18.8 Degradation of Amino Acids

• After a meal with levels usually return to normal after a baby is born, blood sugar can be elevated.
• Large babies are more likely to be born with diabetes due to the elevated level of glucose.

• In all types of diabetes, there is insufficient amount of sugar in the body.

• Glucagon is produced by the acetyl CoA level when bloodglucose is low and fat is broken down.
• The smell of acetone can be used to make food.

• This type of diabetes can be seen in the urine.
• The osmotic pres can be caused by damage to the pancreas by viral infections or by genetics, which leads to an increase in urine output.
• In adults, the production ofinsulin is not responsive.

• A person with type 2 diabetes does not respond to therapy.

• Injections ofinsulin can be used to treat type 1 diabetes.

• Carbohydrates and lipids are major sources of energy, but when they are not available, compounds that enter energy-releasing pathways can be degraded.

• The degradation of amino acids occurs in the body.
• A new a@keto acid is produced.
• Transaminases are the enzymes that transfer groups.

• The transfer of the group from alanine to a@ketoglutarate can be shown in an equation.
• Pyruvate can enter the citric acid cycle by forming acetyl CoA.

• NH + 3 is removed as an ion.
• A@ketoglutarate can be regenerated by the reaction.
• The oxidation provides hydrogens.

• The end product of amino acid degradation is toxic if allowed to accumulate.

• A typical adult excretes 25 to 30 g of urea in a day.
• When a diet is high in meat, this amount increases.
• When the kidneys are not functioning properly, urea builds up quickly to a toxic level.
• Try Practice Problems 18.67 should be reduced if the BUN is high because of toxic nitrogen and 18.68 waste in the blood.

• NH + 4 is converted to a@ketoglutarate.

• Alanine and a@ketoglutarate form pyruvate and glutamate.

• The removal of the amino group of glutamate is part of the process of oxidative deamination.

• Most of our energy needs are supplied by a small amount of amino acids.

• When the stores of fat and carbohydrate are exhausted, more energy is taken from the amino acids.
• If the only source of energy for a long time is amino acids, the body will eventually breakdown and destroy its tissues.

• Carbon atoms can be used as intermediates of the citric acid cycle to provide reduced coenzymes for electron from isoleucine.

• The intermediates of the citric acid cycle can be converted to carbon atoms.
• ketone bodies can be produced by carbon atoms in gold boxes.

• The carbon atoms from valine enter the acid cycle.

• Carbon atoms from proline enter the acid cycle.

• Draw the structural formula for the a@keto acid deamination and the entry of amino acid carbons into the citric produced from each of the following in transamination: acid cycle.

• When he has a follow up evaluation three months later, his liver enzymes are elevated.
• His doctor wants him to start therapy for six months.
• Interferon and ribavi rin work together to strengthen the immune system.
• The Interferon is one of the three agents used to treat hepatitis C.

• The structural formulas for the products were drawn.
• After four reactions of alanine and a@ketoglutarate, his ALT and AST levels are catalyzed by alanine transaminase.

• Every three months for the next year, and every six of the reactions of aspartate and a@ketoglutarate, you can draw the structural formulas for the products profile.
• The aspartate transaminase will continue to be monitored.

• Energy pyruvate (3C) is required forbolic reactions.

• The three stages of catabolism are digestion of food, degradation of NADH and twoATP.

• In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is reduced to lactate and NAD+.

• The sites and products of digestion are identified.

• To yield citrate.

• The process of digestion of proteins begins in the stomach and continues in the small intestine.

• The energy released is used to synthesise the coenzymes NAD+, FAD, and from ADP and Pi.

• The H+ gradient is produced by O Ribose into the intermembrane space.

• The oxidation of the acyl CoA results in a shorter acyl CoA, acetyl CoA, and reduced coen.

• Ammonium is converted to urea when high levels of acetyl CoA are present.

• After the name of each reaction, the chapter Sections to review are shown.

• Group bonds are broken down in the gastrointestinal tract.

