Local officials tried to hold a beauty contest in which women would be assessed for their beauty, but also for their knowledge of the state's culture.
The compromise failed because the women who wanted to be in beauty parades did not have the cultural knowledge that the other women did.
It was a confusing situation, with change and continuity competing for dominance.

The 20th century saw renewed globalization.

Jet travel became routine by the 1950s.
The establishment of the International Monetary Fund facilitates global economic contacts.
Both sides in the conflict had a global outlook, and globalization gained ground after 1950.

New energy for global contacts was freed up by the end of the cold war.

Russia and China opened to wider interactions.
The expansion of industrial economies from their previous base in the West and the Pacific Rim to a host of additional countries reflected the latest surge of globalization.
Huge regional inequalities were essential industrialization itself and encouraged further contacts.

Industrialization in the 19th import substitution was one of the ways that key countries were able to expand industrial output and compete successfully in global export markets.

The "great manufacturing in the economies of early industrializing nations in Leap forward" after 1958, even though they had failed in the short run, provided similar incentive to China.

They were able to take advantage of low wages to Mexico, Brazil and India.

Many hosted foreign firms that wanted to take Turkey.

Skeptics warned that the burdens of growing environmental pollution and the possibility of social unrest from the labor force could reverse the patterns of the 1990s and early 2000s.

Most observ ers expected more growth in the newcomers.
The previous advance of the Pacific Rim was recalled injectories.

By the 1980s, Mexico, Turkey, and Brazil became significant industrial exporters.

Turkey became the second most industrial country in the Middle East after Israel, with significant exports to nations such as Germany, because it became competitive in world trade.
Brazil's steel industry exported to the United States in the late 1970s, as did Brazilian and Korean steel.

Industrial development was supported by governments in Mexico, Turkey, and Brazil in the 1920s and 1930s.

Government sponsorship of industry included carefully negotiated trade arrangements with other regions, active solicitation of foreign aid and investment, and support for technical training and infrastructure.

A nation well behind the world's industrial leaders deliberately fostered an industry capable of serving the nation's computer needs and so avoided yet another dependence on expensive imports.

The computer engineers at the technical university in Sao Paulo were heavily supported by the government.
The industry was built on Brazil's commitment to industrial growth and technological progress.
Brazil produced 3 percent of the scientific articles in international physics journals by the 1970s, which was due to earlier advances in university science and technology.
In 1959 the government supported computer research in connection with the Brazilian navy.
Training in advanced electronics continued to grow.
Growing interest in computers was spurred by the imports of advanced Western military equipment.
By 1971 Brazil was ready to develop its own computer model.
A number of small companies linked to the university center in Sao Paulo developed to produce computers.

Brazilian computer production depended on imports from other areas, including Japan.

Even in an economy that was still struggling to industrialize, the Brazilian computer industry showed that a genuine breakthrough could be achieved even if the economy was still struggling.

By the 1960s and 1970s, Brazil had the highest economic growth rates in Latin America.

The standards of living improved.
By the year 1990, 22 percent of Brazilians owned cars, 56 percent had television sets, and 63 percent had fridges.
Rates in eastern Europe were higher than those in the advanced industrial nations.

After 2000, industrialization in Mexico, Brazil, and Turkey showed a steady increase, followed by even more success.

The Pacific Rim had achieved self-sustaining industrial expansion a few decades earlier.
Living standards improved as a result of slower rates of population growth.
Part of a picture of substantial global industrialization was formed by the result.

The developments in the two giant nations of Asia were similar.

The world economy was rebalanced even more.

Each nation had its own path.

After several decades of experimentation and recovery, China became one of the world's great industrial producers, replacing Japan as the number two earner behind the United States.

The nation embraced globalization for the first time after Mao's death, in what amounted to a policy revolution.
China adopted a more flexible and conventional industrialization strategy in 1978.
Foreign technical advice was eagerly sought and exports were promoted.
Despite China's commitment to communism, private businesses were encouraged in agriculture and industry.
As China worked to recover familiarity with advanced technology, urban production was emphasized.

China became an industrial force because of its size.

Railroads and roads expanded rapidly.
The nation's economic output grew by 10 percent in the 1990s.
China used half of the world's production of concrete in 2003 for factories, housing, and infrastructure expansion.

New wealth was brought to many people as a result of industrial growth in China.

The new group of rich entrepreneurs in China had symbols of high consumer standards, including television sets and tape recorders.

Many villagers liked bicycles and other new products.
Other fruits were not as good.
Pollution levels in many countries were higher than those in the West and Japan.
Chinese cities were polluted with industrial gases called the Yellow Dragon and the chemical pollution of water sources was considerable.
Industrial evolution had more than local pollution effects.
China was placed in second position as a world contributor to the chemical emissions causing global warming by the year 2000.
As China became the world's largest coal-mining nation, the growing use of coal for fuel promised a further Chinese advance on this dubious achievement scale.

China's expansion was mixed.

It depended on cheap labor and continued pressure on the large peasant class.
Hundreds of thousands of workers from the countryside took up industrial jobs.
Multinational companies set up low-cost factory operations in China.
By the 1990s, China was filling almost half the U.S. toy market with cheap toys, as well as growing inroads in high technology.
China's rapid surge, along with the growth of the Pacific Rim, caused some observers to wonder if a vast new east Asian industrial complex was emerging, following Japan's lead.
The area continued to emphasize modified Confucian values, which include hard work, discipline, loyalty, and education.

After World War II, India's industrial growth was steadier than China's, but it took a new turn in the 1990s.

India had a lot of private business, but a government decision to loosen economic regulation in favor of more open competition was involved.
India's economy continued to display mixed signals as it did in the other major cases of industrialization.

After a liberalization of the economy in 1992, India added high-tech products, particularly software, and exported them to both the industrial countries and southeast Asia.

India entered the global service sector with both Indian and multinational firms organizing operations that provided sales and telephone services to the entire English-speaking world.
By the early 21st century, the country had a large middle class with extensive consumer interests.
The economy grew at 9 percent per year.

By 2000 it was clear that real industrial revolutions were underway in a number of new-old regimes.

In China and India, the result began to return some of the world's traditional manufacturing powers to a lead position in the global economy, although on a far different basis from the strengths they had before the industrial era.
Brazil and Mexico gained a manufacturing position that was even more novel.

The West and Japan were challenged by the rise of industrial newcomers.

China and other regions took over manufacturing as their export earnings grew.
There was new competition for resources.
Africa was increasingly used by China and India to find oil and other raw materials.
This created rivalries for the attention of African and Middle Eastern business and political leaders and drove prices up for all industrial countries.

The older industrial centers had advantages.

They led in the export of some of the most high-tech products.
Even though the actual fabrication might occur elsewhere, they continued to profit from industrial designs.

As the relative balance shifted, the growth rates of the older centers lag.

Even though there were changes in relative balance, some countries seemed to fall a bit.
The Japanese economy grew slowly from the 1990s onward.
Slow growth rates in Western Europe and the United States were highlighted by a global financial recession that began in 2008.
Many older centers had to make difficult decisions about cutting back on welfare support because their economies did not keep pace.

The spread of industrial economies not only contributed to the renewal of globalization, but it also made the process less Western-centered than it had been previously.

Both old and new types of resistance were spurred by rapid globalization.

It means that larger influences play a growing role in human life, from world, particularly in communication trade to culture to physical well-being.

Some of the older types of interchange, like migration or disease, are still being redefined.

From previous patterns of interregional contact, globalization emerged.

The intercontinental network of the postclassical period increased connections among Africa, Asia, and Europe.
This was not globalization in itself, but a move toward later globalization.
Even though the world was not yet involved, levels of exchange increased.
There was an increase in the imitation of other societies, but not around standards that could be considered global.
None of the world religions achieved full global standing.
The early modern period brought the world together for the first time.
The cultural impacts were limited.
International trading companies did not have the deep local effects that multinational companies would generate.

In the late 19th century, there was an initial version of globalization.

Dramatic new technologies and policy decisions spearheaded by Western imperialist powers were needed to increase economic interdependence around the world.
The middle decades of the 20th century saw many societies attempt to limit their contact with globalization, as the first surge did not bring uniform benefits.
The United States tried to limit political involvement through the policy of isolation in the 1920s and 1930s.
Japan and Germany tried to form their own economic systems.
Russia and China were 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217

By the 20th century, globalization again took center stage.

The speed and volume of global communication and transportation moved ahead rapidly with the help of technologies.
Only a few small nations attempted isolation by the 21st century.
Many people around the world became accustomed to global connections.
The spread of English as a world language was part of the connection.
English was used as a common language for many things.
This reflected other aspects of global change.

Growing uniformities around the world was not a uniform process.

By 2008 only a third of the world's population had direct access to the Internet, and globalization was a force for many rural regions.
In some regions, globalization increased unemployment and economic dislocation; in many places, the process seemed to promote new levels of economic inequality, a pattern visible in the two past decades in the United States, Europe, India, and China.
By the early 21st century several Latin American countries were questioning whether global trading patterns were bringing economic benefits to their regions or whether separate national economic policies might make more sense.
Globalization challenges an established sense of identity and many people resent it.

A globalization guru tells a story.

A limo with a cell phone was assigned to a U.S. government official in 1988.
He called his wife to brag because he was so happy to have this new thing.
In 1997, the same official visited a remote village in west Africa that was only accessible by canoe.
He was handed a cell phone by an official in the country as he prepared to leave.

By the 1990s, cellular phones were among the key new communication devices that had made almost constant contact with other parts of the world feasible, and for some people unavoidable.

People in all parts of the world participated in the cellular phone revolution.

Improvements in miniaturization made computers more efficient.

The amount of information that could be stored on a chip increased by more than 60 percent in the 1990s.

The 1960s saw a halt in Linkages among computers for defense purposes.
In 1972 email was introduced.
The World Wide Web was developed in 1990 by a British software engineer named Tim Berners.
Almost instantaneous contact by computer became possible around the world, and with it came the capacity to send vast amounts of information, from text to videos and other imagery to music.
By 2012 only 35 percent of the world's population had access to the internet, but it provided global contacts for some areas.
In eastern Russia, international mail service was slow but a student could communicate easily with friends in the United States or Brazil by sitting at an Internet cafe.
By 2009, further development in computer-based networking included systems like Facebook, which could facilitate personal connections around the world.

Satellite links for television made simultaneous broadcasts possible around the world.

A quarter of the world's population can now watch the World Cup soccer or the Olympics in the same year.
Global technology has a new meaning.

International investment accelerated at the end of the 20th century thanks to new technology and more open political boundaries.

The great corporations of the West and Japan were included in stock exchanges' holdings.

Between 25 and 40 percent of corporate profits in the United States were generated by foreign operations by the 1980s.

During the 1970s, Japan's foreign investment increased 15-fold.
The United States, Europe, and other areas were where Japanese car manufacturers set up factories during the 1980s.
German cars, French tires, German chemicals and pharmaceuticals, and Dutch petroleum all have substantial U.S. operations.
At the end of the 1990s, the German Volkswagen firm introduced an updated version of the automobile affectionately known as the "bug," whose initial design went back to Hitler's Germany.

Powerful companies, mainly from the facilities, were based in Mexico, but they were marketed in the United States and around the world.

Multinationals surged in the decades assembled from parts made in Japan, Korea, Mexico and elsewhere.

After World War II, Japanese cars had more.

By the end of the 20th century, multinational companies had become a major force for economic change and political controversy.

The map shows that the engines of globalization were more prominent in mature industrial and more affluent societies than in communist countries.

Detroit products had American-made parts.

Firms set up operations not just to save transportation costs, but also to reduce costs by looking for cheap labor and minimal environmental regulations.
West Indian and African women made computer boards.
India developed a huge software industry that was used by firms in the United States and western Europe.
The linkages were moving fast.

International firms were looking for cheap raw materials.

After the fall of the Soviet Union, companies in Japan and the West competed for access to oil and minerals in the newly independent nations of central Asia.
China's rapid economic growth prompted active arrangements for oil supplies from Central Asia, Latin America and Africa, as well as the Middle East.
International investments follow interest rates.
Europe, Japan, and the oil-rich regions of the Middle East invested heavily in the U.S. during the 1990s.

Multinational corporations have more power and resources than the governments of most of the countries they operate in.

Most aspects of labor and environmental policy could be determined by them.
If more attractive opportunities opened elsewhere, they could pull up stakes in one region.
In the 21st century, many multinational companies pulled jobs from Mexico in favor of expansion to China or Vietnam, where wages were lower.
Telephone services for many American companies were set up in India, where wages were lower and English was widely spoken.
New irrigation depended on improvements in communications and transportation, along with traditional methods of tilling, that could bring wider changes for the people of the lands in which they hired soil as agricultural production rises.

The complexity of the new international economy was shown by the American factories located in northern Mexico.

The owners of these factories wanted cheap labor.
Chemicals were often leaked from their factories.

Workers in the U.S. would earn less than 10 percent of what they were paid.

These factories paid more than their Mexican counterparts.
Large numbers of women found the labor policies more enlightened and the foremen better behaved in the foreign firms.
The question is whether the poverty-level wages for workers in such factories will improve and whether the industrial skills they learn will make possible a widening range of opportunities.

Efforts to tally the economic effects of globalization are complex.

Unemployment rates of 30 percent or more were common in parts of Africa that lost manufacturing jobs to global competition.
New international sex trafficking in women and children, as well as the sale of body organs, showed the desperation of some societies.
Reductions in government services in the name of free-market principles contributed to new problems.
The rates of child labor rose in south and southeast Asia.
New global opportunities allowed for an increase in per capita income in places like China and India.

The growth rates in parts of Africa after 2000 were encouraging.

There were winners and sinners in economic globalization, even within industrial societies like the United States.

There were gaps between the poor and those with higher incomes.
Urban slums and exploited labor expanded as a middle class grew in Latin America, India, and China.

The use of "guest workers" from Turkey and north Africa in Europe was one of the ways in which international patterns of migration developed.

Patterns in the 1990s were built on previous trends.
The continued gap between rapidly growing populations in Latin America, Africa, and parts of Asia maintained high levels of exchange.
By the 1990s, a few areas, including Italy, Greece, and Japan, had stopped internal population growth, which meant that new labor needs, particularly at the lower skill levels, had to be supplied by immigration.

Japan brought in worker groups from the Philippines and southeast Asia in order to avoid too much influx.

In key urban and commercial centers, migration into Europe and the United States produced truly multinational populations.
At least 25 percent of Americans came from households where English was not the first language by the year 2000.
Ten percent of the French population in 2003 were Muslim.
Local populations were afraid of foreigners and worried about job competition, which was an important source of tension here.
There was a new opportunity for cultural inspiration, not just for new laborers.

In world history, migration has been going on for a long time.

New levels of migration from distant regions were novel.
In the cities of North America, western Europe, or the Persian Gulf states of the Middle East, there was a mixture of migrants and locals.
Many migrants, returning home to Turkey or India on vacation or permanently, brought back new styles and ideas, maintaining their own commitment to at least two different cultures.

The pace of cultural exchange and contact around the world accelerated at the end of the 1990s thanks to global technologies and business organization.

Art shows, symphony exchanges, scientific conferences, and Internet contact increased.
In a single season, music conductors and artists held posts around the world, sometimes juggling commitments among cities like Tokyo, Berlin, and Chicago.
With little regard for national origin, science laboratories col ed with researchers from around the world.

The spread of fast-food restaurants from the United States, headed by McDonald's, formed one of the most striking international cultural influences from the 1970s onward.

By the end of the 20th century, the mixture of peoples and cultures that had become a prominent feature of world history were beautifully illustrated by this group of Muslim children in a French school.

In 2007, more than 10% of the French population was Islamic.
Riots broke out in Islamic areas of French cities in 2006 due to the gap between opportunities available to immigrants and those available to the majority population.

In the 1990s, the company entered an average of two new nations per year.

In 1998 it was operating in more than 100 countries.
"makadonaldo" first opened in Tokyo's world famous Ginza in 1971 and quickly gained its largest foreign audience.
McDonald's entry into the Soviet Union in 1990 was a sign of the end of cold war rivalries and the growing Russian desire for international consumer goods.
The restaurants won a lot of patronage despite their high prices.

Increasing exposure to American movies and shows was involved in cultural globalization.

Movie and amusement park icons like Mickey Mouse had international currency.
Western beauty standards, based on models and film stars, won wide exposure in international beauty contests.
Western images and sounds were spread by MTV.

There were holidays on an international level.

American-style Christmas trappings, including gift giving, lights, and Santa Claus, spread not only to countries of Christian background, like France, but also to places like Muslim Istanbul.
The more traditional Catholic holiday of Al Saints' Day was displaced by American Halloween trick-or-treating.
During the month of self-denial, Muslims began to include greeting cards and presents for children.
The American jingle "happy birthday," with its implications about individualism and entertainment for children, was translated into almost every language.

Consumer internationalization was more than just American.

Japanese rock groups gained a large audience.
For several years, American children could not get enough of the Pokemon toy series.
The most admired woman in Muslim Iran was the opera hero.
South Korea, historically hostile to Japan, was open to popular Japanese music groups and cartoon animation.
European popular culture, including fashion and music groups, gained a lot of popularity around the world.
Korean popular culture, including music, began to penetrate the United States in the early 21st century.

