The burning of fossil fuel is an energy source derived from plant and animal remains.

Coal mining was the major industry of northern and western Britain.

Britain, the northeastern United States, and other regions have a natural network of rivers supplemented by publicly funded canals and harbors.

Transport of raw materials and finished products was cheap because of the water routes.

Society needed a smaller percentage of the population working in agriculture as they grew it more efficiently.

The name Industrial Revolution was given to the economic change which took place in Great Britain.

England was the leader in the invention of methods for rendering raw materials more useful to man.

Water has to be heated up and reached a temperature of 212 degrees before it becomes liquid and then becomes gas.

What factors contributed to and characterized industrialization in the period from 1750 to 1900 is explained in one to three paragraphs.

As industrialized Britain was able to replace Indian and Middle Eastern goods with cotton, it became an increasingly valuable commodity in the world economy.

Capital, natural resources, and water transportation were some of the characteristics that allowed Britain to industrialize.

France had sparse urban centers which limited the amount of labor available for factories.

Germany's industrialization was delayed because it was politically fragmented into many small states.

Europe and East Asia brought a large number of immigrants to the United States.

The labor force to work in the factories was provided by immigrants and migrants from rural areas.

The railroads developed the Russian coal, iron, and steel industries.

In order to protect its traditional culture, it consciously adapted technology and institutions developed in Europe and the United States.

Japan emerged as a leading world power in the last four decades of the 19th century.

British officials' mismanagement of resources and ineffective leadership caused Indian shipbuilding to suffer during the 17th and 18th century.

The British East India Company's ships were designated as the Indian Navy in 1830.

The Arms Act of 1878 restricted access to minerals and the production of firearms due to the fear of another uprising.

In areas such as the mineral-rich state of Rajasthan, British colonizers limited India's ability to mine and work metals.

Even though British colonial rule ended in 1948, mining and metalworking remained a thing in India.

The false impression that India's mineral resources were not accessible was created by the lack of technological innovation after so many years of abandoned mines.

The owners of the Lancaster textile mills pressured the British government in India to impose an equalizing five percent tax on all textiles produced at the more than 80 mills operating in Bombay, which would undermine their profitability.

Carpets, silks, and other textiles were exported from Egypt to Europe in the 18th century.

By the mid-19th century, the growth of European textile production had changed things.

The economic relations of Russia with western Europe are very similar to those of colonial countries.

The colonies of the latter allow them to freely sell the products of their labor and of their industry and from which they can draw with a powerful hand the raw materials necessary for them.

This is the basis of the economic power of the governments of western Europe, and chiefly for that end do they guard their existing colonies or acquire new ones.

She has the right to not want to be the handmaiden of states that are more developed economically.

She should know the price of her raw materials and the natural resources hidden in the womb of her abundant territories, as well as the capacity for work among her people.

We set up as our aim the establishment of the national weal on a broad basis and the framing of a constitution and laws.

Deliberative assembly will be established and all matters decided by public discussion.

Explain one way in which the Charter Oath affected the development of Japan's industrialization.

Explain how different production methods and locations have changed over time.

The innovations of the industrial age were thought to be a good way to mold nature in the service of humankind.

The second industrial revolution involved chemicals, steel, precision machinery, and electronics.

On rivers, steam-powered ships were able to travel quickly upstream, up to five miles per hour, instead of having to sail up or be towed.

Coke, a refined form of coal, made it possible to use larger iron producing furnaces.

The brittle nature of cast iron made it difficult to stretch and shape.

The process for making the less strong but much more workable wrought iron was patented in the 19th century.

Textile, steam power, and iron were some of the innovations of the first industrial revolution.

The introduction of the Bessemer Process in 1856 made possible the mass production of steel.

Steel became the strong and versatile backbone of the industrial society due to the refined and improved innovation of Bessemer.

Since the early 19th century, inventors have been working on the idea of using electrical means to transmit sound.

Telephone use was made more practical by the 1886 design of a refined voice transmitter, but early phone systems were notoriously low in quality.

Railroads, steamships, and a new invention called the telegraph made exploration, development, and communication possible.

Products of industrialization, such as the railroad, steamship, and the telegraph, directly linked farmers, miners, manufacturers, customers, and investors for the first time in history.

The interior regions of the globe were opened up to exploration and development as a result of earlier trade and migration.

The effects of the development of electrical power continue to shape the modern world.

They met with varying degrees of acceptance in different nations as Western domination and technology spread.

Egypt and other countries adopted policies that encouraged the use of industrialized innovations, such as the steam engine, to boost textile productivity.

China had weakened central governments that were unable to promote industrialization.

Widespread unrest was caused by rampant corruption and ethnic nationalism among the empire's diverse population.