• There is no oxygen in cells.

• A high-energy compound used to synthesise ATP from Pi and ADP.

• Two ion return to the matrix from the 10 oxidation reactions of glucose.

• There are all the chemical reactions in living cells that carry out cell degradation and oxidation.

• The carbon-oxygen double bonds are formed from electron oxidation reactions.

• The loss of ammonium ion when glutamate space is used to make a H+ gradient is degraded to a@ketoglutarate.

• A series of oxidation reactions in the mitochondria Pi, using energy generated by the oxidation reactions during that convert acetyl CoA to CO2 and yield NADH and FADH2.

• The Krebs cycle is also called it.

• An a@keto acid is transported by a coenzyme.

• The double bond of Fumarate adds an H2O mol to form malate.

• The energy released in reaction 1 and 2 is used to synthesise the two sugars in reaction 3.

• The final acceptor was O one ATP.

• The electron transport complexes I, III, and IV are cleaved into two three-carbon compounds.

• In the initial reaction of the citric acid cycle, an acetyl group com FADH2 yields 1.5ATP.

• Under aerobic conditions, the complete oxidation of glucose yields can be achieved.

• When high levels of acetyl CoA are present in the cell, they enter sis, which produces 2ATP and 2 NADH for a total the ketogenesis pathway, forming ketone bodies such as acetoac of 7ATP.

• In the electron transport system, one NADH is converted to one NAD+.

• The complete oxidation of montanic acid, which produces 32 ATP, produces 6 CO2 and 6 H2O.

• When needed as an energy source, fatty acids are linked to coen acetyl CoA and transported into the mitochondria where they undergo a total of 140 ATP.

• Lauric acid is found in coconut oil.

• Arachidic acid is found in peanut and fish oils.

• The first stage of catabolism is Digestion.

• There are problems related to the topics in this chapter.

• H+ is converted to NAD+.

• FAD is the oxidation to FADH2.

• Palmitoyl CoA is composed of palmitic acid, CoA, and ATP.

• acetyl CoA is formed by Pyruvate.

• One turn of the citric acid cycle is where Acetyl CoA goes.

• The energy that is released by the hydrolysis of the bond is sufficient for energy-requiring processes in the cell.

• Stage 1 is where the digestion of polysaccharides takes place.

• The acetyl-CoA molecule is formed by hydrolysis.

• The stomach is where the digestion of proteins begins.

There is a requirement for the activity of the activity of the activity of the activity of the activity of the activity of the activity of the activity of the activity of the activity of the activity of the activity of the activity of the activity of the activity of the activity of the activity of the activity

• High levels of ketone bodies lead to ketosis.

• It is necessary to have 1 ATP.

• Each triose gets 1 NADH.

• 2 substances are produced.

• NH + 4 can accumulate in the body.

• Oxygen conditions are needed.

• When pyruvate is reduced, the NAD+ is used to oxidize glyceraldehyde.

• There are five cycles of b oxidation.

• Six acetyl CoA are produced.

• Reaction 6 involves dehydration.

• A carbon-carbon double bond is formed.

• A carbon atom is lost in decarboxylation.

• Lactase helps people who are not able to digest milk.

• pyruvate is the product of glycolysis.

electrons to complex I to give NAD+

• The secondary alcohol group in isocitrate (6C) is oxidation to a reaction in electron transport.

• Hydrogen ion return to a lower energy in the matrix by pass carbon from isocitrate by converting a carboxylate group to a CO2 molecule.
• The product is called ketone.

• The coenzymes are reduced.

• As H+ ion flow through the transport system, energy is released to drive the synthesis and then back to the matrix.

• The blood sugar is low.

• If you want to deter into mono- and disaccharides, use the energy value of 7.3 kcal per mole.

• The citric acid cycle is powered by Acetyl CoA.
• The formula is C23H38N7O17P3S.

• The C is used to reduce gas.

• Saturated fat is found in peanut and canola oils.

• You should not cook beano according to the directions.