The dress was internationalized to an extent.

There were blue jeans everywhere.
Western clothing was a major export item for Chinese manufacturing.
Western-style items, mostly clothing and shoes, were found in a Chinese market in eastern Russia.

The global epidemic of Obesity was caused by the international expansion of middle-class consumerism.

Resistance to American Obesity was roused by cultural globalization.

McDonald's became a symbol to attack by people who wanted to preserve local standards of food and culture.
Efforts to adapt other forms of global consumer culture, like the beauty pageants, showed the interest in slowing or modifying this aspect of globalization.
The Taliban in Afghanistan moved forcefully against any participation.

Contests over global culture became a standard part of life.

The penetration of cultural globalization varied depending on wealth and the degree of cultural tolerance.

There were limits to the amount of resources that could be used.

There were protests against globalization in December 1999 in Seattle, and they were angry that he couldn't do his Christmas shopping.

The man wasn't arrested after the police pulled the youth away.

Sea turtles and blue-jacketed union folk took off to promote global trade as the throng of to discuss further international tariff cuts in the interests of sea turtles and blue-jacketed union folk took off.

BradSpann, a Longshoreman from Tacoma, Seattle protests and some of the groups involved were described by St. Clair.

Brad winked at the meetings of the World Bank and said, "What the hell do you think of old Hoffa, involving many of the same groups and issues?"

The revolution will begin by sea turtles.

There is a protest pen next to a construction site near the United Methodist Church where 2000 people are gathered for a convention.
The director of the Sierra Club, Carl Pope, was called center after a large stage was erected for a march to the convention earlier.
The opening speech was given by the Earth Island Institute.
More than 500 sea turtle costumes were prepared by The Club for the marchers.

When the WTO tribunal ruled that Friends of the Earth was a threat to environmental laws, the sea turtle became the main symbol of the WTO's Standing.

Blackwelder looks so professional because he is required to be shambling manner.
It was an unfair trade barrier when caught with turtle excluder devices.

The most radical political group on the street was the environmentalists.

labor tired of his fellow green executives in the first showing of a new solidarity.

Don Kegley and environmentalist Ben White excoriated the WTO as a kind of global security force for the march.

After the speechifying most of the marchers headed back to crops and hormone-treated beef.

A group of French farmers formed a scientific committee to evaluate the health and McDonald's, a first step towards condemning U.S. policy on biotech foods.
Jose was the leader.
Still Vernet was in a jolly mood, Bove, a sheep farmer from Millau in southwest France and a lively and rejuvenated, if a little bewildered by the decorous nature leader of Confederation Paysanne, a French environmental of the crowd.
Americans seem to have been out of practice.
He told me that Bove was jailed in France for leading these things.
There is a McDonald's restaurant under construction.

At the time, he was awaiting charges that he destroyed a black Lexus parked on Pine Street, which was occupied by protesters of genetically engineered corn.

Bove said his raid had been avoided.
The U.S. promoted a McDonald's as belonging to a WTO delegate.

The European Union's refusal to import American hormones was joined by David beef.

Jacques Foster, Director for District 11 of the United Steelworkers of Chirac and Friends of the Earth, praised Bove for his defiance.
Bove said he was prepared America, one of the most articulate and unflinching labor to start a militant worldwide campaign against "Frankenstein" leaders in America.
They formed foods earlier this year.
Bove said that the actions will only stop when there is an unlikely union of radical environmentalists.

The groups found bovine growth hormone and had a common enemy: Charles Hurwitz, the corporate crowd broke into the McDonald's and urged raider.

The customers and workers of Hurwitz's company joined the marchers.
The first shot in the battle for Seattle was taken by this northern California timber firm.

Foster told me that the companies that attack the environment most are also the ones that are anti-union.

The international contingent on the marriage might end badly.

French farmers, Korean greens, Canadian wheat growers, Mexican divisions are going to be around forever to heal the wounds and cover up the environmentalists.
There are deep, inescapable issues that will inevitably include environmentalists, Chinese dissidents, Ecuadorian anti-dam pit Steelworkers, and U'wa tribes people from the Columbian rainforest.

Foster danced around the corporate flacks.

It was a dance of denial.

As the march turned up toward the Sheraton, it was beaten seductive to let the broodings in.

Cumming was born in the oil town of Port Arthur, Texas.

What were the main groups involved in globalization?

The 1900-Present of global and local signals was a key development.

Local models were often adapted to foreign models.
McDonald's in India had vegetarian items that were not found elsewhere.
Comic books in Mexico took on Mexican cultural images, including "gringo" supermen.
There were many combinations that emerged.
The development of cultural internationalization was incomplete and complex.

Political institutions are less globalized than technology or business.

There is a gap between political supervision and control.
The UN activity increased in the 1990s.
Multinational military forces were called in after the end of the cold war.
UN forces tried to calm disputes in parts of Africa, the Balkans, and the Middle East.
UN humanitarian intervention is aided by other international groups.

Many countries incorporated international standards into domestic law despite the results of the conferences being not always clear.

Women in many African countries were able to apply to the UN for gender equality as a basis for seeking new property rights in the courts.
The United Nations became more involved in the fight against AIDS in 2001.

The range of the World Health Organization was expanded directly.

There was an outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in east Asia and Canada in 2003 that was met with prompt controls under international guidance.

International nongovernmental organizations were involved in another area of innovation.

The human rights agency started in 1961.

The 1970s saw a rapid proliferation of humanitarian INGOs for human rights, labor, environmental, and other issues.
Internet-based petitions against torture, labor abuses, or the death penalty became standard fare in the 1990s.

Rape was internationally recognized as a war crime by the 1990s, and the range of criteria for INGOs expanded as well.

The importance of organizations in this arena grew as more nations participated in international trade.

After World War II, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund were founded to promote trade.
These organizations were guided by the major industrial powers and offered loans and guidance to developing areas.
During the 1990s and 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 The guidelines were not always welcomed by the regions.
The World Bank was seen as a primary promoter of the capitalist global economy.

The annual meetings of the heads of the seven leading industrial powers promoted global trade and policies toward developing regions.

After 2008, the global structure expanded to include the rising economies of Asia and Latin America in order to acknowledge that leadership from the West and Japan was no longer adequate.

As globalization accelerated, the regional economic arrangements that had blossomed from the 1950s onward became more important.
The European Union led the list, but the North American Free Trade Agreement and other regional consortiums in Latin America and east Asia pushed for lower tariffs and greater economic coordination.

The human impact on the environment was not new, but the global level reached after the 1950s was resistance to globalization and unprecedented.

The impact of new technologies was directly expanded.

Huge tanker ships leaked huge amounts of oil into the ocean.
Tall smokestacks are designed to reduce pollution in the American Midwest or the German Ruhr.
Multinationals are often seeking loose environmental controls.
The pressure to expand production, in agriculture as well as industry, has cut into tropical rain forests in places like Brazil, causing regional economic damage and contributing to global warming.

Expansion of intensive industrial development goals was a key issue.

During the cold war, the Soviet Union and its satellites caused extensive environmental dam age in regions like central Asia.
China's headlong industrial drive raised new concerns.
China's population of over a billion people was building on a resource base that was already severely deplete and degraded.
Much of the smoke that shrouded many cities was caused by industrial growth.
During the 2008 Olympics, Beijing planned to shut down manufacturing operations.
The United States was the greatest air polluter by 2001.

Multinationals based in Japan and the newly industrialized countries of east Asia are taking resources with abandon and the rain forest is disappearing more rapidly than in Brazil, according to reports.

Oxygen is sold in the streets of Mexico City.

The city is on the verge of a world-class bio/technic disaster.

At the turn of the 21st century, environmental issues have emerged as focal points of public debate and government policy in most human societies.

Nuclear chain reactions in the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukranian caused a fireball that blew the steel and concrete lid off of the reactor.

The area surrounding the plant is still contaminated.
Many parts of the former Soviet union were damaged by the Chernobyl catastrophe.

The greenhouse effect caused by the build up in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases has led to a warming of the planet.

Industrial waste and exhaust from cars, trucks, and other machines run by internal combustion engines are some of the main sources of the atmo spheric build up.
Other major sources of the greenhouse effect are both surprising and essential to the survival of large portions of humanity.
Methane is introduced into the atmosphere as a by-product of the stew of fertilized soil and water in rice paddies which feeds a majority of the peoples of Asia.
Flatulent cattle, which produce milk and meat for human populations over much of the globe, release methane.
Other gases have the same effects.
chlorofluorocarbons deplete the ozone layer and remove atmospheric protection from the ultraviolet rays coming from the sun.

Major shifts in temperatures and precipitation will be caused by global warming if scientific predictions are correct.

Fertile and well-watered areas are highly productive in food for humans and animals.
The most densely populated areas in the world are likely to be flooded if computer simulations are correct.
Many areas will be altered as climates change.
The rapid melting of glaciers in the Himalayas threatens to deprive India and China of water for irrigation.
Desert flora, scrub, and tropical vegetation can be used to replace the tress that die off in many regions.
Many animal species will become extinct if they can't adapt to rapid climate change.
The extinction of species has accelerated in recent decades.

In the 1990s and early 2000s, many species have disappeared before they could be listed on the international list.

Disease is usually involved in changes in global contacts.

The AIDS epidemic was spread by rapid international travel.
AIDS spread to the United States and western Europe, but southern and eastern Africa were hit the hardest.
In places like Brazil, the epidemic took on larger proportions.
The rate of increase in parts of Asia and Russia began to accelerate in the early 21st century.
These were areas that initially felt safe but where global contact eventually brought new levels of harm.
In 2003 there were fears of another global outbreak.
The response of international organizations proved essential.

The problem of contagious disease remained less severe than other epidemics associated with global contacts, although some experts warned of even greater disease problems in the future.

Disease may have been replaced by environmental issues on the global scale.

Disease patterns have long been characteristic of established industrial societies.

The leading source of mortality was replaced by diseases like heart disease and cancer.
The diseases were hard to control and accompanied growing life expectancy.
There are no clear solutions to the health concerns highlighted by global developments.

The 20th environmental concerns led to a new protest movement because of globalization.

The meetings of the World Bank and the industrial leaders were more than a century ago.
Huge demonstrations and some violence mark nationalism and religion.

The anti-globalization protests began in Seattle in 1999 and continued at key gatherings thereafter.

Protesters came from all over the world.
Many people believed that rapid global economic development was threatening the environment.
The use of cheap labor by international corporations was blasted as damaging to labor conditions in industrial nations.
Another target was rampant consumerism.

Critics claimed that globalization was working to benefit rich nations and not the majority of the world's population.

The top quarter of the world's population grew richer during the 1990s while the rest of the people continued to suffer.
The division operated between regions, widening the gap between rich and poor.
Income gaps were on the rise in parts of western Europe and the United States.
The supporters and opponents of globalization had disagreements.

In the age of globalization, there is a growing gap between rich and poor.

There is a homeless person on a Hong Kong sidewalk.

The shared interests looked forward to dramatic shifts in disputes over limited resources, which would carry the day.

The lines of argument were related.

The "end of However, history suggests that capitalism is not necessarily com history" concept emphasizes the new dominance of the democratic patible with democracy: The drive for material wealth has often led form of government.
According to this view, the contest among to corruption within democratic societies is draining the effectiveness of the political and economic systems.
The greatest advocate of communism was over and democracy will end in the triumph of capitalism, according to the Harvard economist world.
With this, the need for basic questioning about political insti Francis Fukayama, has voiced concern that growing disparity of tutions would also end.

People understand the horror of war.

The argument has no precedent.
Just predictions could not be proved, for example, as democracy resolves internal conflicts through votes.

They argue that people don't vote for wars of aggression because they don't like defense against attack.

The 21st century began with several trends against globalization.

Nationalism is one.
Many nations were bypassed by globalization, but many were less powerful than multinational corporations.
The erosion of traditions was opposed by many countries.
The French government was against the inclusion of English words in the French language.

Many Chinese families began to pay for private Confucian lessons for their children to remember cultural traditions that were important to them.

European countries tried to regulate the number of immigrants from Africa, Asia, and the West Indies in order to preserve dominance for families and workers of European background.

A provision for regulation against war crimes was one of the international treaties that the United States rejected.

China and other states objected to international criticism of their internal policies.

Even though North Korea was almost entirely isolated, other nations tried to stand out against global trends.

Indonesia's health ministry worked to prevent the World Health Organization from testing for new diseases.
Several Latin American countries opposed the efforts of international economic organizations to interfere with domestic economic policies.

The most interesting challenge to globalization in the final decades of the 20th century was religion.

Most religious movements were not opposed to globalization, but they were against any uniform global culture.
They made suspicions of the sexuality and consumerism highlighted in many manifestations of globalization.

Orthodox Christianity was one of the religions that people returned to after the fall of communism.

The region was also visited by Protestant fundamentalists from the United States.
In parts of Latin America, Protestant fundamentalism spread quickly.
Hindu nationalist politicians captured the nation's presidency in the 1990s.
Despite the government's brutal suppression of the Falun Gong, it won wide support in China.

In the Middle East and nearby parts of Africa and south central Asia, fundamentalists gained ground in Islam.

After the 2001 terrorist attack, the Taliban lost control of the state in Afghanistan, initially in opposition to the Soviets, but eventually in favor of the Americans.

Islamic fundamentalists argued for a return to religious law, opposing more secular governments in the region.

Even though many religious leaders used new global technologies such as the Internet, religious fundamentalism ran counter to globalization.

It seemed to appeal to groups who were left behind in the global economy.
Even in religious traditions that had historically been open, fundamentalists tended to increase intolerance.
Hindu fundamentalism was more exclusive than in the past, and more eager to seek support from the state.
As the 21st century opened, the balance between globalization and religious traditionalism was unclear.

Regional conflicts were caused by religious differences.

Ethnic rivalries in the former Yugoslavia were complicated by Catholic, Serbian Orthodox, and Muslim differences.
There were battles between Muslims and Christians in Indonesia and the Sudan, as well as battles between Hindus and Muslims in India.
Tensions between Israel and Lebanon were caused by Judaism and Islam.
Middle Eastern instability was caused by conflicts between Sunnis and Shi tes within Islam.
Patterns of tolerance were strained in many areas.

The terrorism was aimed against globalization.

Most of the religious movements were not terroristic, but were defined by their opposition to globalization.

The Taliban in Afghanistan were viewed as crude and excessive by many Iranian religious leaders who were eager to support religious law.
Secular regimes in the Middle East were more important to religious leaders than global ones.
Alternative identities and standards were provided by fundamentalists.
Many societies debated about what kind of future people should strive for.

In the 21st century, there were two faces of globalization, one in the United States and the other in the Arab world.

Corporations located regional offices there were similar to the citizens of Dubai.
The city was very hot and very humid.

There is an obvious side to the march of gleaming city centers in protest.

There was more than one face.
The immigrants from Pakistan, Palestine and other places built the global economy.
The picture shows that the Philippines had low pay.
Both sides had few citizens.

Human beings want to know what the future holds.

Various societies looked to the stars for predictions, and astrology still has partisans in the contemporary world.

Many Chinese scholars developed a cyclical approach to believing in cycles, which predicted the future would repeat patterns seen in the past.

Other societies think the future will be the same as the past, but Western culture believes in progress.

History shows the futility of many forecasting efforts.

Over half of the expert forecasts made in the United States since World War II have been wrong.
By 2000 most Americans would be riding to and from work in a airship, or that families would be replaced by promiscuous communes, according to predictions.
History can provide the basis for thinking about the future.

The assessment of trends that are likely to continue for several decades is the most obvious connection between history and the future.

We know that global population growth will slow down because it is already slowing.
There are many forecasts that show stabilization by the year 2050.
The percentage of older citizens will increase as populations become older.
This is already happening in western Europe, the United States, and Japan as birth rates decline.
We don't know how societies will respond to the demands of older people or how the environment will change when the global population increases.
Unexpected events, like wars, can throw off trend-based forecasts.
The experts were wrong for at least two decades when they said that the American birth rate would fall because it was already falling.
The rise of Chinese or Indian economic power in coming decades builds on existing trends.

When the trends are fragile, trend-based forecasting is even more difficult.

The late 20th century saw a genuine global spread of democracy.
Predicting the triumph of this form of government was possible.
It was difficult to be sure that democracies were secure in parts of Latin America.
The hold of earlier, less democratic political traditions or the pressure of economic stagnation might cause the trend to be overthrown.

Forecasting is difficult when there are two different trends.

The 20th century saw a rise in consumerism, which spread to all parts of the world.
Mass media, sports, and global fashions appeal across traditional boundaries.
The last 30 years have seen an increase in religious interest in many parts of the world.
Some people participate in both trends, but their priorities are different.

The world's future has been looked at in terms of stark departures from its past by some analysts.

They argue that trend analysis isn't adequate because we are on the verge of a major shift in framework.

The population bomb analysis won a lot of attention in the 1960s.

The argument was that rapid population growth was about to overwhelm all other developments, leading to resource depletion, new wars over resources, and a world far different from what we had previously known.
Other forecasts of dramatic climate change and resource exhaustion provide a dire picture of the world's future in which other issues, like the fate of particular political systems, fade in importance.

