33.3 The Use of Molecular Data in Constructing Phylogenetic

• List the features of the Ecdysozoa and the As discussed in Chapter 25.

• The slowly changing genes are useful for evaluating broad evolutionary relationships.
• Scientists use basemolecular data to construct trees.
• The comparison of genetic data, such as DNA, unit, and SSU rRNA, is involved in the sequence of the small ribosomal sub approach.
• The base sequence of SSU rRNA has changed very slowly over the course of thousands of years due to the degree of similarities between different species.
• The phenomenon can be appreciated by comparing the sequence.
• More closely related species have less of the sequence of the SSU rRNA gene of a sequence differences than distantly related ones.

• The three animal sequence are very similar to each other, and all of the logenetic trees for the animal kingdom were based largely on them.

• We would find the data if we compared three different species of sponges and three different species of flatworms.

• Even though they are very distantly related, note the similarities between the animals.

• A second approach for understanding broad evolutionary relation is to analyze genes that have played a major role in the evolution of animals.
• Revisions created body forms.
• The current view of the phylogeny of Protostomia is derived from differences in the genes that regulate early development.

• The evolutionary relationships among 50 James Lake were analyzed by Anna Marie Aguinaldo and her colleagues in 1997.

• The hypothesis is based on the polymerase chain reaction.

• The relationship of arthropods to other species is important in determining the evolutionary relationships of many animal species.

• Refer to the rRNA gene.

• Chapter 21 contains a description of the PCR.

• Sequence the amplified for more detail, Dideoxy sequencing, in which DNA strands are DNA by dideoxy refer back to separated according to their lengths, is described in Figure 21.8.

• Chapter 21 uses them to gel electrophoresis.

• The approach compares traits that are either sequence and infer shared or not shared by different species and creates clades, consisting of a common ancestral using the cladistic species.

• The process resulted in a large group of sequences that were analyzed with computer programs.

• The arthropods are related to the nematodes.
• The Lophotrochozoa is a new clade of Protostomes.

• The process resulted in a large group of sequences that were analyzed with computer programs.

• The arthropods are related to the nematodes.
• The Lophotrochozoa is a new clade of Protostomes.

• The purpose of the study conducted by Aguinaldo and an arthropod are more closely related than had been thought.

What impact does the new view of arthropods have?

• Morphologists found support for the new group ings when they reviewed their data.
• Let's look at what makes each group unique.

• Think of the hard shell of a beetle or that of a crab when you think of the ecdysozoa.

• The name of the process is ecdysis.

• The group was first supported as a separate clade by the evidence.

• The Lophotrochozoa clade was organized through analyses of data.
• There are Trochophores in the sev re-formation of the exoskeleton.
• For animals to indicate their ancestry.
• The platyhelminthes and other members of the neces clade have neither of these.

• The blastopore becomes the mouth and the anus in cilia deuterostomes.
• All deuterostomes have radial cleavage.

• Gutmates are called acoelo.

• The general characteristics of each animal are shown in Table 33.2.

• The trochophore form can be found in many animal species.

• A phylogenetic tree is constructed and revised by comparing similarities between different species.

• Two major clades of the Protostomes were divided into two parts: the Ecdysozoa and the Lophotrochozoa.

• Animals constitute a very species-rich kingdom, with a number nonliving cuticle that is typically an appendage or skeleton that distinguishes them from other organisms.

• Some members of the Lophotrochozoa are distinguished by two things: their possession of nervous and muscle tissues and their use of analyses junctions.

• There are many different feeding modes used by animals, including bulk feeding and fluid feeding.

• There was a lot of animal phyla in the Cambrian explosion.

• The animal kingdom is monophyletic, meaning that all taxa have cell walls.

• All of the above are characteristics of animals.

• The Bilateria and Ctenophora have three germ layers, but the Cnidaria have two.
• Bilateral symmetry is correlated with genes.

• Recent studies have shown that d. a and b are related.

• The inner lining of the digestive tract is derived from triploblastic animals.

• There is a fierce debate on whether sponges or ctenophores are the earliest b.

• Choanoflagellates, the closest living relatives, have a partially lined cavity.

• There is a fluid-filled cavity that is not lined.

• All other animals have at least one type of tissue.

• The Cnidaria and the Ctenophora are both symmetrical and can be classified as deuterostomes.

• The fate of the embryonic cells is fixed early during three germ layers.
• This development was illustrated by drawing an animal tree.

• There are lophophores or trochophores in the annelids.

• Tell me your answer.
• Refer back to Figure 25.5 to remember all of the above.

• Animals that have spiral cleavage are the only ones that can have identical twins.

• Discuss how animals can affect humans.

• The patterning of the body axis is determined by the genes involved.