They dismantled it after World War I because they feared a power vacuum from the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.

China was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 The traumatic 19th century left a central government too weak to promote industrialization.

The quote at the beginning of this chapter from Emperor Meiji's letter to President Grant indicates that Japan actively sought Western innovations that it felt would help make it the equal of Western countries.

The empire no longer covered the areas of Suleiman the Magnificent, who had taken his army to the gates of Vienna in 1529.

He established schools, sent military officers to be educated in France, and started an official newspaper in the Islamic world.

The peasants were forced to give up their lands to the state as a result of Ali's reform of the Egyptian economy.

Secularizing religious lands put more agricultural produce in the hands of the government, resulting in large profits during the period of the Napoleonic wars, when prices for wheat were high in Europe.

There were many small shops in Cairo that made locks, bolts of cloth, and other parts for uniforms and weaponry.

Japan's transition to a modern, industrialized country took less than half a century.

Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Russia all wanted to sell goods in Japan.

As they sailed to and from China and other parts of East Asia, trading states wanted to be able to refuel in Japan.

After returning with even more ships, he demanded that the Japanese engage in trade with the United States.

In order to study Western institutions, experts from Japan were invited to Europe and the United States.

Private investment from overseas became important in Japan because of the relationship between industry and government.

The strength or weakness of a country depends on the wealth of its people and the amount of available products.

The amount of products available can be traced to the guidance and encouragement given by the government and its officials, as well as the diligence of the people.

The beginning of Egypt's integration into the global capitalist system was characterized by cotton production.

Cotton was an important part of the British Industrial Revolution, as textile mills in Lancashire and elsewhere came to symbolize the changes that occurred as a society transitioned from a feudal mode of production to a capitalist one.

As the British promoted cotton in Egypt, large estates took over land that used to be used for peasants to eat.

The result was that by the end of the 19th century, most of the peasantry was landless or land poor, while a new class of large landowners emerged.

Historians look for not only consistent patterns but also for different ones as they connect cultures and eras.

In France and Germany, the pattern was the same: they realized their need to industrialize production in order to strengthen their economic presence.

The laissez-faire policy promoted minimal governmental involvement in commerce and encouraged countries to reduce tariffs on trade.

The economic ideas were supported by emerging institutions such as the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.

The oil industry in the United States was created by John D. Rockefeller.

The project was never completed because Britain did not have control over the land where the railroad was to be built.

Railroad technology was used to extract as many resources as possible from subject lands while paying colonial laborers less.

The palm oil for its soaps came from British West Africa and the Belgian Congo.

A corporation is a more flexible structure for large-scale economic activity than either of the other major forms of business ownership.

Corporations became a common form of business organization despite critics' claims that they undermined individual responsibility.

Merchants and sailors used to go for the most reliable shipping news in the coffee house where Lloyd's of London started.

Merchants and entrepreneurs were looking for a reliable place to deposit money and to borrow it when needed to build a factory or hire workers for a new enterprise as the number of banks rose.

The newer style uses a chain connecting different sized gears on the wheels to go the same speed, but with less risk.

Companies encouraged their workers to participate in athletics because they believed that sports rewarded virtues such as self-discipline and playing by the rules.

The sales of athletic equipment generated business for those who made balls and stadiums.

Material goods and leisure entertainment became important escapes because workers spent most of their waking hours in a bleak industrial environment.

Baseball dominated sports in the United States while soccer became popular in Europe.

The parks and halls were built to accommodate a wide range of social classes.

The lower classes were supposed to see more civilized, rational behavior so that they would be encouraged to emulate it.

It's difficult to say how one class influenced the other, but the public mingling places remain intact.

It is difficult to explain to consumers why they chose to use their increased incomes for consumption rather than saving or investing.

Consumers shared an almost instinctive desire to enjoy a higher standard of living and improve their material and psychological well-being, which may have led to increased consumption.

Historians can explore and explain relationships between different historical developments using reasoning processes.

The calls for reform were provoked by the harsh conditions of industrial life.

The utopian socialists argued for a complete change of the system they considered to be flawed.

Industrialization was promoted by the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean Basin, China, and Japan.

In the 19th century, unions in Great Britain had to organize in secret because the government treated them as enemies of trade.

The British parliament passed reform bills in the 19th and 20th century to increase the number of men who could vote.

Along with unions, social activists and reformers hoped to improve the living conditions of the least powerful in society.

Adam Smith's ideas were taken in new directions as trade and production became more global.

He disliked utopian socialists because he thought they wanted to escape problems rather than confront them.

capitalism divided society into two basic classes and caused the contradiction between wealth and poverty.

Marx told the class to take control of the means of production and share the wealth they created fairly.