The vision of a postindustrial world is a scenario that has enjoyed a lot of popularity.

The conditions of industrial society are being undermined by computer technology, genetic engineering, and other technological advances according to some pundits.
Information is the key to economic growth.
A new premium for leisure will be created when work becomes more individualized and less time consuming.
Critics also express doubts.

Many parts of the world are not industrial.

Work doesn't seem to be heading toward less routine; for example, computers promote repetitious activities as much as new creativity.
The jury is still out, as always, with intriguing predictions of massive change.

One of the reasons prediction is difficult is that world history has undergone many fundamental changes over the past century.

The dominance of western Europe, for centuries a staple of world history, is a thing of the past.
There is a question about the world balance that will replace Western control.

Significant changes for women around the world are due to improvements in women's education and the decline of the birth rate.

It's true that the pace of change varies with the region.
Legal and political rights to women have been given by many regions.

It's difficult to forecast because of continued disputes about women's work roles, significant male backlash against change, and even disputes by women themselves about the relevance of an individualism Western model for women's lives.

It's hard to know the results of continued change.

We have seen that globalization can fail as it did in the 20th century.

The fate of individual as it participates in the global economy is a key question for the future.

The political characteristics of key civilizations for over 5000 years have been reflected in the history of the world.
Not everyone has been part of a major civilization in the Japanese civilization, but with an emphasis on group identity, it's not easy to define.
The personal goals emphasized in the 21st century are not the same as the characteristics of the United States.
Major religions like Hinduism and Islam are starting to blend together.
Business people feel more commitment to their professional when they see scientists, athletes, and other people mark their regions.

Downtowns of most cities around the world look the same.

The same products, stores, and restaurants can be found in most urban areas.

Globalization may be ahead of regional labels.

Is nationalism still important in the Middle East?

There have been many dramatic events in the Contemporary Period T. It's not easy to sort out the main points.

There is a lot of time to talk about short-term versus long-term change.
These were important developments at the time, but they are not easy to define.

Identifying the big themes beneath internal sub periods like the interwar decades or the cold war years is a key challenge.

Although not entirely steady, the advancement of globalization is ongoing through the period.
The process of replacing older political and social systems with newer patterns is offered by a host of revolutions and independence movements.
The burst of global industrialization in recent decades was prepared by policies such as import substitution or Japanese exploitation of Korean manufacturing.
The population explosion had its own effects on the environment and urbanism.

Sometimes massive violence of the period calls for assessment.

During the first decade of the 21st century, some observers claimed that the rate of violence was declining, with very few wars and resolutions of ethnic tensions in some places.

It's difficult to handle cultural developments for the contemporary period.

The spread of Marxism, as well as the retreat of Marxism, is one of the large patterns of change.
The rate of cultural interaction went up a lot.
The religious response was an important theme.

The question of when the contemporary period will end is always posed.

There is an obvious opportunity for debate.

Compare the results of communism in Russia and China.

After difficult words,nunciation guidance is provided in square brackets.

The table below has the symbols used for pronunciation.

Renown for administrative systems that became typical of captured Russians, who monopolized firearms his knowledge of the nomadic tribes who then Mughal rule in India.

Black politi dom tried to establish a one-god religion of Muhammad Ahmad as leader of the Mahdists in South Africa, but was defeated by the policies of apartheid.

The 1990s were declared illegal in South Africa.

The importance of tradition and technology was recognized as a result of the Emerged as the for adoption of Western scientific learning and need for adoption of Western scientific learning majority party in the all-white South African technology.

Philip II was the Successor of Philip II.

There were 8500 contradictions within established doctrine.

Government gathering to agriculture.

During the 17th century, the head of a Sudanic Sufi Brilliant Islamic theologian struggled to bring Europe together, claimed descent from the prophet Greek and Qur'anic traditions, and proclaimed both Egyptians and accepted by Ulama.

The society claimed descent from the gods and eventually formed the United States of America.

The president of Egypt was elected after the fall of Mamluks and began a series of socialist reforms.

The state of Buenos nople was replaced in 1848.

The teacher of Alexander the Great and Greek banks flourished in the southwestern United States.

Turkish military forces against the United States of America in the form of Protestantism set the stage for Latin America to become an up in England after 1534, over a mil alternative to radical political solutions.

During the reign of Chandragupta Maurya, the Abbasid caliphs attempted to use spies and assassins, reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid republics, and resulted in British rule.

One of the regional dynasties was linked under Osei Tutu.

There were people who renunciation the plea economically.

The first application of Industrial Revolution pay of the Marcos regime resulted in abolition of slavery in the leaders of the popular movement that toppled conquests of Indian subcontinent and reunification of North.

New religion spread in the South.

Prior to inter American colonies along Atlantic sea nance in the army in 1882, there was a dival regime to call in British forces for support.

The leader of the Golden Horde located in Iraq near the ancient Persian capital of the forces of the Golden Horde helped break up the Turkish republic in 1923.

Turkey is using Western models.

World War II alli of Mamluk forces at Ain Jalut were originally of Ali and Umayyads, but they were sold to Egyptians.

Hitler's last-ditch effort to right of all people to choose the form of govern the Minamoto following the Gempei Wars; repel the invading Allied armies in the winter of ment under which they live indicated sympathy centered at Kamakura.

The samurai was established by the court of appeals.

The initial settlement over Umayyads resulted in the conquest of Syria.

The British minister's grandsons were responsible for and ultimately bishop of Hippo in Africa, and they were promised support for the invasion of Russia.

There are movements to create issues.

The people of this linguistic group were supported or created by the United States in Basil's rules in Byzantine Empire.

The kingdom is located in Ethiopia and subservient to the U.S. interests.

The powerful city-state came into contact with the Por lands and was replaced by Meroe in the first century.

European influence, commercial and sula were converted to Christianity.

Eight armies of the Manchu Hulegu combined with the growing power of societies that recognized some form of kinship; tribes identified by separate flags, created by Mamluks in Egypt, and utilized to defeat conquest.

The Qing dynasty was established by the Ming emperor.

Immigration from East Berlin to West Ber was the result of political anarchy in eastern Nigeria after the fall of the Ottomans.

The role of faith in India was emphasized.

All of Mespota was unified from 1934 to 1944, and then returned to presidency in 1952.

Shiva and Vishnu were the Dutch colony at shipped gods.

There is a conflict with Bantus.

The economic system based on profit was murdered in India between France and Britain.

Headed Christian churches and northern portions of Balkan peninsula; con coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for regional centers and supervised the activities of a source of pressure on Byzantine empire; limited success in other churches within the jurisdictional area.

Slender, long-hulled vessels were used in the 14th century to reduce Europe's small kingdoms from fortresses.

Private armies are built up by the German term for lightning warfare.

Empire following collapse of western half of old holiness during their lifetimes; prayers even after death and settlement; served as experimental region empire; retained Mediterranean culture.

After 8th an expedition to India, the Royal house of Franks was blown off course in the 1500 government of Cape Colony.

Dutch settlers in Cape Colony overthrew the republic and were assassinated in 44 b.c.e.

Regional kingdoms of the Creole military officer in northern South Company in Bengal in Indian subcontinent, Iberian Peninsula, and pressed reconquest of penin America, won a series of victories in Venezuela, located on the Ganges, and eventually united under Columbia.

The Russian Marxist political sedentary agriculture was based on the early urban culture that distributed land and provided labor.

The French Protestant had a higher degree of social stratification.

Under his rule, the French empire was defeated and influence was lost.

One of the two port cities of the Euro Reformation, established coun control by Europeans and the power of provin peans, was allowed to trade in China during the cils that revived Catholic doctrine.

The last French premier was in small regional kingdoms.

The social relationship that wished to create a strong, centralized national ist party in China in the mid-1920s became wealthy Roman landholders who offered protection governments with broad powers in return for financial aid to lesser citizens.

The relationship between the chiefdoms flourished from 800 to 1465 c.e.

The Soviet Union and the United States were defeated.

Beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and 1990 are based on the creation of political spheres driven into the highlands by the successful Viet earth placed in frames made of cane and root of influence and a nuclear arms race rather than namese drive to the south.

Irrigation agriculture utilized by Aztecs is known as Zen in Japan.

Most of the Islamic world was centralized by the Indian subcontinent.

British resistance to German air assaults was supported by the Spanish monarch.

Conservative Roman nationalist party after decline of VNQDD in administrative, and military reforms in Spain senator; 1929 philosopher; one of great orators; led in late 1920s by Nguyen Ai Quoc, alias and its empire.

The advisors of the government of merchants under the Qing dynasty, who specialized in battle of Tours in 732, ended Muslim Diaz, who was influenced by the import-export trade on China's south threat to western Europe.

The Chinese philosopher was born in 6th century b.c.e.

Newly seized lands in Russia were the focus of the meeting.

The frontier conquests disputes were spurred by the large Persianquests.

The Spanishtianity to unify empire was the subject of a kingdom developed among Fon or king.

American-born descendants of virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to control coastline and port of Whydah by saltwater slaves; result of sexual exploitation of to America and handled much of the silver 1727; accepted western firearms and goods in slave women.

Between 1854 and the present.

The capital of the man empire was a Syrian city, while Russia was against France and the British had control of the legislature in Umayyad caliphate.

Russia was defeated in the Gold Coast.

Under Alexander II, voyages were made to Russian reforms.

The unified kingdom was established by a Biologist.

The movement of the Christian sect of Egypt resulted in armed violence.

Aryan name for indigenous people of the world enjoyed profit from the world economy, but failed to eliminate the debts of the valley.

Along with Doric and Ionian, de Klerk helped to dis the most ornate of the three styles.

The movement started on spiritual matters.

The political revolt in Russia was led by middle-level army officers who were gold and was called off in 1824.

The Enlightenment figure best known for his work tories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control was adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution.

During the Scientific Revolution in eastern Europe, the role of divinity was to set, which gave the Viet Minh control of northern Vietnam.

The alliance formed by Athens after Meiji reforms was able to pass laws and established during World War I, but military defeats led to the downfall of the treasury on the island of Delos.

Across cultures and regions, the trading states are the most powerful.

The class of prosperous business and pro first appeared in western Europe and United India.

The Tang ruler was 690-705 years old.

The only port Island in Nagasaki Bay was where the statues of Buddha were created.

The goddess of Hinduism is widely to pay a tribute or provide labor.

His extensive and spread of Guptas was responsible for their integration into widely-read writings on the plight of blacks in new emotionalism in religious ritual.

Grant of Indian laborers made to career determined by a person's birth; Hindu in the United States and African resistance to Spanish conquerors and settlers required that one accept their social colonialism.

During the 18th century, Arab sailing vessels with triangular or trade in Asia acted as virtually independent tered in France.

A group of Japanese scholars have rational laws.

The first literary epic in Mexican politics for 35 years was written down in 2000.

The social organization created a revolt against the Hausa kingdoms and became a polititian by exchanging grants of land or fiefs for a formal state centered on Sokoto.

It was published during Later Han.

Began as European Eco ies concerning laws of gravity and planetary protection and aid to lesser lords in return for Common Market, which was condemned by the Catholic church for military service.

Large, heavily armed ships used to economic entity across national boundaries in States and various European and Middle East carry silver from New World colonies to Spain.

During World War I, peasants and artisans of western al Muslims were required to fast and confess their faith.

Europe features late marriage age, emphasis during the holy month of Ramadan, and haj.

Stalin's plans to speed up indus of the West Indies never married.

The bureaucracy of the colonies created intendants ations, including the family patriarch's sons, and led to massive state-planned industrialization.

European trading fortresses and provided credit vouchers to merchants to be dhi; instal ed as a figurehead prime minister compounds with resident merchants; utilized redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced by the Congress party bosses in 1966; a strong throughout Portuguese trading empire to assure ger.

Politics became her sons' philosophy.

Coffee estates spread within ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman cal allies who attempted to seize control of interior of Brazil between 1840 and 1860.

The intensification of slavery in Brazil was caused by the Communist government in China from the major export commodity for Brazilian pragmatists.

African American political regulation introduced freedom of religion, increased state leader, and had a major impact on emerging Africanernments rather than centralized national control of economy.

It resulted in the destruction of Taira.

There were secret police in Nazi Germany in the summer of 1952.

The first great sub-Saharan state was created in western Europe at the end of the 19th century and resulted in the overthrow of the Soninke people by the 9th century.

The most radical phase of the French Revolution tion in the Soviet Union was the economic policy of Mao.

Sun Yat-sen founded the Nationalist party in 1960.

The Chinese criminal underworld was initially forged.

The Cape Colony of southern Africa formed an alliance with the Communists in 1924, which led to the downfall of the British government.

The Dynasty succeeded the Kushans and Natal.

The site of the Portuguese factory and fortified trade bezi is less central than the Mauryan Empire.

The court of the Guptas had a Byzantine weapon.

It was used to drive the Arab fleets back to Russia.

The Ottoman empire was dismantled in the politics of Latin America.

The Emperor of Mexico was following the Balkans.

Liberal revolutionaries executed under 1985; renewed attacks on Stalinism; urged in Europe to focus on environmental issues.

During the Middle Ages in western Europe, an architectural style that developed seed strains, fertilizers, and irrigation as a means for consumers in America, and of producing higher yields in crops such as rice, power for local aristocracy.

The military force engaged in trying to free church from interference of feu to introduce land and citizenship reform within violent resistance to British presence in Pales dal lords was killed on the command of tine in the 1940s.

Along constructed in Constantinople during the reign of oral historians who served as keepers of tradi.

Income from trade South America as a result of military successes responsible for codification of law came from an independent state created in the ruler of the Babylonian empire.

The Carthaginian general successfully invaded Italy during the Second Punic War.

It was built in the 7th century.

The original centers of Chinese civilization were linked in 1967.

The primary social unit of the crisis following World War I was the col ship, regulated apprenticeship, and divisions of tribes consisting of a lapse of the American stock market in 1929.

The ruler who followed the Guptas in India was introduced as a method of humane.

The people of northern Nigeria formed 1200 b.c.e.

The warrior family was allied with Mina large center for regional chiefdoms between 300 moto and 900 c.e.

The Minamoto rulers who claimed to rule in a large ceremonial center supported extensive civilization that flourished between 300 and 100 names of the Japanese emperor at Kyoto.

Attempted to reestablish for Spartan land, only semifree, resulted in deaths of 6 million Jews.

The Aztec tribal patron god is the central figure of the cult of tury.

Focus on humankind as center South Africa designated for ethnolinguistic hih-DAL-goh; Mexican priest who established of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of groups within the black African population; independence movement among American study that emphasized the superiority of classi such areas tend to be overpopulated.

The son and successor of Babur emerged as the most successful at the end of the eral under Nobunaga.

The major commercial center, alliances that made him military master of Japan land and France from 1337 to 1453, and the conflict between Britain and the People's Republic in 1590 all died in 1598.

The mixture of Arabs was given a name to convince them to support Britain.

The religion of India from last centu ure to keep promise was the main religion of the first Ming emperor.

The example of huge industrial groups, such as the Zhu Yuanzhang, drove out the influence of the Mongols and restored the position of scholar-gentry in South Korea.

The first island in the Caribbean was a vertical economic organization.

After 1946, the prophet and teacher had a cycle of three generations.

The initiation of exploration of New Revolution of 1965, arrested and imprisoned for together to create new concepts, is typical of Chi World.

The title of shogun was granted to Japan in the 16th century.

The major world religion had its beginnings in the National Congress party and became leader but may have been the work of many authors.

Shi'ism says rulers who could hurt Pakistan.

A group of clans are centered at Cuzco.

Spanish forces of independence created a view of Islamic territories.

The whole was contributed by the Napoleonic invasion of 1808 to 1820.

The Misnomer was created by Columbus of Moscow.

The deity of the Aryans is depicted as a merce and culture.

Chinese ships were often political in nature and wanted to maintain a Russian culture distinct century.

Most of the Yellow River basin was annexed by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV.

A new religious order was founded that was more ornate than the Doric Empire but less active in politics.

The shrine describes the division between free and Asia.

The site of Husayn's death and the creation of an independent repub son of Ali marked the beginning of the Shi'a resistance.

The amount of merits accumulated by Stalin's successor as head of U.S.S.R.

In southern Russia, a trade city established a retreat from society into nature.

The kingdom of Russia has a leading focal point.

The previous Rus Dominican friar supported peaceful con 1950s.

The pit in Anasazi and other com of dhows by long booms, which tlers, came to power only after suppression of religious meetings by the Land Freedom Army.

An astronomer and northern Korea, he established an independent and peace organization in the Treaty of mathematician who was a prominent figure in kingdom in the northern half of the peninsula that ended World War I.

The United States in the peace negotiations was never a member of the Kingdom.

The authoritarian gov of the prophet Muhammad was established during the 1950's and was supported by the U.S.S.R. and later People's Action party.

The Republic of China is supported by the South.

During the tory in 1571, domesticated animals were allowed to trade in China.

European importation of larger animals in 15th state that survived mfecane was originally organized under century c.e.

The basis for unification of Greece and Britain was served by the prime minister of Great.

Blending images of the mundane world government came from the people.

The University of Beijing saw peasants as tural communities.

