Chapter 1: Introduction

• Cells are the smallest unit of what biologists study

• Cells can be classified into prokaryotic and eukaryotic

  • Scale is important when looking at pictures or drawings of cells

  • Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells

Chapter 2: Other Prokaryotic Cells

• Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells

  • Prokaryotic cells have less internal components

  • Prokaryotic cells have a single circular chromosome

  • Prokaryotic cells have a protective cell wall and plasma membrane

  • Prokaryotic cells can have projections like flagella or pili

• Prokaryotic cells are single-celled organisms

• Prokaryotic cells reproduce through binary fission

Chapter 3: Defining Eukaryotic Cells

• Eukaryotic cells are larger and have compartmentalized structures

  • Eukaryotic cells have organelles separated by cell membranes

  • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that holds the DNA

  • Eukaryotic cells have linear chromosomes

Chapter 4: Describe Eukaryotic Cells

• All eukaryotic cells have a cell membrane

  • Animal cells have an additional cell wall structure

• Eukaryotic cells have large, complex, linear DNA

• Eukaryotic cells have compartmentalized organelles

• Organelles are separated from other internal structures by their own membrane

• Nucleus

  • Consists of a double-layer membrane called the nuclear envelope

  • Controls substances moving in and out of the nucleus

  • Contains DNA and nucleolus (where ribosomes are made)

Chapter 5: Powerhouse Of Cell

• Mitochondria

  • Creates cellular energy called ATP

  • Has a core structure with highly folded inner layer (cristae)

  • Contains an aqueous solution called the matrix

• Ribosome

  • Small structures that build protein molecules

  • Not enclosed by a membrane

• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

  • Highly folded organelle adhering to the nucleus

  • Creates vesicles for transporting structures around the cell

  • Has smooth and rough ER (SER and R ER)

Chapter 6: The Animal Cell

• Golgi apparatus

  • Receives vesicles from the ER

  • Repackages and modifies components before sending them outside the cell

• Lysosome

  • Unique to animal cells

  • Contains digestive or hydrolytic enzymes

  • Breaks down materials not functioning properly

• Cell membrane

  • Defines the shape and controls movement of substances in and out of the cell

Chapter 7: Eukaryotic Plant Cell

• Plant cells have additional structures compared to animal cells

• Chloroplast

  • Unique to plant cells

  • Harnesses sunlight for photosynthesis

• Water vacuole

  • Unique to plant cells

  • Large centrally located vacuole

• Cell wall

  • Unique to plant cells

  • Provides strength and support

Chapter 8: Size Of Cell

• Vacuole provides static pressure to help plant tissue stand upright and fight gravity

  • Plants wilt or bend over if vacuole is not filled with enough water

  • Indoor plants need watering when they start to wilt or bend

• Centrials help with cell division

  • Create spindle fibers for chromosome division

  • Animal cells have centrosomes as attachment sites for centrials and spindle fibers

• Peroxisomes break down specific substances like hydrogen peroxide

• Lysosomes are more general in what they can break down

Chapter 9: Conclusion

• Two types of microscopes: light microscope and electron microscope

• Light microscope uses light source and lenses for magnification

  • Magnification range in thousands of times greater than human eye

  • Shows natural or stained colors of specimen

• Electron microscope has two categories: transmission and scanning

  • Both use electrons for magnification

  • Transmission shoots electrons through specimen for image

  • Scanning has electrons bounce off specimen for three-dimensional structure

• Both methods provide higher magnification and resolution than human eye

• Electron microscope loses natural color in images