The final defeat of the Janissaries' power was marked by the abolition of the feudal system.

Building roads and setting up a postal service were part of Mahmud's reforms.

Secular colleges were set up for different purposes: military, engineering, translation, civil service, and so on.

Although not achieving religious equality, the Tanzimat reforms have wide effects in areas such as the military and education.

During a time of economic change in Turkey, the reforms under Mahmud II and the Tanzimat took place.

The price of food and other crops fell in the Ottoman Empire after the Napoleonic wars ended.

The global economy was built on the flow of wealth into the Mediterranean from European colonial expansion in the Americas.

Under shariah, women were allowed to hold money, to gain from inheritance, and to receive some education.

The reforms of Mahmud II made the law more secular and ended the right of women to distribute their property through trusts.

The exclusion of women from the army, the professions, higher education, and commerce did not affect them directly.

He continued to emphasize primary education and secularization of the law after accepting a new constitution for the Ottoman Empire.

Government officials hoped to strengthen China in its competition with foreign powers by training Chinese artisans in the manufacture of items for shipyards and arsenals.

The Chinese government has set up a diplomatic corps and a customs service to help collect taxes on imports and exports.

The strategy of the government was to give modern ideas and technology to Chinese tradition.

The reforms included the abolition of the outdated civil service exam, the elimination of corruption, and the establishment of Western-style industrial, commercial, and medical systems.

She came to realize the problems with the civil service system after Cixi's rule ended.

It was designed according to Confucian ideals of respect for rank and hierarchy as well as values of civic participation and action.

The government lost revenue because of bribes going into the pockets of corrupt civil servants.

Despite this concession, the empress's overall conservatism caused her to fail to cope with demands of modernity in China.

The Chinese government, including its provincial governors, continued to modernize after reforms were met with conservatism and the Boxer Rebellion against foreign influence.

Weakened by internal rebellion and fearing encroachment from Japan, China had to accept territorial "protection" from Western powers who in return demanded trade concessions.

China's attempts to preserve its territorial integrity benefited from the efforts of the United States to maintain stability in Asia by preventing Japan from encroaching farther on its territory after the Russo-Japanese War of 1905.

The Treaty of Pompey was negotiated with the help of President Theodore Roosevelt and settled the war.

The country developed a free press, strong labor unions, and respect for individual liberties after the new schools improved literacy rates.

The rapid changes in Japanese society in the 1860s and 1870s led to a reaction from Samurai from southern Japan.

Turkey, China, and Japan followed their own paths in responding to industrialization in the 19th century.

The backlash from conservative members of society was caused by the speed and depth of its reforms.

One way in which the poster reflects the intellectual ideas of the period 1750-1900 is described by the American Federation of Labor.

emigration is seen as a cheap and convenient mode of shoving misery out of sight, but it is not calculated to answer the selfish ends of its promoter.

If it were taken up in a spirit of charity, and as part and parcel of a comprehensive scheme for raising the condition of the poorer classes, and prosecuted by the government and society from a sense of duty rather than of self-interest, there is every chance that emigration might become.

If the owners of estates had a disinterested view to the good of their dependants, and if the government was under proper guarantees, they would cooperate in the enterprise.

If active steps were taken by the landlord to eradicate the evils which had led to the multiplication of the population, the condition of those at home would be greatly improved.

A thousand difficulties are cleared by every step taken in advance with a good motive and in a right direction.

When it is clear that a measure will benefit human beings, and that it will hurt nothing but abstract theories, let the government take action and prove that what has been done is right.

In one to three paragraphs, explain the conditions that led to calls for change in industrial societies.

Poor women took jobs in domestic service and textile industries because they spent less time at home.

The middle class started looking for entertainment in theaters, concert halls, and sports facilities.

The first half of the 19th century saw rapid growth of urban areas with little planning by governments.

The development left a damaging ecological footprint and created inhumane living conditions for the city's poor residents.

The creation of police and fire departments, as well as several public health acts, resulted in the creation of better drainage and sewage systems, cleaner water, and building standards to reduce accidents and fire.

People continued to move into cities from rural areas because of the wealth and opportunities of the middle class.

People living on farms or in villages hoped to find a better life in an urban center.

The technology of interchangeable parts and the factory system's division of labor deprived workers of the experience of crafting a complete product.

Managers viewed workers as easily replaceable because they needed fewer skills.

Industrialization required those who managed the production of goods to have education and sophisticated skills.

A new middle class consisted of factory and office managers, small business owners and professionals.

The power brokers and leaders of modern society were overshadowed by the captains of industry.

Whether women spun fabric in their own homes or landless workers farmed the fields of a landlord, parents and children usually spent their working hours close to each other.