The center of Communist power moved rights against monarchical claims, as well as tained independence from the Song dynasty in China.

The Chinese version of Buddhism emphasized the importance of Buddha as a god life and the representation of propertied people in the French Revolution.

The colony was a Catholic one.

Western India peoples rebelled against the Mughals in the 18th century and wanted to turn China into a liberal town on the tip of the Malayan penin.

The southern Asian islands have a classic culture.

The Empire was centered between the paid volunteers in his army rather than citizen with Teotihuacan, and extended over a broad region, and created military force with personal featured monumental architecture.

The city was founded by Jalut in 1260 and is located in a mountainous region of Egypt.

The power of Hawaiian ali'i came from a pilgrimage point in Islam.

Cosmic diagrams, vehicle for American eco fruit, and refuge for Hindu belief system were part of the war's destruction.

Muhammad is following the flight from Mecca.

The Byzantine empire remained under the control of governments that were out of power.

Government promotion of limitation of leader of African National Congress party, along with a growing eco imports from other nations and internal econo worked with the ANC leadership.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, there were hints of mass consumerism in Europe.

After the ANC won the first genuinely that a ruler's and kingdom's power depended on the 18th century onward, economists argued most clearly in Western Europe.

The belief of the government of Industrial Revolution was that it would rule the music halls, popular theater, vacation trips, and exchanges with other nations.

The principal crop of 1955 was one of the staple crops of sedentary, which led to the formation of agricultural cooperative.

The system described the eco regions of Java in the 17th century.

A culture in which young men China advocated rural reform and role of sionary sent by Byzantine government to east upon marriage influenced Europe and the Balkans.

The Dynasty established in Indian sub Guomindang purges in 1920s and is responsible for the creation of a written script for the 4th century b.c.e.

Great Leap forward was promised in 1958.

Resistance to Japa resources, guaranteed the rights of workers, and to New Zealand from Society Islands as early as nese encroachments in China began on this date placed restrictions on clerical education.

The last of the mound irrigation agriculture and writing almost ten years from 1910 resulted in the removal of building cultures of North America.

The opposition forces led between 800 and 1300 c.e.

They were educated by both Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

Legislative council lands are assigned to labor.

The organization of southern Africa was established in India.

There is little indi sources of protein during this time.

Between 200 and 700 c.e., slaves traveled from Africa to the valley.

The region and the agriculture were declared in India.

During the Middle Ages, a heavy plow was introduced to govern Europe and allow the control of northern India.

The Islamic ruler of the Songhay Empire became the location for gold rush.

Baghdad was killed by Abbasid caliph in 1258 in the southern island of Philippines.

Succeeded a civilization.

Local mosque officials and prayer ern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated European country to colonize in the Americas leaders within the Safavid empire; agents of efforts on internal development within China.

Seasonal winds crossing the Indian nies, mainly from the West or Pacific Rim, with Confucianism.

Students from the Chinese government were lured by multinational companies after World War II.

The scholars were preserved.

Located on the eastern slopes of the Andes and entombed in the Taj Mahal, a Hindu writer of religious poetry.

Egypt was invaded by the Napoleonics and suffered from colonial cultures.

The foreign policy of the Egyptian nationalists is to reverse humiliation of the system.

Islam fostered strikes and riots against the unit in Mexico and Central America.

The southeast and southwest of the present-day gins in western Europe have a political viewpoint.

The first fascist government gravity was created by the Italian fascist leader after lished principles of motion.

The East India Company, who went briefly approved by the United States, had a name given to them by the British.

The industrialized nations' adventurer after the fall of the Safavid dynasty in support retook southern Vietnam and proclaimed himself shah in 1736.

Along with Heian, capital of the Yamato teachings in Song era China, there was a great impact on the traditional dynasty of Trinh in north at emperors.

The first pharaoh of Egyptian Old King Chinese rulers was less receptive to political opposition and dom.

The Christian sect was found in Asia.

Polish monk and 1952 enacted land reforms and used state in preference to Byzantine rule, cut off astronomer and ousted Brit Europe by Muslim invasions.

A major commercial outpost was created at the Buddhist state of enlightenment.

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Between the British and 10,000 people, who were located in Brazil during the 17th, fought to protect the century.

civilized societies were brought about by an organization.

A person is representing the god.

An aspect of American inter powers plus Canada in a defensive alliance the god that had predictive value if the Soviets attacked Latin America resulted from the United against them.

In return for a grant to exclusive tual movement of northern Europe, shamans or priests in Chinese society movement foretold the future through interpretations rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus.

The Pacific oceans were completed in 1914.

It was originated in the Renaissance.

There are bodies of Shi Huangdi.

The Manchu banner was attached to military contingents at all levels.

The capital of an empire that spanned ered relationship between germs and disease in Manchuria and lasted over 600 years was created by a French scientist.

The military campaigns that gave the Inka's control of the environment fed on the natural environment and shaped the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake populous.

Region including Japan, South to men, societies run by men and based on the Chinggis Khan, typified assumption that men naturally directed politi gan of the Mongols due to his father's death.

Russians who refused to accept Confucian values were traced through the male line.

Slaves and precious metals were transported in double canoes during the 17th century.

Chinese Communist politicians were born in Spain.

Great Leap forward dominated the northern half of Korea.

The three districts that retained independence as a communist state had most of the Inca possessions fall to the Spanish.

The rise of British control over the People's Republic of China was marked by a mythical Christian monarch victory.

This mythical ruler was believed to be a communist.

The Party of the Institutionalized Revolution was formed in 1949 following military success of Mao the material world, and was later developed into a gov dominant political party in Mexico.

Food or industrial crops were restructured in the U.S.S.R. in the late 1980s.

One-third of women in Argentina had at least one husband, and the military leader in Argentina ensured compliance.

Marriage practice in which one hus access to producing property; typically manu poor; became president in 1946; forced into band had several wives; practiced in Aryan society.

In Europe in 1973, there were islands contained in a rough tri economy.

The head of the Christian sent against the Catholic church was generally held to be in favor of opening ports to American trade.

Many varieties of American trade with Japan were included in the combination of socialist and Catholic beliefs.

Proto-globalization was ruled from 1689 to social reform because of continued strength of term, but fell from power in 1938.

Huge growth in popu particularly in trade, while also distinguishing changing aspects of economy and lation in western Europe beginning about 1730; the patterns from the more intense exchanges culture through imitation of western European prelude to Industrial Revolution.

An Italian author and observation and scientific approach to problems of textile and metal products, working at home, became part of the Western Renaissance.

One of the great epic tales from the Ming emperors was a skilled scientist who won few con the two major chains of the Andes mountains.

Wars after Muhammad's b.c.e.

The military organization built strikes.

Leon Trotsky led the seclusion of Indian women.

The salvationist background was emphasized.

Student brigades are used by public buildings.

The name was given to the followers of Rome.

Their distinctive red headgear is one of the reasons they are a pure hunting society.

Several popular assembly passed legislation.

The Chinese of Old Kingdom Egypt used to bury members of the middle class.

Russia ruled until to the west and compelled tribute from Vietnam at the end of Time of Troubles.

The artistic and literary movement utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system; all aspects of social life; increasingly associated of the 19th century in Europe; held that emotion could contain numerical and other types of with revivalist movements in a number of world and impression, not reason,

Mass civil disobedi wanted to show passions, not calm reflection.

The strongman leader ended British control of India.

The leader of the Indian War II, Syngman Rhee, proclaimed himself the Sultan of India in the early 19th century.

The idea of establishing a monopoly over the slave trade in Europe during the 19th century was advocated after the 1950s.

The founder of the first kingdom of Russia was based on movement against the U.S. occupation forces.

The national hero was assassinated by the Nicaraguan National base in the schools or universities in 1934.

After a brief period of military dominance, Korea was annexed by Japan in 1910.

During the 1960s, the union of independent Peru and dence was established by a Turkic nomadic group.

Some people advocated independence.

The Chinese peasant organization in Iran lasted until 1722.

The start of World War I was caused by the desert running across the northern spark.

The dynasty that ruled from the west was led by provincial leaders.

Sultan who ruled Ottoman empire of Christian lifestyles built up treasury of the rise of Muhammad in order to improve admin merit that could be tapped by more ordinary Islamic expansion.

The practice was overthrown by Janissaries in 1807.

Mounted troops of the Japanese war were deployed throughout India.

Born in Argentina and specialized in sedentary to 1980.

The Chinese class created by demonstrated courage and a means to restore ment named after Augusto Sandino successfully married the local land holding family honor.

The system is based on the feeling of anti-Muslim.

There are large numbers of European migrants who made eastern part of peninsula, defeated Koguryo Julian and Gregorian calendars, as well as Mayas who con the colonized areas their permanent home along with their Chinese Tang allies, submitted structed solar calendar.

The Polish labor movement started in inhabitants.

Lech Walesa challenged the U.S.S.R. in the 1970s.

The Athenian reformer of the 6th century resulted in the seizure of Vietnam.

Farmers were forbidden from enslavement for debt.

It was written by Firdawsi in late 10th 1895 and resulted in Japanese victory.

Russian author critical of the and early 11th century, relates history of Persia Japanese imperial aims because of Western Soviet regime but also of Western materialism.

The patrilineal nature of Islamic under Sunni Ali is the last of the able rulers.

His late 5th-century inheritance led to the Gupta dynasty.

The group in Russia has knowledge of Zhou in Chinese history.

There is a division of economics within Islam.

During the Industrial Revolu Spain and the United States began in 1898, a war was fought between ecological adaptation in which temporary forms in western Europe began.

Devotees worshiped numerous gods and spirits in western Europe during the 19th century, but wealth and land remained in the hands of men.

The god of destruction and production is a Hindu deity.

The military leaders of the bakufu were anti-Western and related formal culture to the people.

War II furthered cold war with western Europe and the fall opened up southeastern Asia based on race.

African societies had mixed races.

The Athenian philosopher lacked political power and dramatized authority.

Meeting among lead memorate triumphs and events in the lives of based on the organization of labor, imported in the United States, Britain, and the Soviet rulers.

The opening of a new ments in Latin America was agreed to by the European political union in 1943.

The center of state religion was located at Cuzco and held sonal bravery due to strict discipline of the body and per anese monarch.

The marshy island in Lake Tex was founded in 1325 to appease the peasantry and became the center of Aztec power.

Under the population of as many as 200,000, some kingdoms developed refuge for the Nationalist Chinese regime.

The Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan helped to keep independence with the help of the United States after the 1950s.

It was originally built as a 40 percent of Japanese males.

European investors financed the war in the Holy 1869.

The intervention of British into Egyptian politics was the first novel in any language, and relates life history and the emperor and his ally, Spain.

China emerged from strong rulers.

The most powerful way stations in Western countries were used by the Incans.

One-third of the Dynasty that succeeded the Sui included spring grains.

The Umayyads supported the Mongols, who captured Russian cities and established religious and artistic within Islam.

The Peasant revolution in nationalism in India should be based on appeals suffrage, which was actually controlled by the Communist southern Vietnam during the late 1770s.

The Trinh dynasty of northern tions was overthrown by a Dutch plantation on the coast of South America.

Just off of guerrilla resistance is the port city of Maldive.

The population of 50,000 was contained in a library chiefdom.

The status quo was supported by the ties of all parties.

They agreed to reestablish their authority and ended with 10.

The legacy of distrust of the Oyoko clan of Akan peoples in the Gold Coast leader of Turkic nomads began in the United States.

In 1763 there were attacks in India and Persia.

The god of rain was signed between the two cycles.

Succeeded Teotihuacan culture possession in New World, reserved Brazil and all Islam, pressed for a more conservative and in central Mexico, strongly militaristic ethic newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portu restrictive theology, and granted all lands.

The leader of the Bolshevik Revolution was linked to Africa.

The clan established a dynasty under the losing struggle for power and went into exile in the Roman republic.

The Dynasty that ruled in north Vietnam Islam, from 1533 to 1772, had a degree of political unity.

The socialist republics of Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Germany were established at the end of 1923 in various ethnic regions of Russia.

In Germany, Italy, and the part of European alliance system in the Soviet Union were important for its subjects.

The expansion of the empire to its government resulted in the ousting of reform tial indigenous populations.

According to the season, American president from moving from one region to another was to provide a forum for negotiating 1945 to 1952; less eager for smooth relations.

The architect of American diplomacy that culture, performed tasks that were considered creatures in the supernatural realm, and initiated the cold war, was the lowest social caste in Hindu religious traditions.

The revolt broke out in 39 c.e.

during the 1870s rule.

The sleeping sickness carried by the political system in late lands appealed to Christians to mount a military assault on Italy that promoted pastoralism in western and central Africa.

After World War II, the European state in economic policy and welfare conquered the Araucanian Indians of Chile.

The god of War I was the brahminical, later Hindu, who imposed sacrifice and was widely worshiped.

Switzerland featured trench warfare and a new constitution based on Mussolini's Italy.

It was founded in suicide in 1954.

Colonies in which Euro warriors, merchants, and peasants lived; beneath four Abbasid wazir; the head of the Ottoman bureau pean settlers made up the overwhelming major castes.

The ruler of the Russian kingdom from 980 to 1015 was a feudal lord who gave land to the British in North America and Australia.

The secret religious society was written down in sacred books from the original and inner core of the leaders who were dedicated to overthrowing the Yuan dynasty in the 6th century b.c.e.

The Roman poets were against the French and Americans.

The British were the representative of the flanks of Germanic regions.

The Portuguese used viceroys tions after World War I, including from Normandy in 1066; extended feudal who resided in Goa for their possessions in negotiations, and then established administrative the Indian Ocean.

Reflecting resentment established in 1940 in southern France following sweeping reforms based on Legalists, advocated against the poor and uncertainties about religious defeat of French armies by the Germans.

The Bourbon family's succession to Spanish factories in Russia resulted in the system.

By the 16th century, a violent force was established by Europeans to overthrow the NATO balance of power.

Alexander II gave some Russians, par 1122 b.c.e., the first of the Zhou to be recognized as king.

nese Buddhism is known as Chan Buddhism in favor of Confucian ideology.

Western term for perceived threat China; stressed meditation and the appreciation of Japanese imperialism around 1900; met by natural and artistic beauty.

The last half of headway among elites was made by Chinese daiists.

Russian leader who stood up to resources.

The Korean dynasty that succeeded Koryo founder of Song dynasty took the title of Taizu after the fall of Tang.

City-states developed in northern ral who commanded the Indian Ocean.

The leaders are having a meeting.

The name of the Hon pendence was given in 1922.

The founder of the Ming dynasty was a Japanese clan.

Mexican revolutionary and leaders argued that the Jews should return to being servants, artisans, or workers for the Inca or military commander of peasant guerrilla move Middle Eastern holy land.

After death in "House of Song" his father was murdered to gain throne and his honor was restored.

It was published in the updated edition of the Princeton edition in 1990.

The University of University Press has a history of Hebrew Law.

Soundjata ou l'Epopee du 199- 200.

The authors are C. Beazley and Edgard Prestage.

Academic International Press is located in Gulf Breeze, Fla.

The Yale U niversity Press gave permission for this to be reproduced.

Permission was granted for this use.

The rain had stopped.

Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ is the author's alma mater.

"Have come upon."

N. H. Watts gave permission for it to be reproduced.

The Harvard University Press is copyrighted by the President.

Permission was granted by Harvard College.

George Tanabe and Paul Varley are authors.

The Indiana University Press granted permission to reproduce the 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846

Oxford University Press gave permission for 5 lines from "Snow" to be reproduced.

Reproduced with permission from the American University of Beirut.

Permission was granted for this to be reproduced with permission from the editor of the Cambridge University Press.

I run around with them.

All rights belong to the person.

The British Library Board used "Departure for the Cape" as a title.

The Bridgeman Art Library is blessing Vasco da Gama and his expedition.

A model of the slave ship Brookes was used.

Dagli Orti is the Art Archive at Art Resource, NY.

B.S.P.I./Terra was written by Athanasius Kircher.

There are prints and photographs in the Library of Congress.

The cold war was a part of the Qing dynasty.

Nude Descending a Staircase.

