Chapter 2.1: The Main Types of Organic Reactions

• Main types of organic reactions:

  • Addition reactions: atoms added to a double or triple bond

    • Two compounds usually react to form one major product

    • More atoms bonded to carbon atoms than the original reactant

    • Common in alkenes and alkynes

  • Substitution reaction: hydrogen atom or a functional group is replaced by a different functional group

    • Common in alcohols, alkyl halides, and aromatic compounds

  • Elimination reaction: atoms are removed from a molecule to form a double bond

  • Oxidation: in an organic reaction a carbon atom forms more bonds to oxygen, O, or less bonds to hydrogen

    • [O] is shown to be the oxidizing agent

  • Reduction: reaction in which a carbon atom forms fewer bonds to oxygen[H] is shown to be the reducing agent

  • Condensation Reactions: two organic molecules combine to form a single organic molecule

    • water is usually produced from the reaction

  • Hydrolysis reaction: water adds to a bond, splitting molecule in two

    • reverse of the condensation reaction

Chapter 2.2: Reactions of Functional Groups

• Alkenes and Alkynes have reactive

  double or triple bonds so they go through addition reactions

• Symmetrical alkene: has identical groups on either side of the double bond

  • Addition reaction depends on this

  • ex. Cl2

• Asymmetrical alkene: an alkene that has different groups on either side of the double bond

  • ex. Water (breaks up to [OH] and [O])

• Markovnikov’s rule: states that the halogen atom or OH group in an addition reaction is usually added to the more substituted carbon atom—the carbon atom that is bonded to the largest number of other carbon atoms

  • Adding two asymmetrical reactants form one similar product

• Esterification reaction: reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol to form an ester

  • Both esters and amides undergo hydrolysis reactions. In a hydrolysis reaction, the ester or amide bond is split

Chapter 2.3 Molecules on a Larger Scale: Polymers and Biomolecules

• Polymer: long molecule that is made by linking together many smaller molecules called monomers

• Monomers: a molecule that can react together with other monomer molecules to form a larger polymer chain or three-dimensional

• Plastics: polymers that can be heated and molded into specific shapes and formsSynthetic

• Addition polymerization: reaction in which monomers with double bonds are joined together through multiple addition reactions to form a polymer.

• Condensation Polymerization: reaction in which monomers are joined together by the formation of ester or amide bonds nylon/polyamides: condensation polymers that contain amide bondsPolyesters: condensation polymers that contain ester bonds

• Proteins: a natural polymer that is composed of monomers called amino acids amino acids: organic compounds that contain amino and carboxyl functional groups

• Carbohydrate/saccharide: a biological molecule that contains either an aldehyde or ketone group, along with two or more hydroxyl groups; used in cellular respiration

  • Monosaccharide: one saccharide unit

  • Disaccharide: two saccharide monomers

• Polysaccharides: polymers that contain many saccharide units search: glucose polysaccharide that is used by plants to store energy

• DNA (2-deoxyribonucleic acid): a biological molecule that determines the shape and structure of all organismsNucleotides: monomer of DNA that contains sugar, a phosphate group, and base RNA (ribonucleic acid): type of nucleic acid that converts data from DNA to protein; also made up of nucleotides

• Lipids: biological molecules that are not soluble in water, but are soluble in non-polar solvents, such as benzene and hexanesFats: lipids that contain glycerol molecules: structure as fats, but are classified as being liquid at room temperature, while fats are solids at room temperature waxes: esters of long-chain alcohols and long-chain carboxylic acids

Chapter 2.4: Organic Compounds and Everyday Life

• Assessing and benefits of organic compounds are important, some are used in:

  • Pharmaceutical drugs

  • Pesticides

  • Food additives

• Many of these have side effects that can cause complications with health, safety, and environmental problems