In order to survive, individuals had to leave their families and neighborhoods for a long workday.

Work schedules in a factory were very different from those of a farm or cottage industry.

It was a culture shock for former farmers who had previously completed tasks according to their own needs and schedules to hear the factory whistle tell them when they could take a break.

The low wages of factory workers forced them to send their children to work.

Children with small fingers can climb into equipment to make repairs or into tight spots in mines.

If a wife stayed at home, that meant her husband was capable of being the family's sole provider.

Women were encouraged to buy household products that would make the home a husband's place of respite from a harsh modern world.

Pamphlets told middle-class women how to care for the home, raise children, and behave in polite society and urged them to be submissive, pure, and domestic.

The cult of domesticity was even more taxing for working-class women, as they had to manage the household, care for their children, and work full time.

The women who remained home were given new opportunities when men left to take jobs.

The first sign of feminism came in New York in the 19th century, when 300 people met to demand equality for women.

The source of the city's drinking water was polluted before London built a system of public Sanitation.

Natural by-products of industrial production polluted air and water supplies.

Rural areas were spread among working populations as they became concentrated in urban centers.

Family life was dramatically altered by the workplace shifting from homes to factories.

The Industrial Revolution created a new working relationship between workers and owners.

They undermined early industrialization in Egypt, China, and India by exploiting overseas natural resources.

I will do my best to give Deputy Richter full satisfaction as to the extent of the provision proposed to be made by the state for the better usage of the poor, and our first object in bringing forward this bill is to ensure kindlier treatment to this class of the poor.

In the 19th century, waves of Irish, Italian, and Chinese immigrants flooded this district in what is now New York's Chinatown.

The densely populated enclave was once known for its filthy tenements, prostitution, gambling, violence, and drunkenness.

Few historians paid much attention to Five Points in the early years of the twentieth century.

The 19th century illustration shows that women were expected to care for the children even if they worked outside of the home.

The Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century, produced economic, social, cultural, political, and environmental changes not seen before.

Goods were produced, people earned their living, and businesses were structured in the Industrial Revolution.

The Enlightenment was an influential intellectual movement that influenced events during the Industrial Revolution.

The works of Adam Smith and Karl Marx were inspired by the Industrial Revolution.

Rivalries among nations continued into this era leading to political and economic conflict.

Industrial economies continued to have rigid social orders based on economic or ethnic status.

In Western Europe, access to abundant natural resources, transoceanic trade routes, and financial capital resulted in a leadership role industrialization.

Inventions that would lead to the establishment of the factory system and the mass production of goods were brought about by the Scientific Revolution, which was influenced by scientific knowledge transferred to the West from the Islamic world.

Many factory jobs required unskilled labor to do repetitive tasks in order to produce the same goods.

The United States, Russia, and Japan experienced increased industrial production as a result.

In the case of Japan and Egypt, industrialization was encouraged through state sponsored efforts.

In previous eras, some regions of the world produced minerals, crops, and other resources.

Industrial processes use minerals and metals from Latin America and Africa.

Cotton from Egypt, South Asia, and the Caribbean was exported to Great Britain and other European countries.

Railroads built in interior regions helped to access and exploit previously undiscovered natural resources, and maritime trade was made cheaper due to steam power.

These and other technological innovations made the movement of goods easier and cheaper and led to an increase in global trade.

The economic system in Western Europe was designed to make a country wealthy through tightly regulated trade to a capitalist system in which private companies were freer to pursue their own profits.

Adam Smith believed that the private pursuit of profit would lead to prosperity.

He called for workers to take control of the means of production in order to change society.

Changes to social structures of Western Europe and the United States were caused by industrialization.

Due to a new steam engine design invented by James Watt, agricultural workers migrated to find employment in industrial cities as factories were built in greater numbers.

The need for factory labor increased as the Industrial Revolution spread.

The members of this class were paid low wages, worked long hours in poor conditions, lived in squalid housing, and resided in polluted parts of the new industrial cities.

Farmers and farm laborers used to be able to set their own work schedule based on the seasons.

The middle-management of factories, banks, insurance companies, shipping agents, and of course, trading companies were added to the middle class as industrialization occurred, while these pre-industrial occupations continued to be part of the middle class.

Wealthy owners of industrial companies who made money from investments instead of land overtook the aristocracy in wealth and prestige.

Women were rarely paid for their labor during the planting and harvesting season in an agricultural economy.

Philosophers living through the Industrial Revolution era developed new political ideas about the individual and government.

Some of the protests were based on nationalism and the right of people to choose their own governments.

The interests of the growing middle and working classes were connected to the political movements of the Industrial Revolution.