Document Outline

Cover

Title Page

Contents

MyHistoryLab Video Series

MyHistoryLab Documents

Maps

Preface

Supplementary Instructional Materials

About the Authors

Prologue

PART I: EARLY HUMAN SOCIETIES, 2.5 MILLION-600 B.C.E.: ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1 The Neolithic Revolution and the Birth of Civilization Human Life in the Era of Hunters and Gatherers DOCUMENT: Tales of the Hunt: Paleolithic Cave Paintings as History Agriculture and the Origins of Civilization: The Neolithic Transformations VISUALIZING THE PAST: Representations of Women in Early Art The First Towns: Seedbeds of Civilization THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Idea of Civilization in World Historical Perspective GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: The Neolithic Revolution as the Basis for World History Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 2 The Rise of Civilization in the Middle East and Africa Early Civilization in Mesopotamia 25 Later Mesopotamian Civilization: A Series of Conquests 30 VISUALIZING THE PAST: Mesopotamia in Maps DOCUMENT: Hammurabi's Law Code Ancient Egypt THINKING HISTORICALLY: Women in Patriarchal Societies Egypt and Mesopotamia Compared Civilization Centers in Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean The Issue of Heritage GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: The Early Civilizations and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Question CHAPTER 3 Asia's First Civilizations: India and China The Indus Valley and the Birth of South Asian Civilization Indo-European Incursions and Early Vedic Society in India DOCUMENT: Aryan Poetry in Praise of a War Horse A Bend in the River and the Beginnings of China The Decline of the Shang and the Era of Zhou Dominance VISUALIZING THE PAST: Mapping the Rise of Civilizations THINKING HISTORICALLY: Nomadic Contacts and the Endurance of Asia's First Civilizations GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Contrasting Legacies: Harappan and Early Chinese Civilizations Further Readings Critical Thinking Question

PART II: THE CLASSICAL PERIOD, 600 B.C.E.-600 C.E.: UNITING LARGE REGIONS CHAPTER 4 Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China Philosophical Remedies for the Prolonged Crisis of the Later Zhou DOCUMENT: Teachings of the Rival Chinese Schools The Triumph of the Qin and Imperial Unity The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of China's Classical Age THINKING HISTORICALLY: Xunzi and the Shift from Ritual Combat to "Real" War VISUALIZING THE PAST: Capital Designs and Patterns of Political Power GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Classical China and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 5 Classical Civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East The Persian Empire: A New Perspective in the Middle East The Political Character of Classical Greece The Hellenistic Period VISUALIZING THE PAST: Political Rituals in Persia Greek And Hellenistic Culture DOCUMENT: The Power of Greek Drama Patterns of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Society THINKING HISTORICALLY: Defining Social History GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Persia, Greece, and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 6 Religious Rivalries and India's Golden Age The Age of Brahman Dominance An Era of Widespread Social Change THINKING HISTORICALLY: Inequality as a Social Norm Religious Ferment and the Rise of Buddhism The Rise and Decline of the Mauryas Brahmanical Recovery and the Splendors of the Gupta Age VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Pattern of Trade in the Ancient Eurasian World Intensifying Caste and Gender Inequities and Gupta Decline DOCUMENT: A Guardian's Farewell Speech to a Young Woman About to Be Married GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: India and the Wider World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 7 Rome and Its Empire The Development of Rome's Republic Roman Culture DOCUMENT: Rome and a Values Crisis How Rome Ruled Its Empire VISUALIZING THE PAST: Religions in Rome The Evolution of Rome's Economic and Social Structure THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Classical Civilizations in Comparative Perspective The Origins of Christianity The Decline of Rome GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Rome and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 8 The Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas Origins of American Societies Spread of Civilization in Mesoamerica DOCUMENT: Deciphering the Maya Glyphs THINKING HISTORICALLY: Different Times for Different Peoples The Peoples to the North The Andean World VISUALIZING THE PAST: Ancient Agriculture GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: American Civilizations and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 9 The Spread of Civilizations and the Movement of Peoples The Spread of Civilization in Africa DOCUMENT: Myths of Origin THINKING HISTORICALLY: Language as a Historical Source Nomadic Societies and Indo-European Migrations VISUALIZING THE PAST: Varieties of Human Adaptation and the Potential for Civilization The Spread of Chinese Civilization to Japan The Scattered Societies of Polynesia GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: The Emerging Cultures Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 10 THE END OF THE CLASSICAL ERA: WORLD HISTORY IN TRANSITION, 200-700 C.E. Upheavals in Eastern and Southern Asia DOCUMENT: The Popularization of Buddhism The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Problem of Decline and Fall The Development and Spread of World Religions VISUALIZING THE PAST: Religious Geography GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: The Late Classical Period and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions

PART III: THE POSTCLASSICAL PERIOD, 600-1450: NEW FAITH AND NEW COMMERCE CHAPTER 11 The First Global Civilization: The Rise and Spread of Islam Desert and Town: The Harsh Environment of Pre-Islamic Arabian World The Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Islam The Arab Empire of the Umayyads THINKING HISTORICALLY: Civilization and Gender Relationships From Arab to Islamic Empire: The Early Abbasid Era 260 VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Mosque as a Symbol of Islamic Civilization DOCUMENT: The Thousand and One Nights as a Mirror of Elite Society in the Abbasid Era GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Early Islam and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 12 Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras DOCUMENT: Ibn Khaldun on the Rise and Decline of Empires An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements The Coming of Islam to South Asia VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Pattern of Islam's Global Expansions THINKING HISTORICALLY: Conversion and Accommodation in the Spread of World Religions The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Islam: A Bridge between Worlds Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 13 African Civilizations and the Spread of Islam African Societies: Diversity and Similarities Kingdoms of the Grasslands DOCUMENT: The Great Oral Tradition and the Epic of Sundiata VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Architecture of Faith The Swahili Coast of East Africa Peoples of the Forest and Plains THINKING HISTORICALLY: Two Transitions in the History of World Population GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Internal Development and Global Contacts Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 14 Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe Civilization in Eastern Europe The Byzantine Empire VISUALIZING THE PAST: Women and Power in Byzantium The Split between Eastern and Western Christianity THINKING HISTORICALLY: Eastern and Western Europe: The Problem of Boundaries The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe The Emergence of Kievan Rus' DOCUMENT: Russia Turns to Christianity GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Eastern Europe and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 15 A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe Stages of Postclassical Development VISUALIZING THE PAST: Peasant Labor DOCUMENT: European Travel: A Monk Visits Jerusalem THINKING HISTORICALLY: Western Civilization Western Culture in the Postclassical Era Changing Economic and Social Forms in the Postclassical Centuries The Decline of the Medieval Synthesis GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Medieval Europe and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 16 The Americas on the Eve of Invasion Postclassic Mesoamerica, 1000-1500 C.E Aztec Society in Transition DOCUMENT: Aztec Women and Men Twantinsuyu: World of the Incas VISUALIZING THE PAST: Archeological Evidence of Political Practices THINKING HISTORICALLY: The "Troubling" Civilizations of the Americas The Other Peoples of the Americas GLOBAL CONNECTIONS The Americas and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 17 Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties Rebuilding the Imperial Edifice in the Sui-Tang Era DOCUMENT: Ties That Bind: Paths to Power Tang Decline and the Rise of the Song Tang and Song Prosperity: The Basis of a Golden Age VISUALIZING THE PAST: Footbinding as a Marker of Male Dominance THINKING HISTORICALLY: Artistic Expression and Social Values GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: China's World Role Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 18 The Spread of Chinese Civilization: Japan, Korea, and Vietnam Japan: The Imperial Age The Era of Warrior Dominance THINKING HISTORICALLY: Comparing Feudalisms Korea: Between China and Japan Between China and Southeast Asia: The Making of Vietnam VISUALIZING THE PAST: What Their Portraits Tell Us: Gatekeeper Elites and the Persistence of Civilizations DOCUMENT: Literature as a Mirror of the Exchanges among Asian Centers of Civilization GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: In the Orbit of China: The East Asian Corner of the Global System Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 19 The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan DOCUMENT: A European Assessment of the Virtues and Vices of the Mongols The Mongol Drive to the West VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Mongol Empire as a Bridge between Civilizations The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Global Eclipse of the Nomadic Warrior Culture GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: The Mongol Linkages Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 20 The World in 1450: Changing Balance of World Power Key Changes in the Middle East The Structure of Transregional Trade The Rise of the West VISUALIZING THE PAST: Population Trends DOCUMENT: Bubonic Plague Outside the World Network THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Problem of Ethnocentrism GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: 1450 and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions

PART IV: THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD, 1450-1750: THE WORLD SHRINKS CHAPTER 21 The World Economy The West's First Outreach: Maritime Power THINKING HISTORICALLY: Causation and the West's Expansion The Columbian Exchange of Disease and Food Toward a World Economy VISUALIZING THE PAST: West Indian Slaveholding Colonial Expansion DOCUMENT: Western Conquerors: Tactics and Motives GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: The World Economy--and the World Further Readings Critical Questions CHAPTER 22 The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750 The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce, 1450-1650 The Commercial Revolution The Scientific Revolution: The Next Phase Change VISUALIZING THE PAST: Versailles Political Change THINKING HISTORICALLY: Elites and Masses The West by 1750 DOCUMENT: Controversies about Women GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Europe and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 23 Early Latin America Spaniards and Portuguese: From Reconquest to Conquest DOCUMENT: A Vision from the Vanquished The Destruction and Transformation of Indigenous Societies Colonial Economies and Governments THINKING HISTORICALLY: An Atlantic History Brazil: The First Plantation Colony Multiracial Societies VISUALIZING THE PAST: Race or Culture? A Changing Society The 18th-Century Reforms GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Latin American Civilization and the World Context Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 24 Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade Africa and the Creation of an Atlantic System The Atlantic Slave Trade African Societies, Slavery, and the Slave Trade THINKING HISTORICALLY: Slavery and Human Society White Settlers and Africans in Southern Africa The African Diaspora DOCUMENT: An African's Description of the Middle Passage VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Cloth of Kings in an Atlantic Perspective GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Africa and the African Diaspora in World Context Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 25 The Rise of Russia Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars THINKING HISTORICALLY: Multinational Empires Russia's First Westernization, 1690-1790 DOCUMENT: The Nature of Westernization Themes in Early Modern Russian History VISUALIZING THE PAST: Oppressed Peasants GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Russia and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 26 The Muslim Empires The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders DOCUMENT: An Islamic Traveler Laments the Muslims' Indifference to Europe The Shi'a Challenge of the Safavids THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Gunpowder Empires and the Shifting Balance of Global Power The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India VISUALIZING THE PAST: Art as a Window into the Past: Paintings and History in Mughal, India GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Gunpowder Empires and the Restoration of the Islamic Bridge among Civilizations Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 27 Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change The Asian Trading World and the Coming of the Europeans Ming China: A Global Mission Refused DOCUMENT: Exam Questions as a Mirror of Chinese Values VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Great Ships of the Ming Expeditions That Crossed the Indian Ocean THINKING HISTORICALLY: Means and Motives for Overseas Expansion: Europe and China Compared Fending Off the West: Japan's Reunification and the First Challenge GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: An Age of Eurasian Proto-Globalization Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions

PART V: THE DAWN OF THE INDUSTRIAL AGE, 1750-1900 CHAPTER 28 The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West, 1750-1900 Context for Revolution The Age of Revolution VISUALIZING THE PAST: The French Revolution in Cartoons The Industrial Revolution: First Phases The Consolidation of the Industrial Order, 1850-1900 DOCUMENT: Protesting the Industrial Revolution Cultural Transformations Western Settler Societies THINKING HISTORICALLY: Two Revolutions: Industrial and Atlantic Diplomatic Tensions and World War I GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Industrial Europe and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 29 Industrialization and Imperialism: The Making of the European Global Order The Shift to Land Empires in Asia THINKING HISTORICALLY: Western Education and the Rise of an African and Asian Middle Class Industrial Rivalries and the Partition of the World, 1870-1914 Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change DOCUMENT: Contrary Images: The Colonizer versus the Colonized on the "Civilizing Mission" VISUALIZING THE PAST: Capitalism and Colonialism GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: A European-Dominated Early Phase of Globalization Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 30 The Consolidation of Latin America, 1810-1920 From Colonies to Nations New Nations Confront Old and New Problems Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820-1870 DOCUMENT: Confronting the Hispanic Heritage: From Independence to Consolidation Societies in Search of Themselves THINKING HISTORICALLY: Explaining Underdevelopment VISUALIZING THE PAST: Images of the Spanish-American War GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: New Latin American Nations and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 31 Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic Heartlands THINKING HISTORICALLY: Western Global Dominance and the Dilemmas It Posed for the Peoples and Societies of Africa and Asia The Rise and Fall of the Qing Dynasty VISUALIZING THE PAST: Mapping the Decline of Two Great Empires DOCUMENT: Transforming Imperial China into a Nation GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Muslim and Chinese Retreat and a Shifting Global Balance Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 32 Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside the West Russia's Reforms and Industrial Advance DOCUMENT: Conditions for Factory Workers in Russia's Industrialization Protest and Revolution in Russia Japan: Transformation without Revolution THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Separate Paths of Japan and China VISUALIZING THE PAST: Two Faces of Western Influence GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Russia and Japan in the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions

PART VI: THE NEWEST STAGE OF WORLD HISTORY: 1900-PRESENT CHAPTER 33 Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order The Coming of the Great War A World at War VISUALIZING THE PAST: Trench Warfare Failed Peace and Global Turmoil The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order DOCUMENT: Lessons for the Colonized from the Slaughter in the Trenches THINKING HISTORICALLY: Women in Asian and African Nationalist Movements GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: World War and Global Upheavals Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 34 The World between the Wars: Revolutions, Depression, and Authoritarian Response The Roaring Twenties Revolution: The First Waves THINKING HISTORICALLY: A Century of Revolutions The Global Great Depression The Nazi Response Authoritarianism and New Militarism in Key Regions VISUALIZING THE PAST: Guernica and the Images of War DOCUMENT: Socialist Realism GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Economic Depression, Authoritarian Response, and Democratic Retreat Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 35 A Second Global Conflict and the End of the European World Order Old and New Causes of a Second World War THINKING HISTORICALLY: Total War, Global Devastation Unchecked Aggression and the Coming of War in Europe and the Pacific The Conduct of a Second Global War DOCUMENT: Japan's Defeat in a Global War War's End and the Emergence of the Superpower Standoff in the Cold War Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa VISUALIZING THE PAST: National Leaders for a New Global Order GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Persisting Trends in a World Transformed by War Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 36 Western Society and Eastern Europe in the Decades of the Cold War After World War II: A New International Setting for the West The Resurgence of Western Europe THINKING HISTORICALLY: The United States and Western Europe: Convergence and Complexity Cold War Allies: The United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand Culture and Society in the West VISUALIZING THE PAST: Women at Work in France and the United States Eastern Europe after World War II: A Soviet Empire Soviet Culture: Promoting New Beliefs and Institutions DOCUMENT: A Cold War Speech GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: The Cold War and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 37 Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century Latin America after World War II Radical Options in the 1950s VISUALIZING THE PAST: Murals and Posters: Art and Revolution DOCUMENT: The People Speak The Search for Reform and the Military Option THINKING HISTORICALLY: Human Rights in the 20th Century Societies in Search of Change GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Struggling Toward the Future in a Global Economy Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 38 Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in the Era of Independence The Challenges of Independence DOCUMENT: Cultural Creativity in the Emerging Nations: Some Literary Samples THINKING HISTORICALLY: Artificial Nations and the Rising Tide of Communal Strife Postcolonial Options for Achieving Economic Growth and Social Justice Delayed Revolutions: Religious Revivalism and Liberation Movements in Settler Societies VISUALIZING THE PAST: Globalization and Postcolonial Societies GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Postcolonial Nations in the Cold War World Order Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 39 Rebirth and Revolution: Nation-Building in East Asia and the Pacific Rim East Asia in the Postwar Settlements The Pacific Rim: More Japans? VISUALIZING THE PAST: Pacific Rim Growth THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Pacific Rim as a U.S. Policy Issue Mao's China: Vanguard of World Revolution DOCUMENT: Women in the Revolutionary Struggles for Social Justice Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: East Asia and the Pacific Rim in the Contemporary World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 40 Power, Politics, and Conflict in World History, 1990-2014 The End of the Cold War VISUALIZING THE PAST: Symbolism in the Breakdown of the Soviet Bloc The Spread of Democracy DOCUMENT: Democratic Protest and Repression in China The Great Powers and New Disputes The United States as Sole Superpower THINKING HISTORICALLY: Terrorism, Then and Now GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: New Global Standards, New Divisions Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 41 Globalization and Resistance Global Industrialization Globalization: Causes and Processes DOCUMENT: Protests against Globalization The Global Environment Resistance and Alternatives THINKING HISTORICALLY: How Much Historical Change? VISUALIZING THE PAST: Two Faces of Globalization Toward the Future GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Civilizations and Global Forces Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions

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ChAPTER 41 Globalization and Resistance

They give her new clothes, including blue jeans, Western-style skirts, and cosmetics.

She won a beauty contest.

By the early 21st century, the state had become a scene of quiet cultural struggle.

The students in New Delhi burned the contestants in the Indian Miss World contest.

Some Indian conservatives see beauty pageants as decadent imports from the West that are destructive of their culture's traditional values.

New levels of contact with the outside world were provided by all of this.

Part of the change was the growing interest in novel consumer standards.
There was debate and opposition as well.
A local Coca-Cola plant was accused of tainting the water.

Part of the cultural mix was concern about beauty pageants.

After an Indian woman won the Miss universe contest in the 1990s, beauty contests spread widely in the region.

The Hindu nationalists argued that the woman is not meant to be sold in India.

Local officials tried to hold a beauty contest in which women would be assessed for their beauty, but also for their knowledge of the state's culture.
The compromise failed because the women who wanted to be in beauty parades did not have the cultural knowledge that the other women did.
It was a confusing situation, with change and continuity competing for dominance.

The 20th century saw renewed globalization.

Jet travel became routine by the 1950s.
The establishment of the International Monetary Fund facilitates global economic contacts.
Both sides in the conflict had a global outlook, and globalization gained ground after 1950.

New energy for global contacts was freed up by the end of the cold war.