• In response to signals from the nervous system, the hypothalamus releases a hormone known as gonadotropin-releasing factor (GnRF), which stimulates the pituitary glands to release other hormones into the bloodstream.

• There are two hormones that are involved in hair growth.
• One of the acids found in peanut oil is gly benchoc acid.

• The formula for the activated form of behenic acid can be drawn.

How many cycles of b oxidation are needed?

• The body doesn't have enough oxygen, so butter is a fat that contains 80% of mass triacylglycerols.
• Rest is water.
• The triacylglycerol in butter has a single nucleotide deleted from it's DNA.
• There is a deletion in the informational strand of normal DNA.

• Write the sequence of the genes from the saturated fat.

What is the level of structure in hemoglobin?

• A hydrolase is an alpha-galactosidase.

• The galactose bond is a(1S 4)-glycosidic.

• The hydrolase is no longer able to function because of high temperatures.

• The acetyl group is carried to the citric acid cycle.

• There is a link between the acetyl group and the S atom in CoA.

• Pearson Education, Inc. is owned by Rod Ferris.

• The science source is p. 74 and the education source is p. 92.

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• Elena Elisseeva is a photographer.

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• Pearson Education, Inc.

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• Chapter 8 p. 178 U.S. Food & Drug Administration.

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• A hydrocarbon that has one or more carbon double bonds.

• According to the Arrhenius theory, there is an unbranched polymers of Atomic energy.

• The most common of the reactions is by lowering the activation symbols in 258 steroid compounds.

• There is a substance that has the same studying and learning.

• A mixture with particles that group each carbon atom is moderately large.

• H2O is produced by Z02_TIMB8860_13_GE_IDX.indd at 4:03 PM.

• The ability to do work is 101.

• An organic compound with a horizontal line represents bonds between soil and water testing and 500 oxygen atom.

A state of matter that doesn't have a liver or muscles for body heating, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

• It takes 587 dextrose for one polypeptide to be in the body.
• The pressure-volume relationship in monosaccharide in the diet is the most prevalent half of a radioactive sample to decay.

• There is a model of the enzyme that can be used to create a model of the boiling point of a substance.

• The disaccharide was obtained from the 184-188 time period.

• A measure of the amount of material that becomes liquid.

• An element that is shiny, malleable, gas volume and a good conductor of heat relationships in chemical equations, classification of, 91-94 and electricity.

• An element with little or no luster double and triple bonds, genetic diseases and a poor conductor of heat and electricity.

• A base, a pentose sugar MUFA, is an element in Group 8A.

• The amide bond in peptides diabetes is an oxidation compound that joins the carboxylate group of one dialysis and oxidizes to aldehydes.

• There are 128 monosaccharide units of Phosphorus.

• Public health nurses (PHN) have 649 bond dipoles that do not cancel.

• The type of matter that has electrons is indicated by the size of the measurement.

• The can can be dissolved at a given temperature.

• There is an alcohol that has symbols.

• The first substances that go through the process of synthesis.

• The ribosomes were recorded in a measurement, 59-65 Redox.

• The hypothesis, 33-34 Triglyceride, was confirmed by the process in which ammonium was supported by additional experiments structure.

• Four significant figures are given for atomic mass values.

• The mass number of an important radioactive isotope is shown in parentheses.

• A special edition of an established title is used by colleges and universities around the world.

• Pearson published an exclusive edition for students outside the United States and Canada.

Document Outline

• Front Cover

• Title Page

• Copyright Page

• Brief Contents

• Table of Contents

• Applications and Activities

• About the Author

• Preface

• Chapter 1 Chemistry in Our Lives CAREER Forensic Scientist CLINICAL UPDATE Forensic Evidence Helps Solve the Crime 1.1 Chemistry and Chemicals 1.2 Scientific Method: Thinking Like a Scientist CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH Early Chemist: Paracelsus 1.3 Studying and Learning Chemistry 1.4 Key Math Skills for Chemistry 1.5 Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation CLINICAL UPDATE: Forensic Evidence Helps Solve the Crime Concept Map Chapter Review Key Terms Key Math Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers

• Chapter 2 Chemistry and Measurements CAREER Registered Nurse CLINICAL UPDATE Greg's Visit with His Doctor 2.1 Units of Measurement 2.2 Measured Numbers and Significant Figures 2.3 Significant Figures in Calculations 2.4 Prefixes and Equalities 2.5 Writing Conversion Factors 2.6 Problem Solving Using Unit Conversion 2.7 Density CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Bone Density CLINICAL UPDATE: Greg's Visit with His Doctor Concept Map Chapter Review Key Terms Key Math Skill Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers

• Chapter 3 Matter and Energy CAREER Dietitian CLINICAL UPDATE A Diet and Exercise Program 3.1 Classification of Matter CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Breathing Mixtures 3.2 States and Properties of Matter 3.3 Temperature CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Variation in Body Temperature 3.4 Energy CHEMISTRY LINK TO THE ENVIRONMENT: Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change 3.5 Energy and Nutrition CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Losing and Gaining Weight 3.6 Specific Heat 3.7 Changes of State CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Steam Burns CLINICAL UPDATE: A Diet and Exercise Program Concept Map Chapter Review Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 1 to 3

• Chapter 4 Atoms and Elements CAREER Farmer CLINICAL UPDATE Improving Crop Production 4.1 Elements and Symbols CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Toxicity of Mercury 4.2 The Periodic Table CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Elements Essential to Health 4.3 The Atom 4.4 Atomic Number and Mass Number CHEMISTRY LINK TO THE ENVIRONMENT: Many Forms of Carbon 4.5 Isotopes and Atomic Mass 4.6 Electron Energy Levels CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Biological Reactions to UV Light 4.7 Trends in Periodic Properties CLINICAL UPDATE: Improving Crop Production Concept Map Chapter Review Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers

• Chapter 5 Nuclear Chemistry CAREER Radiation Technologist CLINICAL UPDATE Cardiac Imaging Using a Radioisotope 5.1 Natural Radioactivity 5.2 Nuclear Reactions CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Radon in Our Homes 5.3 Radiation Measurement CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Radiation and Food 5.4 Half-Life of a Radioisotope CHEMISTRY LINK TO THE ENVIRONMENT: Dating Ancient Objects 5.5 Medical Applications Using Radioactivity CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Brachytherapy 5.6 Nuclear Fission and Fusion CHEMISTRY LINK TO THE ENVIRONMENT: Nuclear Power Plants CLINICAL UPDATE: Cardiac Imaging Using a Radioisotope Concept Map Chapter Review Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers

• Chapter 6 Ionic and Molecular Compounds CAREER Pharmacy Technician CLINICAL UPDATE Compounds at the Pharmacy 6.1 Ions: Transfer of Electrons CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Some Important Ions in the Body 6.2 Ionic Compounds 6.3 Naming and Writing Ionic Formulas 6.4 Polyatomic Ions 6.5 Molecular Compounds: Sharing Electrons 6.6 Lewis Structures for Molecules 6.7 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity 6.8 Shapes of Molecules 6.9 Polarity of Molecules and Intermolecular Forces CLINICAL UPDATE: Compounds at the Pharmacy Concept Map Chapter Review Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 4 to 6

• Chapter 7 Chemical Quantities and Reactions CAREER Exercise Physiologist CLINICAL UPDATE Improving Natalie's Overall Fitness 7.1 The Mole 7.2 Molar Mass 7.3 Calculations Using Molar Mass 7.4 Equations for Chemical Reactions 7.5 Types of Chemical Reactions CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Incomplete Combustion: Toxicity of Carbon Monoxide 7.6 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 7.7 Mole Relationships in Chemical Equations 7.8 Mass Calculations for Chemical Reactions 7.9 Energy in Chemical Reactions CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Cold Packs and Hot Packs CLINICAL UPDATE: Improving Natalie's Overall Fitness Concept Map Chapter Review Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers

• Chapter 8 Gases CAREER Respiratory Therapist CLINICAL UPDATE Exercise-Induced Asthma 8.1 Properties of Gases CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Measuring Blood Pressure 8.2 Pressure and Volume (Boyle's Law) CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Pressure-Volume Relationship in Breathing 8.3 Temperature and Volume (Charles's Law) 8.4 Temperature and Pressure (Gay-Lussac's Law) 8.5 The Combined Gas Law 8.6 Volume and Moles (Avogadro's Law) 8.7 Partial Pressures (Dalton's Law) CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Hyperbaric Chambers CLINICAL UPDATE: Exercise-Induced Asthma Concept Map Chapter Review Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers

• Chapter 9 Solutions CAREER Dialysis Nurse CLINICAL UPDATE Using Dialysis for Renal Failure 9.1 Solutions CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Water in the Body 9.2 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Electrolytes in Body Fluids 9.3 Solubility CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Gout and Kidney Stones: A Problem of Saturation in Body Fluids 9.4 Solution Concentrations 9.5 Dilution of Solutions 9.6 Properties of Solutions CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Dialysis by the Kidneys and the Artificial Kidney CLINICAL UPDATE: Using Dialysis for Renal Failure Concept Map Chapter Review Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 7 to 9

• Chapter 10 Acids and Bases and Equilibrium CAREER Clinical Laboratory Technician CLINICAL UPDATE Acid Reflux Disease 10.1 Acids and Bases 10.2 BrOnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases 10.3 Strengths of Acids and Bases 10.4 Acid-Base Equilibrium CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Oxygen-Hemoglobin Equilibrium and Hypoxia 10.5 Dissociation of Water 10.6 The pH Scale CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Stomach Acid, HCl 10.7 Reactions of Acids and Bases CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Antacids 10.8 Buffers CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Buffers in the Blood Plasma CLINICAL UPDATE: Acid Reflux Disease Concept Map Chapter Review Key Terms Key Math Skills Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers

• Chapter 11 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons CAREER Firefighter/Emergency Medical Technician CLINICAL UPDATE Diane's Treatment in the Burn Unit 11.1 Organic Compounds 11.2 Alkanes 11.3 Alkanes with Substituents 11.4 Properties of Alkanes 11.5 Alkenes and Alkynes 11.6 Cis-Trans Isomers CHEMISTRY LINK TO THE ENVIRONMENT: Pheromones in Insect Communication CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Cis-Trans Isomers for Night Vision 11.7 Addition Reactions for Alkenes CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Fats 11.8 Aromatic Compounds CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Some Common Aromatic Compounds CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) CLINICAL UPDATE: Diane's Treatment in the Burn Unit Concept Map Chapter Review Summary of Naming Summary of Reactions Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers

• Chapter 12 Alcohols, Thiols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones CAREER Dermatology Nurse CLINICAL UPDATE Diana's Skin Protection Plan 12.1 Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols, and Ethers CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Some Important Alcohols and Phenols CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Ethers as Anesthetics 12.2 Properties of Alcohols CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Hand Sanitizers 12.3 Aldehydes and Ketones CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Some Important Aldehydes and Ketones 12.4 Reactions of Alcohols, Thiols, Aldehydes, and Ketones CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Oxidation of Alcohol in the Body CLINICAL UPDATE: Diana's Skin Protection Plan Concept Map Chapter Review Summary of Naming Summary of Reactions Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 10 to 12

• Chapter 13 Carbohydrates CAREER Diabetes Nurse CLINICAL UPDATE Kate's Program for Type 2 Diabetes 13.1 Carbohydrates 13.2 Chiral Molecules CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Enantiomers in Biological Systems 13.3 Fischer Projections of Monosaccharides CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia 13.4 Haworth Structures of Monosaccharides 13.5 Chemical Properties of Monosaccharides CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Testing for Glucose 13.6 Disaccharides CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: How Sweet Is My Sweetener? CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Blood Types and Carbohydrates 13.7 Polysaccharides CLINICAL UPDATE: Kate's Program for Type 2 Diabetes Concept Map Chapter Review Summary of Carbohydrates Summary of Reactions Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers

• Chapter 14 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amines, and Amides CAREER Environmental Health Practitioner CLINICAL UPDATE Testing Soil and Water Samples for Chemicals 14.1 Carboxylic Acids 14.2 Properties of Carboxylic Acids CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Carboxylic Acids in Metabolism 14.3 Esters CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Salicylic Acid from a Willow Tree CHEMISTRY LINK TO THE ENVIRONMENT: Plastics 14.4 Hydrolysis of Esters 14.5 Amines CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Amines in Health and Medicine CHEMISTRY LINK TO THE ENVIRONMENT: Alkaloids: Amines in Plants 14.6 Amides CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Amides in Health and Medicine CLINICAL UPDATE: Testing Soil and Water Samples for Chemicals Concept Map Chapter Review Summary of Naming Summary of Reactions Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers

• Chapter 15 Lipids CAREER Clinical Lipid Specialist CLINICAL UPDATE Rebecca's Program to Lower Cholesterol 15.1 Lipids 15.2 Fatty Acids CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Fish Oils 15.3 Waxes and Triacylglycerols 15.4 Chemical Properties of Triacylglycerols CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Converting Unsaturated Fats to Saturated Fats: Hydrogenation 15.5 Phospholipids CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS) 15.6 Steroids: Cholesterol, Bile Salts, and Steroid Hormones CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Anabolic Steroids 15.7 Cell Membranes CLINICAL UPDATE: Rebecca's Program to Lower Cholesterol Concept Map Chapter Review Summary of Reactions Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 13 to 15

• Chapter 16 Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes CAREER Physician Assistant CLINICAL UPDATE Jeremy's Diagnosis and Treatment for Sickle-Cell Anemia 16.1 Proteins and Amino Acids 16.2 Proteins: Primary Structure CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Essential Amino Acids and Complete Proteins CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Polypeptides in the Body 16.3 Proteins: Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Structures CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Protein Secondary Structures and Alzheimer's Disease CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Sickle-Cell Anemia 16.4 Enzymes CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Isoenzymes as Diagnostic Tools 16.5 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity CLINICAL UPDATE: Jeremy's Diagnosis and Treatment for Sickle-Cell Anemia Concept Map Chapter Review Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Understanding Protein Structures Answers

• Chapter 17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis CAREER Histology Technician CLINICAL UPDATE Ellen's Medical Treatment Following Breast Cancer Surgery 17.1 Components of Nucleic Acids 17.2 Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids 17.3 DNA Double Helix and Replication 17.4 RNA and Transcription 17.5 The Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Many Antibiotics Inhibit Protein Synthesis 17.6 Genetic Mutations 17.7 Recombinant DNA 17.8 Viruses CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Cancer CLINICAL UPDATE: Ellen's Medical Treatment Following Breast Cancer Surgery Concept Map Chapter Review Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers

• Chapter 18 Metabolic Pathways and ATP Production CAREER Public Health Nurse (PHN) CLINICAL UPDATE Treatment of Luke's Hepatitis C 18.1 Metabolism and ATP Energy 18.2 Digestion of Foods CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Lactose Intolerance 18.3 Coenzymes in Metabolic Pathways 18.4 Glycolysis: Oxidation of Glucose 18.5 The Citric Acid Cycle 18.6 Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: ATP Synthase and Heating the Body 18.7 Oxidation of Fatty Acids CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Stored Fat and Obesity CHEMISTRY LINK TO HEALTH: Ketone Bodies and Diabetes 18.8 Degradation of Amino Acids CLINICAL UPDATE: Treatment of Luke's Hepatitis C Concept Map Chapter Review Summary of Reactions Key Terms Core Chemistry Skills Understanding the Concepts Additional Practice Problems Challenge Problems Answers COMBINING IDEAS from Chapters 16 to 18

• Credits

• Glossary/Index

• Back Cover