More calls for greater political participation were made as the number of wealthy capitalists and middle class grew.

The extension of voting rights to city dwellers and non-landowners was one of the political reforms that was enacted.

Western industrial countries did not allow women to vote until the early 20th century.

Protests and revolutions forced governments to make political changes.

dictatorships remained in place in regions where the middle class was small or insignificant.

The laborer's vision of social equality, citizenship, and independence was countered by the economic changes of industrial capitalism.

Otto Von Bismarck's social reforms spread throughout Europe and eventually the world.

Germany implemented the most comprehensive set of social reforms to protect industrial workers.

The emergence of political parties that represented the working class was one of the effects of the expansion of voting rights.

In four regions of the world covered in Unit 1 you can create a chart showing how life has changed because of the Industrial Revolution.

Despite dangerous conditions and low pay, 25 percent of the Welsh workforce was employed in mining by the 20th century.

The industrial era had a lot of political, economic, and social upheaval.

Historians living in a period of increasing Turkish influence in the Middle East have seen more activity in the Ottomans.

Donald Quataert argued that the Ottomans gave Europeans more confidence to invest in railroads, ports, and public utilities.

These projects gave a modern infrastructure for the empire, but at the loss of some independence for the Ottoman government.

The changes in the Ottoman system were not small nor cosmetic, and were evidence of progress on multiple fronts.

Evaluate the amount of historical evidence that supports one of the perspectives on Ottoman reform.

The thesis statement must 1) assert a historically defensible claim, 2) lay out a line of reasoning, and 3) directly address the topic and focus of the task.

Marx claimed that the materials and modes of production shape social structures.

The argument that will be used to explain the relationships among pieces of evidence is conveyed in a thesis or claim.

"extent" means degree, scale, magnitude, scope, size, or level.

Depending on the task you are given, you need to carefully analyze and evaluate the similarities or differences.

The course of state-sponsored industrialization in Egypt under Muhammad Ali and in Japan under the Meiji regime were both similar.

Between 1750 and 1900, the governments of Muhammad Ali in Egypt and the Meiji regime in Japan used state-sponsored programs of industrialization to help them create a European-style military, but a difference in the nature and purpose of each program's products led to significantly differing courses.

Industrialization changed the way goods were produced and consumed around the world.

An argument can be made that the process of industrialization in Egypt under Muhammad Ali and in Japan during the Meiji Era were different.

The revolutions that occurred in the Atlantic world during that era were influenced by intellectual and ideological causes.

Agricultural productivity and natural resources played a part in industrialization from 1750 to 1900 in Africa and the Americas.

The technologies and types of business organizations in Russia, the United States, and China were different from 1750 to 1900.

You should respond to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a line of reasoning.

Historical reasoning can be used to frame or structure an argument that addresses the prompt.

You should respond to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a line of reasoning.

An argument about the prompt should include at least one additional piece of specific historical evidence.

Explain how or why the document's point of view, purpose, historical situation, and/or audience is relevant to an argument.

The position of women in Japan is different from that of the sex in other parts of the East, and approaches that of Europe.

The Japanese women are free from jealousy, have a fair station in society, and share in all the innocent recreations of their fathers and husbands.

The minds of the women are cultivated with as much care as those of men, and they are found in several female names.

They are kept in complete dependence on their husbands, sons, or other relatives, even though they are allowed to enjoy and adorn society.

At home, the wife is the mistress of the family, but in other respects she is treated rather as a toy for her husband's amusement, than as the rational, confidential partner of his life.

Our female education is based on the assumption that women marry and that its object is to fit girls to become good wives and wise mothers.

In some districts, when business is slack, workers are sent out into service for a fixed period, with the employer taking all their earnings.

Women should be educated, given a solid education, based on wholesome principles, with moral and sensible beliefs, and they should have a general knowledge of everything that awakens ingenuity and determines ideas, but not for them, because of the calculation and egotism with which they instruct English women.

Girls, women someday, be tender and loving wives, able to work for the happiness of your life's partner instead of bringing about his disgrace with dreams and ambitions beyond your sphere.

Men with no love for order or true affection for their families, who spend their lives on gambling and aimlessly around, leave their children on the street because of their wives' reduced sphere of action.

Even if she doesn't make a profession of it, a woman who is educated in the management of business knows how to prevent or fix a problem.

She goes to work, and thus she raises her children without the need for others' support that could lead her to corruption and to spend a miserable and humiliating life.

Love can dry tears, but it can't satisfy hunger or cover nakedness.

It is not possible to develop love on a heroic level unless one is willing to put sentiment into practice.

The heart that men can aspire to here on earth is instilled in them by freeing them from the yoke of women's great rights.