Russia and China opened to wider interactions.
The expansion of industrial economies from their previous base in the West and the Pacific Rim to a host of additional countries reflected the latest surge of globalization.
Huge regional inequalities were essential industrialization itself and encouraged further contacts.

Industrialization in the 19th import substitution was one of the ways that key countries were able to expand industrial output and compete successfully in global export markets.

The "great manufacturing in the economies of early industrializing nations in Leap forward" after 1958, even though they had failed in the short run, provided similar incentive to China.

They were able to take advantage of low wages to Mexico, Brazil and India.

Many hosted foreign firms that wanted to take Turkey.

Skeptics warned that the burdens of growing environmental pollution and the possibility of social unrest from the labor force could reverse the patterns of the 1990s and early 2000s.

Most observ ers expected more growth in the newcomers.
The previous advance of the Pacific Rim was recalled injectories.

By the 1980s, Mexico, Turkey, and Brazil became significant industrial exporters.

Turkey became the second most industrial country in the Middle East after Israel, with significant exports to nations such as Germany, because it became competitive in world trade.
Brazil's steel industry exported to the United States in the late 1970s, as did Brazilian and Korean steel.

Industrial development was supported by governments in Mexico, Turkey, and Brazil in the 1920s and 1930s.

Government sponsorship of industry included carefully negotiated trade arrangements with other regions, active solicitation of foreign aid and investment, and support for technical training and infrastructure.

A nation well behind the world's industrial leaders deliberately fostered an industry capable of serving the nation's computer needs and so avoided yet another dependence on expensive imports.

The computer engineers at the technical university in Sao Paulo were heavily supported by the government.
The industry was built on Brazil's commitment to industrial growth and technological progress.
Brazil produced 3 percent of the scientific articles in international physics journals by the 1970s, which was due to earlier advances in university science and technology.
In 1959 the government supported computer research in connection with the Brazilian navy.
Training in advanced electronics continued to grow.
Growing interest in computers was spurred by the imports of advanced Western military equipment.
By 1971 Brazil was ready to develop its own computer model.
A number of small companies linked to the university center in Sao Paulo developed to produce computers.

Brazilian computer production depended on imports from other areas, including Japan.

Even in an economy that was still struggling to industrialize, the Brazilian computer industry showed that a genuine breakthrough could be achieved even if the economy was still struggling.

By the 1960s and 1970s, Brazil had the highest economic growth rates in Latin America.

The standards of living improved.
By the year 1990, 22 percent of Brazilians owned cars, 56 percent had television sets, and 63 percent had fridges.
Rates in eastern Europe were higher than those in the advanced industrial nations.

After 2000, industrialization in Mexico, Brazil, and Turkey showed a steady increase, followed by even more success.

The Pacific Rim had achieved self-sustaining industrial expansion a few decades earlier.
Living standards improved as a result of slower rates of population growth.
Part of a picture of substantial global industrialization was formed by the result.

The developments in the two giant nations of Asia were similar.

The world economy was rebalanced even more.

Each nation had its own path.

After several decades of experimentation and recovery, China became one of the world's great industrial producers, replacing Japan as the number two earner behind the United States.

The nation embraced globalization for the first time after Mao's death, in what amounted to a policy revolution.
China adopted a more flexible and conventional industrialization strategy in 1978.
Foreign technical advice was eagerly sought and exports were promoted.
Despite China's commitment to communism, private businesses were encouraged in agriculture and industry.
As China worked to recover familiarity with advanced technology, urban production was emphasized.

China became an industrial force because of its size.

Railroads and roads expanded rapidly.
The nation's economic output grew by 10 percent in the 1990s.
China used half of the world's production of concrete in 2003 for factories, housing, and infrastructure expansion.

New wealth was brought to many people as a result of industrial growth in China.

The new group of rich entrepreneurs in China had symbols of high consumer standards, including television sets and tape recorders.

Many villagers liked bicycles and other new products.
Other fruits were not as good.
Pollution levels in many countries were higher than those in the West and Japan.
Chinese cities were polluted with industrial gases called the Yellow Dragon and the chemical pollution of water sources was considerable.
Industrial evolution had more than local pollution effects.
China was placed in second position as a world contributor to the chemical emissions causing global warming by the year 2000.
As China became the world's largest coal-mining nation, the growing use of coal for fuel promised a further Chinese advance on this dubious achievement scale.

China's expansion was mixed.

It depended on cheap labor and continued pressure on the large peasant class.
Hundreds of thousands of workers from the countryside took up industrial jobs.
Multinational companies set up low-cost factory operations in China.
By the 1990s, China was filling almost half the U.S. toy market with cheap toys, as well as growing inroads in high technology.
China's rapid surge, along with the growth of the Pacific Rim, caused some observers to wonder if a vast new east Asian industrial complex was emerging, following Japan's lead.
The area continued to emphasize modified Confucian values, which include hard work, discipline, loyalty, and education.

After World War II, India's industrial growth was steadier than China's, but it took a new turn in the 1990s.

India had a lot of private business, but a government decision to loosen economic regulation in favor of more open competition was involved.
India's economy continued to display mixed signals as it did in the other major cases of industrialization.

After a liberalization of the economy in 1992, India added high-tech products, particularly software, and exported them to both the industrial countries and southeast Asia.

India entered the global service sector with both Indian and multinational firms organizing operations that provided sales and telephone services to the entire English-speaking world.
By the early 21st century, the country had a large middle class with extensive consumer interests.
The economy grew at 9 percent per year.

By 2000 it was clear that real industrial revolutions were underway in a number of new-old regimes.

In China and India, the result began to return some of the world's traditional manufacturing powers to a lead position in the global economy, although on a far different basis from the strengths they had before the industrial era.
Brazil and Mexico gained a manufacturing position that was even more novel.

The West and Japan were challenged by the rise of industrial newcomers.

China and other regions took over manufacturing as their export earnings grew.
There was new competition for resources.
Africa was increasingly used by China and India to find oil and other raw materials.
This created rivalries for the attention of African and Middle Eastern business and political leaders and drove prices up for all industrial countries.

The older industrial centers had advantages.

They led in the export of some of the most high-tech products.
Even though the actual fabrication might occur elsewhere, they continued to profit from industrial designs.

As the relative balance shifted, the growth rates of the older centers lag.

Even though there were changes in relative balance, some countries seemed to fall a bit.
The Japanese economy grew slowly from the 1990s onward.
Slow growth rates in Western Europe and the United States were highlighted by a global financial recession that began in 2008.
Many older centers had to make difficult decisions about cutting back on welfare support because their economies did not keep pace.

The spread of industrial economies not only contributed to the renewal of globalization, but it also made the process less Western-centered than it had been previously.

Both old and new types of resistance were spurred by rapid globalization.

It means that larger influences play a growing role in human life, from world, particularly in communication trade to culture to physical well-being.

Some of the older types of interchange, like migration or disease, are still being redefined.

From previous patterns of interregional contact, globalization emerged.

The intercontinental network of the postclassical period increased connections among Africa, Asia, and Europe.
This was not globalization in itself, but a move toward later globalization.
Even though the world was not yet involved, levels of exchange increased.
There was an increase in the imitation of other societies, but not around standards that could be considered global.
None of the world religions achieved full global standing.
The early modern period brought the world together for the first time.
The cultural impacts were limited.
International trading companies did not have the deep local effects that multinational companies would generate.

In the late 19th century, there was an initial version of globalization.

Dramatic new technologies and policy decisions spearheaded by Western imperialist powers were needed to increase economic interdependence around the world.
The middle decades of the 20th century saw many societies attempt to limit their contact with globalization, as the first surge did not bring uniform benefits.
The United States tried to limit political involvement through the policy of isolation in the 1920s and 1930s.
Japan and Germany tried to form their own economic systems.
Russia and China were 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217

By the 20th century, globalization again took center stage.

The speed and volume of global communication and transportation moved ahead rapidly with the help of technologies.
Only a few small nations attempted isolation by the 21st century.
Many people around the world became accustomed to global connections.
The spread of English as a world language was part of the connection.
English was used as a common language for many things.
This reflected other aspects of global change.

Growing uniformities around the world was not a uniform process.

By 2008 only a third of the world's population had direct access to the Internet, and globalization was a force for many rural regions.
In some regions, globalization increased unemployment and economic dislocation; in many places, the process seemed to promote new levels of economic inequality, a pattern visible in the two past decades in the United States, Europe, India, and China.
By the early 21st century several Latin American countries were questioning whether global trading patterns were bringing economic benefits to their regions or whether separate national economic policies might make more sense.
Globalization challenges an established sense of identity and many people resent it.

A globalization guru tells a story.

A limo with a cell phone was assigned to a U.S. government official in 1988.
He called his wife to brag because he was so happy to have this new thing.
In 1997, the same official visited a remote village in west Africa that was only accessible by canoe.
He was handed a cell phone by an official in the country as he prepared to leave.

By the 1990s, cellular phones were among the key new communication devices that had made almost constant contact with other parts of the world feasible, and for some people unavoidable.

People in all parts of the world participated in the cellular phone revolution.

Improvements in miniaturization made computers more efficient.

The amount of information that could be stored on a chip increased by more than 60 percent in the 1990s.

The 1960s saw a halt in Linkages among computers for defense purposes.
In 1972 email was introduced.
The World Wide Web was developed in 1990 by a British software engineer named Tim Berners.
Almost instantaneous contact by computer became possible around the world, and with it came the capacity to send vast amounts of information, from text to videos and other imagery to music.
By 2012 only 35 percent of the world's population had access to the internet, but it provided global contacts for some areas.
In eastern Russia, international mail service was slow but a student could communicate easily with friends in the United States or Brazil by sitting at an Internet cafe.
By 2009, further development in computer-based networking included systems like Facebook, which could facilitate personal connections around the world.

Satellite links for television made simultaneous broadcasts possible around the world.

A quarter of the world's population can now watch the World Cup soccer or the Olympics in the same year.
Global technology has a new meaning.

International investment accelerated at the end of the 20th century thanks to new technology and more open political boundaries.

The great corporations of the West and Japan were included in stock exchanges' holdings.

Between 25 and 40 percent of corporate profits in the United States were generated by foreign operations by the 1980s.

During the 1970s, Japan's foreign investment increased 15-fold.
The United States, Europe, and other areas were where Japanese car manufacturers set up factories during the 1980s.
German cars, French tires, German chemicals and pharmaceuticals, and Dutch petroleum all have substantial U.S. operations.
At the end of the 1990s, the German Volkswagen firm introduced an updated version of the automobile affectionately known as the "bug," whose initial design went back to Hitler's Germany.

Powerful companies, mainly from the facilities, were based in Mexico, but they were marketed in the United States and around the world.

Multinationals surged in the decades assembled from parts made in Japan, Korea, Mexico and elsewhere.

After World War II, Japanese cars had more.

By the end of the 20th century, multinational companies had become a major force for economic change and political controversy.

The map shows that the engines of globalization were more prominent in mature industrial and more affluent societies than in communist countries.

Detroit products had American-made parts.

Firms set up operations not just to save transportation costs, but also to reduce costs by looking for cheap labor and minimal environmental regulations.
West Indian and African women made computer boards.
India developed a huge software industry that was used by firms in the United States and western Europe.
The linkages were moving fast.

International firms were looking for cheap raw materials.

After the fall of the Soviet Union, companies in Japan and the West competed for access to oil and minerals in the newly independent nations of central Asia.
China's rapid economic growth prompted active arrangements for oil supplies from Central Asia, Latin America and Africa, as well as the Middle East.
International investments follow interest rates.
Europe, Japan, and the oil-rich regions of the Middle East invested heavily in the U.S. during the 1990s.

Multinational corporations have more power and resources than the governments of most of the countries they operate in.

Most aspects of labor and environmental policy could be determined by them.
If more attractive opportunities opened elsewhere, they could pull up stakes in one region.
In the 21st century, many multinational companies pulled jobs from Mexico in favor of expansion to China or Vietnam, where wages were lower.
Telephone services for many American companies were set up in India, where wages were lower and English was widely spoken.
New irrigation depended on improvements in communications and transportation, along with traditional methods of tilling, that could bring wider changes for the people of the lands in which they hired soil as agricultural production rises.

The complexity of the new international economy was shown by the American factories located in northern Mexico.

The owners of these factories wanted cheap labor.
Chemicals were often leaked from their factories.

Workers in the U.S. would earn less than 10 percent of what they were paid.

These factories paid more than their Mexican counterparts.
Large numbers of women found the labor policies more enlightened and the foremen better behaved in the foreign firms.
The question is whether the poverty-level wages for workers in such factories will improve and whether the industrial skills they learn will make possible a widening range of opportunities.

Efforts to tally the economic effects of globalization are complex.

Unemployment rates of 30 percent or more were common in parts of Africa that lost manufacturing jobs to global competition.
New international sex trafficking in women and children, as well as the sale of body organs, showed the desperation of some societies.
Reductions in government services in the name of free-market principles contributed to new problems.
The rates of child labor rose in south and southeast Asia.
New global opportunities allowed for an increase in per capita income in places like China and India.

The growth rates in parts of Africa after 2000 were encouraging.

There were winners and sinners in economic globalization, even within industrial societies like the United States.

There were gaps between the poor and those with higher incomes.
Urban slums and exploited labor expanded as a middle class grew in Latin America, India, and China.

The use of "guest workers" from Turkey and north Africa in Europe was one of the ways in which international patterns of migration developed.

Patterns in the 1990s were built on previous trends.
The continued gap between rapidly growing populations in Latin America, Africa, and parts of Asia maintained high levels of exchange.
By the 1990s, a few areas, including Italy, Greece, and Japan, had stopped internal population growth, which meant that new labor needs, particularly at the lower skill levels, had to be supplied by immigration.

Japan brought in worker groups from the Philippines and southeast Asia in order to avoid too much influx.

In key urban and commercial centers, migration into Europe and the United States produced truly multinational populations.
At least 25 percent of Americans came from households where English was not the first language by the year 2000.
Ten percent of the French population in 2003 were Muslim.
Local populations were afraid of foreigners and worried about job competition, which was an important source of tension here.
There was a new opportunity for cultural inspiration, not just for new laborers.

In world history, migration has been going on for a long time.

New levels of migration from distant regions were novel.
In the cities of North America, western Europe, or the Persian Gulf states of the Middle East, there was a mixture of migrants and locals.
Many migrants, returning home to Turkey or India on vacation or permanently, brought back new styles and ideas, maintaining their own commitment to at least two different cultures.

The pace of cultural exchange and contact around the world accelerated at the end of the 1990s thanks to global technologies and business organization.

Art shows, symphony exchanges, scientific conferences, and Internet contact increased.
In a single season, music conductors and artists held posts around the world, sometimes juggling commitments among cities like Tokyo, Berlin, and Chicago.
With little regard for national origin, science laboratories col ed with researchers from around the world.

The spread of fast-food restaurants from the United States, headed by McDonald's, formed one of the most striking international cultural influences from the 1970s onward.

By the end of the 20th century, the mixture of peoples and cultures that had become a prominent feature of world history were beautifully illustrated by this group of Muslim children in a French school.

In 2007, more than 10% of the French population was Islamic.
Riots broke out in Islamic areas of French cities in 2006 due to the gap between opportunities available to immigrants and those available to the majority population.

In the 1990s, the company entered an average of two new nations per year.

In 1998 it was operating in more than 100 countries.
"makadonaldo" first opened in Tokyo's world famous Ginza in 1971 and quickly gained its largest foreign audience.
McDonald's entry into the Soviet Union in 1990 was a sign of the end of cold war rivalries and the growing Russian desire for international consumer goods.
The restaurants won a lot of patronage despite their high prices.

Increasing exposure to American movies and shows was involved in cultural globalization.

Movie and amusement park icons like Mickey Mouse had international currency.
Western beauty standards, based on models and film stars, won wide exposure in international beauty contests.
Western images and sounds were spread by MTV.

There were holidays on an international level.

American-style Christmas trappings, including gift giving, lights, and Santa Claus, spread not only to countries of Christian background, like France, but also to places like Muslim Istanbul.
The more traditional Catholic holiday of Al Saints' Day was displaced by American Halloween trick-or-treating.
During the month of self-denial, Muslims began to include greeting cards and presents for children.
The American jingle "happy birthday," with its implications about individualism and entertainment for children, was translated into almost every language.

Consumer internationalization was more than just American.

Japanese rock groups gained a large audience.
For several years, American children could not get enough of the Pokemon toy series.
The most admired woman in Muslim Iran was the opera hero.
South Korea, historically hostile to Japan, was open to popular Japanese music groups and cartoon animation.
European popular culture, including fashion and music groups, gained a lot of popularity around the world.
Korean popular culture, including music, began to penetrate the United States in the early 21st century.

The dress was internationalized to an extent.

There were blue jeans everywhere.
Western clothing was a major export item for Chinese manufacturing.
Western-style items, mostly clothing and shoes, were found in a Chinese market in eastern Russia.

The global epidemic of Obesity was caused by the international expansion of middle-class consumerism.

Resistance to American Obesity was roused by cultural globalization.

McDonald's became a symbol to attack by people who wanted to preserve local standards of food and culture.
Efforts to adapt other forms of global consumer culture, like the beauty pageants, showed the interest in slowing or modifying this aspect of globalization.
The Taliban in Afghanistan moved forcefully against any participation.

