverty in New York City, he decided charity was not enough.
• She helped found the New York Consumers' League to improve working conditions for female store clerks.
• The league encouraged shoppers to only shop at stores with fair wages and working conditions.
• A 1914 silent film based on Sinclair's ken and skillful Florence Kelley, a Hull House worker reform novel, was advertised on the poster.
• Kelley believed that only government oversight could protect wages and living conditions of Chicago's meat exploited workers.
• The packing district was under her leadership.
• The film launched the film careers of actors George Nash and Gail Kane, who played the hero, Jurgis NCL, and his wife, Ona.
• There are organizations advocating worker protection laws.

• The film ended with a ringing call for workers to the city and grew to national stature.
• Wealthy women finance Indiana University.

• On March 25, 1911, I was often frustrated.
• It spread quickly through the women's rights.
• The company occupied the top of a ten on women's speach in 1915 and 1917.
• The garment workers were locked out of their homes by their employers despite fire safety laws.
• Working-class voters wanted doors to prevent theft.
• Dozens of Triangle work in turn, that enfranchised women would use their bal ers, mostly young immigrant women, were trapped in lots to help industrial workers.

• Many leaped to their deaths; the rest never sought allies in reached the windows.
• The need for broader action was made clear in New York City by a shocking event.

• "These Dead Bodies Entire books have been written about the catastrophic 1911 fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in New York City."
• The following excerpts are from the docu Were the Answer.
• The different audiences that these speakers and The Triangle Fire authors were addressing and the lessons that each one draws from this horrible event should be noted.

• William G. Shepherd's account was not an inevitable disaster.
• We might have known about it and the newspapers.
• We might have controlled it, but we chose Press, Shepherd phoned the story to his editor as he not to do so.
• It isn't a question of law enforcement watching the tragedy.

• We don't have the right kind of laws and enforcement.
• Before I insisted on walking through Washington Square, I should have seen the smoke issuing from the factory building.

• The lesson of the hour is that windows are more important than property.
• While possessions are valuable, life is ing in their faces and the flames from the floor were beat life is better.
• The meaning of the hour is that the life of the come down, and something within me -- something I lowliest worker in the nation is sacred and inviolable, didn't know was there -- steeled me.

• I watched a girl fall.
• To keep her body upright until the very instant of God and history, Waving her arms, stand and condemned before the tribunal.

• Then came the sound of a pile of clothing and broken limbs.

• There were lots of broken bodies on the sidewalk.
• A police officer spoke at the Metropolitan Opera while the man went about with tags.
• At age thirteen, she went to work in wire to the wrists of the dead girls, numbering each with a garment factory like Triangle Shirtwaist's and, under a lead pencil, I saw him.
• A girl who wore an engagement ring was taught by the Women's Trade Union League.

• If sanitary conditions and more safety precautions came here, I would be a traitor to the poor burned bodies.
• The answer was these dead bodies.

• The old Inquisition had torture tools like a rack and thumbscrews.
• Rabbi Stephen S. Wise, a prominent figure in the firetrap structures that will destroy the New York reform circles, made the following remarks.

• This is not the first time a girl has been burned alive in the city, will you tell the jury everything you did?
• Thousands of us are injured every year.

• If 146 of us are burned to death, the question was put in the same way.

• Rose left out one word in every recital.

• They can only save themselves by a strong reply to the same question.

• The jurymen weren't weeping.

• Quadrangle Books is an imprint of Random House.
• All rights belong to the person.
• Max Blanck and Isaac Harris, who hired in material outside of this publication, are not allowed to use it again.
• Interested parties must apply for permission to use the best trial attorney they can find.

• The historian has to come up with an answer.
• The emergency exits were locked and the reporter knew it.
• The jury voted to acquit.

• There are many times, many times when a witness has at the Triangle carnage, yet their speeches are very damaging to your cause and you say, different.

• When the jury is weeping and the little girl has the same background as Max and Rose, you do that.
• There is one rule age, grew up in poverty on the Lower East Side, and that commands what not to do.
• The witness should not be attacked.

• Suavely toys with the story because of the differences in their adult lives.

• Their statements help to account for their differing lives by the examiner.
• If Rose had faced Max instead of "little Rose," the tears would have stopped.

• New Yorkers were diverse.

• In the era of industrialization, some rural and How did urban reform crossed ethnic, class, and religious native-born commentators warned that immigrants movements impact state boundaries.

• Urban political leaders defended workers who walked off the job to protest abysmal cultural pluralism, as well as the owners' admiration for immigrants, who had broken the Jews, who sought a better life in the United States.
• Facing demands for action, New York State the same time, urban reformers worked to improve appointed a factory commission that developed a conditions of life for the diverse residents of American remarkable program of labor reform: fifty-six laws cities.
• As the nation took on the task of pro and children, America's machines, wages and working hours for women consciousness held a central place.

• Smith was a politician in the state legislature.

• The labor code resulted in an increase in the number of workers from the United States.

• The Triangle fire showed the need for help around the city and cities pioneered innovative forms that it was acknowledging.
• Skyscrapers came to mark urban sky and economic problems of the industrial city had out lines, and new electric lighting systems encouraged grown the power of party machines.
• Industrial firetraps, nic lines, and sweatshop conditions could be prevented if the neighborhoods were divided along class and state laws.

• Racists had to change or die in order for immigrants to develop new politicians.
• The fire had followed African American migrants from the country.
• At the same time, new forms of popular student who witnessed the horror of Triangle workers urban culture bridged class and ethnic lines, challeng leaping from the windows to their deaths, decided she ing traditional sexual norms and gender roles.
• She would devote her efforts to the cause of labor.
• Perkins sympathized with reform as journalism rose to prominence and helped build up women's reform organizations.

• She became New York State's cal challenges in 1929.
• The first commissioner of labor, despite notable achievements, four years later machine governments could not address urban New Deal problems through traditional means.

• The political aftermath of the Triangle fire demon launched campaigns to address public health.
• Through a variety of pushed politics in new directions, they were able to transform urban innovative institutions, most notably social settlements, government and initiate broader movements which brought affluent Americans into working-class reform.
• The nation's political and cultural standards were set by native-born, Protestant, middle-aged neighbors.
• The projects began to class Americans.
• The people who thronged to increase Americans' acceptance of urban diversity and the great cities helped build America into a global indus their confidence in government's ability to solve the trial power created electorate problems of industrialization.

• Explain the significance of each term.

• You can demonstrate your understanding of the chapter's main ideas by answering these questions.

• The United States shaped industrial cities.

• Can you tell me about any issues that the labor unions protested about?
• The late reformers who sought to address some of the same 1800s and early 1900s, across class and geographic conditions, considered the work of middle-class and urban tunities and limits of alliance building.

• The Farmers' arrived in a big American city in the early 1900s, just as Hull House was founded in 1889.

• The Knights of Labor were organized under two categories: (1) problems and the American Federation of Labor.
• Imagine a conver dangers you might have encountered as a new sation among the following individuals: a rural urban resident; (2) sights and opportunities that man or woman active in the Farmers' Alliance; and a might have been appealing and exciting to you as a skilled workman who joined the The factors that might have influenced your in a settlement house.

• The events discussed in this chapter can be found here.

• A must-read by an American reformer.

• Electricity shaped the urban industrial society and economy.

• You should ask yourself why this chapter begins and ends with these dates.