Christianity believes that a woman who adds education and acts for good in her vast sphere is the ideal type and she is going to carry out progress in this century.

The expansion of overseas empires and new patterns of migration were fostered by industrial growth.

The Portuguese and Spanish declined, the British and French expanded, and the United States and Japan emerged as new empires.

Rebellion, the establishment of peripheral states, and religiously influenced responses were some of the forms of resistance to imperialism.

Long-distance migration and a larger trend of global urbanization were spurred by new means of transportation and economic opportunity.

Forced migration was common as slavery and indentured servitude continued to play a significant role in the global economy.

Various economic factors contributed to the development of different patterns of migration.

The speaker in his poem urged the whites of Western countries to establish colonies for the benefit of the "inferior" people of the word.

Proponents used a variety of explanations, from a belief in nationalism, a desire for economic wealth, and a sense of religious duty, to justify European colonization.

Building an empire in Asia or Africa was a way for a country to assert its national identity.

The Malay States and parts of Borneo in Southeast Asia were also under British control.

France expanded its overseas territories to make up for the humiliation it suffered in the Franco Prussian War.

In addition to Algeria, it had also occupied other islands in the South Pacific, Western Africa, and Southeast Asia.

Kipling's quote epitomized the condescending attitudes shared by imperialism's proponents.

These attitudes were strengthened by pseudoscientists who presented theories that were incompatible with the scientific method.

Critics said that missionaries encouraged people to give up their traditional beliefs in order to adopt Christianity.

Missionaries point out that they often combine religious and humanitarian efforts, such as setting up schools for instruction in religion that also taught secular subjects, which prepared students to become teachers, lawyers, and other professionals.

As the Industrial Revolution transformed European economies, the desire for the sources for raw materials and markets for manufactured goods provided by colonies encouraged imperial powers to increase their expansion.

Cotton and silk, indigo, and spices were traded after the company drove the Portuguese out of India.

During the 19th century, the EIC exported opium to China in exchange for tea, as it engaged in the slave trade.

The company's possessions were taken over by the government in 1799, leading to the creation of the Dutch East Indies.

During the first half of the 19th century, Britain was the leading economic power and had a large colonial empire.

Its colonies provided raw materials such as cotton, wool, jute, vegetable oils, and rubber for its factories, as well as food such as wheat, tea, coffee, cocoa, meat, and butter for its growing cities.

Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa provided markets for British manufactured goods.

Britain's economic lead began to be challenged as the Second Industrial Revolution progressed.

They looked to Asia, Africa, and the Pacific for raw materials and food for their growing urban populations.

During the Victorian era, the club became the center of British social life in India and the other Asian colonies.

The very people who supported British rule the furthest and were the most loyal were excluded from the color bar's social recognition.

The rejection of the highly educated West Africans who had worked with the early mission was a process of great significance.

The colonial takeover was supposed to be an opportunity for a European-African effort to civilize Africa.

When the Spanish soldiers and explorers brought slavery into Central America, they did not fulfill their duty as men of a higher race.

European nations acquit themselves with generosity, with grandeur, and with sincere civilizing duty in our time.

I say that the policy of colonial expansion taken us under the Empire of Napoleon III and led us to Tunisia.

"WISHING, in a spirit of good and mutual accord, to regulate the conditions most favorable to the development of trade and civilization in certain regions of Africa, and to assure to all nations the advantages of free navigation on the two chief rivers of Africa flowing into the Atlantic Ocean."

King Leopold II of Belgium wanted the Belgian government to conquer colonies in a large swath of central Africa.

The Belgian Parliament found the king's rule so abusive that it took control of the region away from him.

The Dutch East India Company's charter was revoked by the Dutch government for abusing its power to make treaties, build forts, and maintain armed forces in Southeast Asia.

Other European governments, as well as the United States, Russia, and Japan, continued territorial expansion through conquest and settlement while these unusual shifts of power were taking place.

Europeans continued to export guns, alcohol, and other manufactured goods to Africa despite the fact that most European countries had declared the importation of Africans as slave labor illegal by the early 1800s.

England wanted palm oil because it kept the machinery in its textile factories in good working order.

In the late 19th century, Britain took control of Egypt away from the Ottoman Empire because of unrest in the region.

Lagos became a crown colony in 1861 and served as a base for the annexation of the rest of Nigeria.

In the 19th century, Britain signed a treaty with King Jaja of Opobo in Nigeria, recognizing him as ruler and agreeing to trade terms favorable to both sides.

African rulers believed they were protecting their sovereignty and trade rights when they signed treaties with foreign powers.

As European competition increased for control of African lands, treaties came to be meaningless and warfare was inevitable as Africans resisted takeover but met with overpowering military strength.