Contests over global culture became a standard part of life.

The penetration of cultural globalization varied depending on wealth and the degree of cultural tolerance.

There were limits to the amount of resources that could be used.

There were protests against globalization in December 1999 in Seattle, and they were angry that he couldn't do his Christmas shopping.

The man wasn't arrested after the police pulled the youth away.

Sea turtles and blue-jacketed union folk took off to promote global trade as the throng of to discuss further international tariff cuts in the interests of sea turtles and blue-jacketed union folk took off.

BradSpann, a Longshoreman from Tacoma, Seattle protests and some of the groups involved were described by St. Clair.

Brad winked at the meetings of the World Bank and said, "What the hell do you think of old Hoffa, involving many of the same groups and issues?"

The revolution will begin by sea turtles.

There is a protest pen next to a construction site near the United Methodist Church where 2000 people are gathered for a convention.
The director of the Sierra Club, Carl Pope, was called center after a large stage was erected for a march to the convention earlier.
The opening speech was given by the Earth Island Institute.
More than 500 sea turtle costumes were prepared by The Club for the marchers.

When the WTO tribunal ruled that Friends of the Earth was a threat to environmental laws, the sea turtle became the main symbol of the WTO's Standing.

Blackwelder looks so professional because he is required to be shambling manner.
It was an unfair trade barrier when caught with turtle excluder devices.

The most radical political group on the street was the environmentalists.

labor tired of his fellow green executives in the first showing of a new solidarity.

Don Kegley and environmentalist Ben White excoriated the WTO as a kind of global security force for the march.

After the speechifying most of the marchers headed back to crops and hormone-treated beef.

A group of French farmers formed a scientific committee to evaluate the health and McDonald's, a first step towards condemning U.S. policy on biotech foods.
Jose was the leader.
Still Vernet was in a jolly mood, Bove, a sheep farmer from Millau in southwest France and a lively and rejuvenated, if a little bewildered by the decorous nature leader of Confederation Paysanne, a French environmental of the crowd.
Americans seem to have been out of practice.
He told me that Bove was jailed in France for leading these things.
There is a McDonald's restaurant under construction.

At the time, he was awaiting charges that he destroyed a black Lexus parked on Pine Street, which was occupied by protesters of genetically engineered corn.

Bove said his raid had been avoided.
The U.S. promoted a McDonald's as belonging to a WTO delegate.

The European Union's refusal to import American hormones was joined by David beef.

Jacques Foster, Director for District 11 of the United Steelworkers of Chirac and Friends of the Earth, praised Bove for his defiance.
Bove said he was prepared America, one of the most articulate and unflinching labor to start a militant worldwide campaign against "Frankenstein" leaders in America.
They formed foods earlier this year.
Bove said that the actions will only stop when there is an unlikely union of radical environmentalists.

The groups found bovine growth hormone and had a common enemy: Charles Hurwitz, the corporate crowd broke into the McDonald's and urged raider.

The customers and workers of Hurwitz's company joined the marchers.
The first shot in the battle for Seattle was taken by this northern California timber firm.

Foster told me that the companies that attack the environment most are also the ones that are anti-union.

The international contingent on the marriage might end badly.

French farmers, Korean greens, Canadian wheat growers, Mexican divisions are going to be around forever to heal the wounds and cover up the environmentalists.
There are deep, inescapable issues that will inevitably include environmentalists, Chinese dissidents, Ecuadorian anti-dam pit Steelworkers, and U'wa tribes people from the Columbian rainforest.

Foster danced around the corporate flacks.

It was a dance of denial.

As the march turned up toward the Sheraton, it was beaten seductive to let the broodings in.

Cumming was born in the oil town of Port Arthur, Texas.

What were the main groups involved in globalization?

The 1900-Present of global and local signals was a key development.

Local models were often adapted to foreign models.
McDonald's in India had vegetarian items that were not found elsewhere.
Comic books in Mexico took on Mexican cultural images, including "gringo" supermen.
There were many combinations that emerged.
The development of cultural internationalization was incomplete and complex.

Political institutions are less globalized than technology or business.

There is a gap between political supervision and control.
The UN activity increased in the 1990s.
Multinational military forces were called in after the end of the cold war.
UN forces tried to calm disputes in parts of Africa, the Balkans, and the Middle East.
UN humanitarian intervention is aided by other international groups.

Many countries incorporated international standards into domestic law despite the results of the conferences being not always clear.

Women in many African countries were able to apply to the UN for gender equality as a basis for seeking new property rights in the courts.
The United Nations became more involved in the fight against AIDS in 2001.

The range of the World Health Organization was expanded directly.

There was an outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in east Asia and Canada in 2003 that was met with prompt controls under international guidance.

International nongovernmental organizations were involved in another area of innovation.

The human rights agency started in 1961.

The 1970s saw a rapid proliferation of humanitarian INGOs for human rights, labor, environmental, and other issues.
Internet-based petitions against torture, labor abuses, or the death penalty became standard fare in the 1990s.

Rape was internationally recognized as a war crime by the 1990s, and the range of criteria for INGOs expanded as well.

The importance of organizations in this arena grew as more nations participated in international trade.

After World War II, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund were founded to promote trade.
These organizations were guided by the major industrial powers and offered loans and guidance to developing areas.
During the 1990s and 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 The guidelines were not always welcomed by the regions.
The World Bank was seen as a primary promoter of the capitalist global economy.

The annual meetings of the heads of the seven leading industrial powers promoted global trade and policies toward developing regions.

After 2008, the global structure expanded to include the rising economies of Asia and Latin America in order to acknowledge that leadership from the West and Japan was no longer adequate.

As globalization accelerated, the regional economic arrangements that had blossomed from the 1950s onward became more important.
The European Union led the list, but the North American Free Trade Agreement and other regional consortiums in Latin America and east Asia pushed for lower tariffs and greater economic coordination.

The human impact on the environment was not new, but the global level reached after the 1950s was resistance to globalization and unprecedented.

The impact of new technologies was directly expanded.

Huge tanker ships leaked huge amounts of oil into the ocean.
Tall smokestacks are designed to reduce pollution in the American Midwest or the German Ruhr.
Multinationals are often seeking loose environmental controls.
The pressure to expand production, in agriculture as well as industry, has cut into tropical rain forests in places like Brazil, causing regional economic damage and contributing to global warming.

Expansion of intensive industrial development goals was a key issue.

During the cold war, the Soviet Union and its satellites caused extensive environmental dam age in regions like central Asia.
China's headlong industrial drive raised new concerns.
China's population of over a billion people was building on a resource base that was already severely deplete and degraded.
Much of the smoke that shrouded many cities was caused by industrial growth.
During the 2008 Olympics, Beijing planned to shut down manufacturing operations.
The United States was the greatest air polluter by 2001.

Multinationals based in Japan and the newly industrialized countries of east Asia are taking resources with abandon and the rain forest is disappearing more rapidly than in Brazil, according to reports.

Oxygen is sold in the streets of Mexico City.

The city is on the verge of a world-class bio/technic disaster.

At the turn of the 21st century, environmental issues have emerged as focal points of public debate and government policy in most human societies.

Nuclear chain reactions in the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukranian caused a fireball that blew the steel and concrete lid off of the reactor.

The area surrounding the plant is still contaminated.
Many parts of the former Soviet union were damaged by the Chernobyl catastrophe.

The greenhouse effect caused by the build up in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases has led to a warming of the planet.

Industrial waste and exhaust from cars, trucks, and other machines run by internal combustion engines are some of the main sources of the atmo spheric build up.
Other major sources of the greenhouse effect are both surprising and essential to the survival of large portions of humanity.
Methane is introduced into the atmosphere as a by-product of the stew of fertilized soil and water in rice paddies which feeds a majority of the peoples of Asia.
Flatulent cattle, which produce milk and meat for human populations over much of the globe, release methane.
Other gases have the same effects.
chlorofluorocarbons deplete the ozone layer and remove atmospheric protection from the ultraviolet rays coming from the sun.

Major shifts in temperatures and precipitation will be caused by global warming if scientific predictions are correct.

Fertile and well-watered areas are highly productive in food for humans and animals.
The most densely populated areas in the world are likely to be flooded if computer simulations are correct.
Many areas will be altered as climates change.
The rapid melting of glaciers in the Himalayas threatens to deprive India and China of water for irrigation.
Desert flora, scrub, and tropical vegetation can be used to replace the tress that die off in many regions.
Many animal species will become extinct if they can't adapt to rapid climate change.
The extinction of species has accelerated in recent decades.

In the 1990s and early 2000s, many species have disappeared before they could be listed on the international list.

Disease is usually involved in changes in global contacts.

The AIDS epidemic was spread by rapid international travel.
AIDS spread to the United States and western Europe, but southern and eastern Africa were hit the hardest.
In places like Brazil, the epidemic took on larger proportions.
The rate of increase in parts of Asia and Russia began to accelerate in the early 21st century.
These were areas that initially felt safe but where global contact eventually brought new levels of harm.
In 2003 there were fears of another global outbreak.
The response of international organizations proved essential.

The problem of contagious disease remained less severe than other epidemics associated with global contacts, although some experts warned of even greater disease problems in the future.

Disease may have been replaced by environmental issues on the global scale.

Disease patterns have long been characteristic of established industrial societies.

The leading source of mortality was replaced by diseases like heart disease and cancer.
The diseases were hard to control and accompanied growing life expectancy.
There are no clear solutions to the health concerns highlighted by global developments.

The 20th environmental concerns led to a new protest movement because of globalization.

The meetings of the World Bank and the industrial leaders were more than a century ago.
Huge demonstrations and some violence mark nationalism and religion.

The anti-globalization protests began in Seattle in 1999 and continued at key gatherings thereafter.

Protesters came from all over the world.
Many people believed that rapid global economic development was threatening the environment.
The use of cheap labor by international corporations was blasted as damaging to labor conditions in industrial nations.
Another target was rampant consumerism.

Critics claimed that globalization was working to benefit rich nations and not the majority of the world's population.

The top quarter of the world's population grew richer during the 1990s while the rest of the people continued to suffer.
The division operated between regions, widening the gap between rich and poor.
Income gaps were on the rise in parts of western Europe and the United States.
The supporters and opponents of globalization had disagreements.

In the age of globalization, there is a growing gap between rich and poor.

There is a homeless person on a Hong Kong sidewalk.

The shared interests looked forward to dramatic shifts in disputes over limited resources, which would carry the day.

The lines of argument were related.

The "end of However, history suggests that capitalism is not necessarily com history" concept emphasizes the new dominance of the democratic patible with democracy: The drive for material wealth has often led form of government.
According to this view, the contest among to corruption within democratic societies is draining the effectiveness of the political and economic systems.
The greatest advocate of communism was over and democracy will end in the triumph of capitalism, according to the Harvard economist world.
With this, the need for basic questioning about political insti Francis Fukayama, has voiced concern that growing disparity of tutions would also end.

People understand the horror of war.

The argument has no precedent.
Just predictions could not be proved, for example, as democracy resolves internal conflicts through votes.

They argue that people don't vote for wars of aggression because they don't like defense against attack.

The 21st century began with several trends against globalization.

Nationalism is one.
Many nations were bypassed by globalization, but many were less powerful than multinational corporations.
The erosion of traditions was opposed by many countries.
The French government was against the inclusion of English words in the French language.

Many Chinese families began to pay for private Confucian lessons for their children to remember cultural traditions that were important to them.

European countries tried to regulate the number of immigrants from Africa, Asia, and the West Indies in order to preserve dominance for families and workers of European background.

A provision for regulation against war crimes was one of the international treaties that the United States rejected.

China and other states objected to international criticism of their internal policies.

Even though North Korea was almost entirely isolated, other nations tried to stand out against global trends.

Indonesia's health ministry worked to prevent the World Health Organization from testing for new diseases.
Several Latin American countries opposed the efforts of international economic organizations to interfere with domestic economic policies.

The most interesting challenge to globalization in the final decades of the 20th century was religion.

Most religious movements were not opposed to globalization, but they were against any uniform global culture.
They made suspicions of the sexuality and consumerism highlighted in many manifestations of globalization.

Orthodox Christianity was one of the religions that people returned to after the fall of communism.

The region was also visited by Protestant fundamentalists from the United States.
In parts of Latin America, Protestant fundamentalism spread quickly.
Hindu nationalist politicians captured the nation's presidency in the 1990s.
Despite the government's brutal suppression of the Falun Gong, it won wide support in China.

In the Middle East and nearby parts of Africa and south central Asia, fundamentalists gained ground in Islam.

After the 2001 terrorist attack, the Taliban lost control of the state in Afghanistan, initially in opposition to the Soviets, but eventually in favor of the Americans.

Islamic fundamentalists argued for a return to religious law, opposing more secular governments in the region.

Even though many religious leaders used new global technologies such as the Internet, religious fundamentalism ran counter to globalization.

It seemed to appeal to groups who were left behind in the global economy.
Even in religious traditions that had historically been open, fundamentalists tended to increase intolerance.
Hindu fundamentalism was more exclusive than in the past, and more eager to seek support from the state.
As the 21st century opened, the balance between globalization and religious traditionalism was unclear.

Regional conflicts were caused by religious differences.

Ethnic rivalries in the former Yugoslavia were complicated by Catholic, Serbian Orthodox, and Muslim differences.
There were battles between Muslims and Christians in Indonesia and the Sudan, as well as battles between Hindus and Muslims in India.
Tensions between Israel and Lebanon were caused by Judaism and Islam.
Middle Eastern instability was caused by conflicts between Sunnis and Shi tes within Islam.
Patterns of tolerance were strained in many areas.

The terrorism was aimed against globalization.

Most of the religious movements were not terroristic, but were defined by their opposition to globalization.

The Taliban in Afghanistan were viewed as crude and excessive by many Iranian religious leaders who were eager to support religious law.
Secular regimes in the Middle East were more important to religious leaders than global ones.
Alternative identities and standards were provided by fundamentalists.
Many societies debated about what kind of future people should strive for.

In the 21st century, there were two faces of globalization, one in the United States and the other in the Arab world.

Corporations located regional offices there were similar to the citizens of Dubai.
The city was very hot and very humid.

There is an obvious side to the march of gleaming city centers in protest.

There was more than one face.
The immigrants from Pakistan, Palestine and other places built the global economy.
The picture shows that the Philippines had low pay.
Both sides had few citizens.

Human beings want to know what the future holds.

Various societies looked to the stars for predictions, and astrology still has partisans in the contemporary world.

Many Chinese scholars developed a cyclical approach to believing in cycles, which predicted the future would repeat patterns seen in the past.

Other societies think the future will be the same as the past, but Western culture believes in progress.

History shows the futility of many forecasting efforts.

Over half of the expert forecasts made in the United States since World War II have been wrong.
By 2000 most Americans would be riding to and from work in a airship, or that families would be replaced by promiscuous communes, according to predictions.
History can provide the basis for thinking about the future.

The assessment of trends that are likely to continue for several decades is the most obvious connection between history and the future.

We know that global population growth will slow down because it is already slowing.
There are many forecasts that show stabilization by the year 2050.
The percentage of older citizens will increase as populations become older.
This is already happening in western Europe, the United States, and Japan as birth rates decline.
We don't know how societies will respond to the demands of older people or how the environment will change when the global population increases.
Unexpected events, like wars, can throw off trend-based forecasts.
The experts were wrong for at least two decades when they said that the American birth rate would fall because it was already falling.
The rise of Chinese or Indian economic power in coming decades builds on existing trends.

When the trends are fragile, trend-based forecasting is even more difficult.

The late 20th century saw a genuine global spread of democracy.
Predicting the triumph of this form of government was possible.
It was difficult to be sure that democracies were secure in parts of Latin America.
The hold of earlier, less democratic political traditions or the pressure of economic stagnation might cause the trend to be overthrown.

Forecasting is difficult when there are two different trends.

The 20th century saw a rise in consumerism, which spread to all parts of the world.
Mass media, sports, and global fashions appeal across traditional boundaries.
The last 30 years have seen an increase in religious interest in many parts of the world.
Some people participate in both trends, but their priorities are different.

The world's future has been looked at in terms of stark departures from its past by some analysts.

They argue that trend analysis isn't adequate because we are on the verge of a major shift in framework.

The population bomb analysis won a lot of attention in the 1960s.

The argument was that rapid population growth was about to overwhelm all other developments, leading to resource depletion, new wars over resources, and a world far different from what we had previously known.
Other forecasts of dramatic climate change and resource exhaustion provide a dire picture of the world's future in which other issues, like the fate of particular political systems, fade in importance.

The vision of a postindustrial world is a scenario that has enjoyed a lot of popularity.

The conditions of industrial society are being undermined by computer technology, genetic engineering, and other technological advances according to some pundits.
Information is the key to economic growth.
A new premium for leisure will be created when work becomes more individualized and less time consuming.
Critics also express doubts.

Many parts of the world are not industrial.

Work doesn't seem to be heading toward less routine; for example, computers promote repetitious activities as much as new creativity.
The jury is still out, as always, with intriguing predictions of massive change.

One of the reasons prediction is difficult is that world history has undergone many fundamental changes over the past century.