The French established trading posts in West Africa in the 1870s to compete with the British.

The borders of these colonies became the cause of extensive warfare when they became independent states in the 20th century.

Many of the prisoners died of starvation because of poor medical care and food rationing.

Activists tried to improve the lives of refugees after they heard about the poor conditions of the camps.

It was hard for Afrikaner and black African farmers to earn a decent living after they were displaced.

The laborers who were forced to harvest ivory and rubber were brutalized by visitors to the colony.

As the British crept into India's interior, they began recruiting native Indian soldiers to join their army.

The Taiping Rebellion, which began in 1850, resulted in starving peasants, workers, and miners attempting to overthrow the Qing Dynasty.

In the midst of the war, the Yellow River changed course, flooding farmland in some areas and leaving others open to a dry spell.

A treaty that opened Japanese ports to trade was signed in 1854 by the United States and Japan.

In the decade after the Meiji Restoration, Japan rapidly industrialized, hoping it could become strong enough to protect its culture.

As a result of this change, Japan began to look outward for territorial gains.

To relieve population pressures in rural areas and to gain knowledge of foreign places, Japan's government began to encourage agricultural workers to take seasonal contract work on Hawaii, Guam, and other locations.

Cash crops were being produced to support the Dutch economy by the mid-19th century.

Plantations produced tea, rubber, and sugar for export, a situation that caused enormous hardship for Indonesian farmers who relied on rice to survive.

The Dutch government implemented humanitarian reforms despite being criticized for their agricultural policy.

France gained control of northern Vietnam after defeating China in the Sino-French War.

The East India Company acquired the island of Penang off the northwest coast of the Malay Peninsula in 1786.

Cash crops such as pepper, tobacco, palm oil, and rubber were planted by Britain.

The government set up Western style schools in order to create an educated populace who could fill the ranks of an efficient government bureaucracy because it began to industrialize by building railroads.

The east coast of Siam was represented by a three-headed elephant on the royal coat of arms.

Free settlers began to arrive in the 1830s after the discovery that Australia was well-suited to producing fine wool.

The war broke out when European settlers invaded the lands of the Native Americans.

The United States took land from indigenous peoples in Latin America and the Pacific during the 19th century.

The United States gained vast territories in the Southwest from Mexico during the U.S. war with them.

Native Americans were forced onto reservations as white settlers moved to take advantage of free land.

The United States was not 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 Prosperity was brought to the young republic by the Second Industrial Revolution.

Economic considerations, as well as feelings of nationalism and cultural superiority, drove Americans' desire for territorial conquest.

In 1895, a group of American planters overthrew Hawaii's constitutional monarchy, but the islands did not become a U.S. territory until 1900.

The American continents are not subject to colonization by any European powers now that they are free and independent.

Many had developed a deep understanding of the Enlightenment ideals of natural rights, sovereignty, and nationalism.

In the 20th century, some colonial elites used the education that imperialism gave them to drive out their conquerors.

The people of the Balkans were inspired by the French Revolution to seek independence.

The start of World War I was caused by the growing ethnic tensions in the region.

After the war ended, Austria-Hungary took control of Bosnia and Herzegovina, despite the Treaty of Berlin freeing them.

The first time a European government recognized the territorial rights of indigenous peoples, the land between the Mississippi River and the Appalachian Mountains was reserved for Native Americans.

The citizens of the new United States overran the Ohio and Illinois river valleys.

In the United States around 1869, the Northern Paiute Indians announced that the dead would come back and drive out the whites, restoring the lands and traditions of Native Americans.

The end of the Indian Wars was marked by the fall of the Ghost Dance resistance movement.

Despite having received a formal Jesuit education, he continued to identify with his Inca heritage.

The revolt spread throughout South America before the capture of Amaru II and his family in March 1781.

Napoleon III wanted to further his imperialist ambitions because Mexico owned France money.

He offered to make a European noble, Archduke Maximilian, the emperor of Mexico.

The British used a mixture of fat from cows and pigs to make rifle bullets.

Hindus and Muslims are angry because they view the cow as sacred and refuse to slaughter pigs.

The young emperor was removed from the royal palace after the French tried to take control.

The supporters of Ham Nghi continued to resist French rule until he was captured and exiled to Algeria.

For the first time in the history of Spanish rule, Filipinos had nationalist ambitions and the education needed to carry them out.

British colonial governments in India and Africa were mostly run by military officials from Europe.

The British navy tried to free the enslaved people from the ships of the Sokoto Caliphate.

The Xhosa believed that killing their cattle and destroying their crops would cause spirits to remove the British settlers from their lands.

The Kingdom was located on the South African coast of the Indian Ocean and had become a well-organized and centralized state.

The Sudanese resented Egyptian rule for a long time, and the arrival of the British in 1873 only made them worse off.

The Golden Stool, a symbol of national unity, was demanded by the British governor of the Gold Coast.

The last African war was led by a woman and resulted in the deaths of 2,000 Asante and 1,000 British.

Asante became part of the Gold Coast colony when Yaa Asantewaa was exiled.

You continue to ignore the fact that soldiers are running short of food, even though I have warned you not to dally in those villages.

I gave you plenty of warnings to march immediately on Cuzco, but you took them all lightly, giving the Spaniards time to prepare as they have done, placing cannon on Picchu Mountain, and devising other measures so dangerous that you are no longer in a position to attack them.

Hindus and Muslims in northern India are being ruined by the tyranny and oppression of the infidel and the English.

It is the duty of all the wealthy people of India, especially those who have any sort of connection with any of the royal Muslim families, to stake their lives and property for the well-being of the public.

Historians need to understand the significance of the point of view in order to determine how useful a source is.

Historians can present a more accurate picture of the past when they look at sources with different points of view.

The Government of India has not shown a desire to interfere with the religion of its troops, nor has the 19th Regiment or any other unit in the service of it.

It has been the rule of the Government of India to treat the religious feelings of all its servants of every creed with careful respect and to representations or complaints put forward in a dutiful and spirit.

Europe looked to Asia and Africa for raw materials such as cotton, copper, and rubber.

Railroads lowered the cost of transporting raw materials to Europe.

Europeans pointed to their railroad projects as proof that imperialism helped the peoples of Asia and Africa.

Providing new transportation technology to the colonies served the interests of the 398 World History Museum.

In India, the British built a railway network that stretched from the interior to the coast in order to ship raw materials out of the country.

Railroad technology was used to extract as many resources as possible from subject lands while paying colonial laborers less.

In South Asia and Africa, steamboats can carry people, mail, and goods.

steamships became practical for long distances after the development of more efficient steam engines.

The development of compression refrigeration equipment in the 1870s made it possible to ship meat and dairy products across oceans.

instant communication between Europe and South America was possible thanks to the introduction of telegraph service between Portugal and Brazil in 1874.

When Europeans arrived in Asia and Africa, they found mostly agricultural economies, with most people raising enough food to live on.

Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and parts of Latin America still have subsistence farming.

Tea, cotton, sugar, oil palms, rubber, and coffee were grown for their commercial value rather than being used by those who grew them.

Millions of tons of guano were loaded onto ships for export in the 19th century, often by indentured Chinese or Polynesian laborers.

Imperial attention was focused on the tropical climates that were favorable to the presence of raw materials.

Britain's great textile mills got 80% of their cotton from the United States during the Industrial Revolution.

Farmers all over the world replaced food production with cotton to make up for the shortage.

Cotton farmers in India were able to make up for the shortages caused by the Civil War.

Britain exported textiles all over the world because of cotton production from Egypt and India.

The modern rubber industry was created by the invention of a process known as vulcanization.

The rubber was used to make tires for bicycles, automobiles, hoses, gasket, waterproof clothing, and shoe soles.

Thousands of acres of forest were cleared to make room for rubber plantations in Southeast Asia.

The oil palm was a staple food product in West Africa for 5,000 years.

Oil palm plantations were established in Malaya and the Dutch East Indies.

African elephants have large tusks, which average six feet in length, so most of the ivory trade was with Africa.

The French set up trading posts there for the purpose of acquiring ivory and the purchase of enslaved people.

Cecil Rhodes was sent to South Africa in 1870 to join his brother on a cotton farm.

The world's largest gold fields were discovered in 1886 on South Africa's Witwatersrand.

When Rhodes was elected to the Cape Parliament, he was the most powerful man in Southern Africa.

He wanted to build a railroad from Cape Town to Cairo and claim all the land along the route for the British Empire.

Cash crops, such as sugar, cocoa, or groundnuts, were allowed to be raised by farmers at the expense of other agricultural products.

By the start of the 18th century beer production was eating up nearly half of the wheat harvest in Britain, andFermented drinks such as alcohol also have the benefits of killing parasites and bringing liquid calories to the diet, but by the start of the 18th century beer production was eating It was not possible for Britain's domestic agriculture to feed the population and keep them in beer.

In the middle of the 19th century, the latifundium, a large landed estate or ranch typically worked by enslaved people, was dominated by large herds of native cattle, from which only the hides were exported to Great Britain.

The rural population lived mostly on the parts of beef carcasses that could not be marketed abroad, as they worked on the large estates.

The protagonists of civil wars that a weak government was unable to prevent were often the caudillos of the Blanco or Colorado political parties.