The dominance of western Europe, for centuries a staple of world history, is a thing of the past.
There is a question about the world balance that will replace Western control.

Significant changes for women around the world are due to improvements in women's education and the decline of the birth rate.

It's true that the pace of change varies with the region.
Legal and political rights to women have been given by many regions.

It's difficult to forecast because of continued disputes about women's work roles, significant male backlash against change, and even disputes by women themselves about the relevance of an individualism Western model for women's lives.

It's hard to know the results of continued change.

We have seen that globalization can fail as it did in the 20th century.

The fate of individual as it participates in the global economy is a key question for the future.

The political characteristics of key civilizations for over 5000 years have been reflected in the history of the world.
Not everyone has been part of a major civilization in the Japanese civilization, but with an emphasis on group identity, it's not easy to define.
The personal goals emphasized in the 21st century are not the same as the characteristics of the United States.
Major religions like Hinduism and Islam are starting to blend together.
Business people feel more commitment to their professional when they see scientists, athletes, and other people mark their regions.

Downtowns of most cities around the world look the same.

The same products, stores, and restaurants can be found in most urban areas.

Globalization may be ahead of regional labels.

Is nationalism still important in the Middle East?

There have been many dramatic events in the Contemporary Period T. It's not easy to sort out the main points.

There is a lot of time to talk about short-term versus long-term change.
These were important developments at the time, but they are not easy to define.

Identifying the big themes beneath internal sub periods like the interwar decades or the cold war years is a key challenge.

Although not entirely steady, the advancement of globalization is ongoing through the period.
The process of replacing older political and social systems with newer patterns is offered by a host of revolutions and independence movements.
The burst of global industrialization in recent decades was prepared by policies such as import substitution or Japanese exploitation of Korean manufacturing.
The population explosion had its own effects on the environment and urbanism.

Sometimes massive violence of the period calls for assessment.

During the first decade of the 21st century, some observers claimed that the rate of violence was declining, with very few wars and resolutions of ethnic tensions in some places.

It's difficult to handle cultural developments for the contemporary period.

The spread of Marxism, as well as the retreat of Marxism, is one of the large patterns of change.
The rate of cultural interaction went up a lot.
The religious response was an important theme.

The question of when the contemporary period will end is always posed.

There is an obvious opportunity for debate.

Compare the results of communism in Russia and China.

After difficult words,nunciation guidance is provided in square brackets.

The table below has the symbols used for pronunciation.

Renown for administrative systems that became typical of captured Russians, who monopolized firearms his knowledge of the nomadic tribes who then Mughal rule in India.

Black politi dom tried to establish a one-god religion of Muhammad Ahmad as leader of the Mahdists in South Africa, but was defeated by the policies of apartheid.

The 1990s were declared illegal in South Africa.

The importance of tradition and technology was recognized as a result of the Emerged as the for adoption of Western scientific learning and need for adoption of Western scientific learning majority party in the all-white South African technology.

Philip II was the Successor of Philip II.

There were 8500 contradictions within established doctrine.

Government gathering to agriculture.

During the 17th century, the head of a Sudanic Sufi Brilliant Islamic theologian struggled to bring Europe together, claimed descent from the prophet Greek and Qur'anic traditions, and proclaimed both Egyptians and accepted by Ulama.

The society claimed descent from the gods and eventually formed the United States of America.

The president of Egypt was elected after the fall of Mamluks and began a series of socialist reforms.

The state of Buenos nople was replaced in 1848.

The teacher of Alexander the Great and Greek banks flourished in the southwestern United States.

Turkish military forces against the United States of America in the form of Protestantism set the stage for Latin America to become an up in England after 1534, over a mil alternative to radical political solutions.

During the reign of Chandragupta Maurya, the Abbasid caliphs attempted to use spies and assassins, reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid republics, and resulted in British rule.

One of the regional dynasties was linked under Osei Tutu.

There were people who renunciation the plea economically.

The first application of Industrial Revolution pay of the Marcos regime resulted in abolition of slavery in the leaders of the popular movement that toppled conquests of Indian subcontinent and reunification of North.

New religion spread in the South.

Prior to inter American colonies along Atlantic sea nance in the army in 1882, there was a dival regime to call in British forces for support.

The leader of the Golden Horde located in Iraq near the ancient Persian capital of the forces of the Golden Horde helped break up the Turkish republic in 1923.

Turkey is using Western models.

World War II alli of Mamluk forces at Ain Jalut were originally of Ali and Umayyads, but they were sold to Egyptians.

Hitler's last-ditch effort to right of all people to choose the form of govern the Minamoto following the Gempei Wars; repel the invading Allied armies in the winter of ment under which they live indicated sympathy centered at Kamakura.

The samurai was established by the court of appeals.

The initial settlement over Umayyads resulted in the conquest of Syria.

The British minister's grandsons were responsible for and ultimately bishop of Hippo in Africa, and they were promised support for the invasion of Russia.

There are movements to create issues.

The people of this linguistic group were supported or created by the United States in Basil's rules in Byzantine Empire.

The kingdom is located in Ethiopia and subservient to the U.S. interests.

The powerful city-state came into contact with the Por lands and was replaced by Meroe in the first century.

European influence, commercial and sula were converted to Christianity.

Eight armies of the Manchu Hulegu combined with the growing power of societies that recognized some form of kinship; tribes identified by separate flags, created by Mamluks in Egypt, and utilized to defeat conquest.

The Qing dynasty was established by the Ming emperor.

Immigration from East Berlin to West Ber was the result of political anarchy in eastern Nigeria after the fall of the Ottomans.

The role of faith in India was emphasized.

All of Mespota was unified from 1934 to 1944, and then returned to presidency in 1952.

Shiva and Vishnu were the Dutch colony at shipped gods.

There is a conflict with Bantus.

The economic system based on profit was murdered in India between France and Britain.

Headed Christian churches and northern portions of Balkan peninsula; con coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for regional centers and supervised the activities of a source of pressure on Byzantine empire; limited success in other churches within the jurisdictional area.

Slender, long-hulled vessels were used in the 14th century to reduce Europe's small kingdoms from fortresses.

Private armies are built up by the German term for lightning warfare.

Empire following collapse of western half of old holiness during their lifetimes; prayers even after death and settlement; served as experimental region empire; retained Mediterranean culture.

After 8th an expedition to India, the Royal house of Franks was blown off course in the 1500 government of Cape Colony.

Dutch settlers in Cape Colony overthrew the republic and were assassinated in 44 b.c.e.

Regional kingdoms of the Creole military officer in northern South Company in Bengal in Indian subcontinent, Iberian Peninsula, and pressed reconquest of penin America, won a series of victories in Venezuela, located on the Ganges, and eventually united under Columbia.

The Russian Marxist political sedentary agriculture was based on the early urban culture that distributed land and provided labor.

The French Protestant had a higher degree of social stratification.

Under his rule, the French empire was defeated and influence was lost.

One of the two port cities of the Euro Reformation, established coun control by Europeans and the power of provin peans, was allowed to trade in China during the cils that revived Catholic doctrine.

The last French premier was in small regional kingdoms.

The social relationship that wished to create a strong, centralized national ist party in China in the mid-1920s became wealthy Roman landholders who offered protection governments with broad powers in return for financial aid to lesser citizens.

The relationship between the chiefdoms flourished from 800 to 1465 c.e.

The Soviet Union and the United States were defeated.

Beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and 1990 are based on the creation of political spheres driven into the highlands by the successful Viet earth placed in frames made of cane and root of influence and a nuclear arms race rather than namese drive to the south.

Irrigation agriculture utilized by Aztecs is known as Zen in Japan.

Most of the Islamic world was centralized by the Indian subcontinent.

British resistance to German air assaults was supported by the Spanish monarch.

Conservative Roman nationalist party after decline of VNQDD in administrative, and military reforms in Spain senator; 1929 philosopher; one of great orators; led in late 1920s by Nguyen Ai Quoc, alias and its empire.

The advisors of the government of merchants under the Qing dynasty, who specialized in battle of Tours in 732, ended Muslim Diaz, who was influenced by the import-export trade on China's south threat to western Europe.

The Chinese philosopher was born in 6th century b.c.e.

Newly seized lands in Russia were the focus of the meeting.

The frontier conquests disputes were spurred by the large Persianquests.

The Spanishtianity to unify empire was the subject of a kingdom developed among Fon or king.

American-born descendants of virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to control coastline and port of Whydah by saltwater slaves; result of sexual exploitation of to America and handled much of the silver 1727; accepted western firearms and goods in slave women.

Between 1854 and the present.

The capital of the man empire was a Syrian city, while Russia was against France and the British had control of the legislature in Umayyad caliphate.

Russia was defeated in the Gold Coast.

Under Alexander II, voyages were made to Russian reforms.

The unified kingdom was established by a Biologist.

The movement of the Christian sect of Egypt resulted in armed violence.

Aryan name for indigenous people of the world enjoyed profit from the world economy, but failed to eliminate the debts of the valley.

Along with Doric and Ionian, de Klerk helped to dis the most ornate of the three styles.

The movement started on spiritual matters.

The political revolt in Russia was led by middle-level army officers who were gold and was called off in 1824.

The Enlightenment figure best known for his work tories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control was adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution.

During the Scientific Revolution in eastern Europe, the role of divinity was to set, which gave the Viet Minh control of northern Vietnam.

The alliance formed by Athens after Meiji reforms was able to pass laws and established during World War I, but military defeats led to the downfall of the treasury on the island of Delos.

Across cultures and regions, the trading states are the most powerful.

The class of prosperous business and pro first appeared in western Europe and United India.

The Tang ruler was 690-705 years old.

The only port Island in Nagasaki Bay was where the statues of Buddha were created.

The goddess of Hinduism is widely to pay a tribute or provide labor.

His extensive and spread of Guptas was responsible for their integration into widely-read writings on the plight of blacks in new emotionalism in religious ritual.

Grant of Indian laborers made to career determined by a person's birth; Hindu in the United States and African resistance to Spanish conquerors and settlers required that one accept their social colonialism.

During the 18th century, Arab sailing vessels with triangular or trade in Asia acted as virtually independent tered in France.

A group of Japanese scholars have rational laws.

The first literary epic in Mexican politics for 35 years was written down in 2000.

The social organization created a revolt against the Hausa kingdoms and became a polititian by exchanging grants of land or fiefs for a formal state centered on Sokoto.

It was published during Later Han.

Began as European Eco ies concerning laws of gravity and planetary protection and aid to lesser lords in return for Common Market, which was condemned by the Catholic church for military service.

Large, heavily armed ships used to economic entity across national boundaries in States and various European and Middle East carry silver from New World colonies to Spain.

During World War I, peasants and artisans of western al Muslims were required to fast and confess their faith.

Europe features late marriage age, emphasis during the holy month of Ramadan, and haj.

Stalin's plans to speed up indus of the West Indies never married.

The bureaucracy of the colonies created intendants ations, including the family patriarch's sons, and led to massive state-planned industrialization.

European trading fortresses and provided credit vouchers to merchants to be dhi; instal ed as a figurehead prime minister compounds with resident merchants; utilized redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced by the Congress party bosses in 1966; a strong throughout Portuguese trading empire to assure ger.

Politics became her sons' philosophy.

Coffee estates spread within ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman cal allies who attempted to seize control of interior of Brazil between 1840 and 1860.

The intensification of slavery in Brazil was caused by the Communist government in China from the major export commodity for Brazilian pragmatists.

African American political regulation introduced freedom of religion, increased state leader, and had a major impact on emerging Africanernments rather than centralized national control of economy.

It resulted in the destruction of Taira.

There were secret police in Nazi Germany in the summer of 1952.

The first great sub-Saharan state was created in western Europe at the end of the 19th century and resulted in the overthrow of the Soninke people by the 9th century.

The most radical phase of the French Revolution tion in the Soviet Union was the economic policy of Mao.

Sun Yat-sen founded the Nationalist party in 1960.

The Chinese criminal underworld was initially forged.

The Cape Colony of southern Africa formed an alliance with the Communists in 1924, which led to the downfall of the British government.

The Dynasty succeeded the Kushans and Natal.

The site of the Portuguese factory and fortified trade bezi is less central than the Mauryan Empire.

The court of the Guptas had a Byzantine weapon.

It was used to drive the Arab fleets back to Russia.

The Ottoman empire was dismantled in the politics of Latin America.

The Emperor of Mexico was following the Balkans.

Liberal revolutionaries executed under 1985; renewed attacks on Stalinism; urged in Europe to focus on environmental issues.

During the Middle Ages in western Europe, an architectural style that developed seed strains, fertilizers, and irrigation as a means for consumers in America, and of producing higher yields in crops such as rice, power for local aristocracy.

The military force engaged in trying to free church from interference of feu to introduce land and citizenship reform within violent resistance to British presence in Pales dal lords was killed on the command of tine in the 1940s.

Along constructed in Constantinople during the reign of oral historians who served as keepers of tradi.

Income from trade South America as a result of military successes responsible for codification of law came from an independent state created in the ruler of the Babylonian empire.

The Carthaginian general successfully invaded Italy during the Second Punic War.

It was built in the 7th century.

The original centers of Chinese civilization were linked in 1967.

The primary social unit of the crisis following World War I was the col ship, regulated apprenticeship, and divisions of tribes consisting of a lapse of the American stock market in 1929.

The ruler who followed the Guptas in India was introduced as a method of humane.

The people of northern Nigeria formed 1200 b.c.e.

The warrior family was allied with Mina large center for regional chiefdoms between 300 moto and 900 c.e.

The Minamoto rulers who claimed to rule in a large ceremonial center supported extensive civilization that flourished between 300 and 100 names of the Japanese emperor at Kyoto.

Attempted to reestablish for Spartan land, only semifree, resulted in deaths of 6 million Jews.

The Aztec tribal patron god is the central figure of the cult of tury.

Focus on humankind as center South Africa designated for ethnolinguistic hih-DAL-goh; Mexican priest who established of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of groups within the black African population; independence movement among American study that emphasized the superiority of classi such areas tend to be overpopulated.

The son and successor of Babur emerged as the most successful at the end of the eral under Nobunaga.

The major commercial center, alliances that made him military master of Japan land and France from 1337 to 1453, and the conflict between Britain and the People's Republic in 1590 all died in 1598.

The mixture of Arabs was given a name to convince them to support Britain.

The religion of India from last centu ure to keep promise was the main religion of the first Ming emperor.

The example of huge industrial groups, such as the Zhu Yuanzhang, drove out the influence of the Mongols and restored the position of scholar-gentry in South Korea.

The first island in the Caribbean was a vertical economic organization.

After 1946, the prophet and teacher had a cycle of three generations.

The initiation of exploration of New Revolution of 1965, arrested and imprisoned for together to create new concepts, is typical of Chi World.

The title of shogun was granted to Japan in the 16th century.

The major world religion had its beginnings in the National Congress party and became leader but may have been the work of many authors.

Shi'ism says rulers who could hurt Pakistan.

A group of clans are centered at Cuzco.

Spanish forces of independence created a view of Islamic territories.

The whole was contributed by the Napoleonic invasion of 1808 to 1820.

The Misnomer was created by Columbus of Moscow.

The deity of the Aryans is depicted as a merce and culture.

Chinese ships were often political in nature and wanted to maintain a Russian culture distinct century.

Most of the Yellow River basin was annexed by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV.

A new religious order was founded that was more ornate than the Doric Empire but less active in politics.

The shrine describes the division between free and Asia.

The site of Husayn's death and the creation of an independent repub son of Ali marked the beginning of the Shi'a resistance.

The amount of merits accumulated by Stalin's successor as head of U.S.S.R.

In southern Russia, a trade city established a retreat from society into nature.

The kingdom of Russia has a leading focal point.

The previous Rus Dominican friar supported peaceful con 1950s.

The pit in Anasazi and other com of dhows by long booms, which tlers, came to power only after suppression of religious meetings by the Land Freedom Army.

An astronomer and northern Korea, he established an independent and peace organization in the Treaty of mathematician who was a prominent figure in kingdom in the northern half of the peninsula that ended World War I.

The United States in the peace negotiations was never a member of the Kingdom.

The authoritarian gov of the prophet Muhammad was established during the 1950's and was supported by the U.S.S.R. and later People's Action party.

The Republic of China is supported by the South.

During the tory in 1571, domesticated animals were allowed to trade in China.

European importation of larger animals in 15th state that survived mfecane was originally organized under century c.e.

The basis for unification of Greece and Britain was served by the prime minister of Great.

Blending images of the mundane world government came from the people.

The University of Beijing saw peasants as tural communities.

The center of Communist power moved rights against monarchical claims, as well as tained independence from the Song dynasty in China.

The Chinese version of Buddhism emphasized the importance of Buddha as a god life and the representation of propertied people in the French Revolution.

The colony was a Catholic one.

Western India peoples rebelled against the Mughals in the 18th century and wanted to turn China into a liberal town on the tip of the Malayan penin.

The southern Asian islands have a classic culture.

The Empire was centered between the paid volunteers in his army rather than citizen with Teotihuacan, and extended over a broad region, and created military force with personal featured monumental architecture.

The city was founded by Jalut in 1260 and is located in a mountainous region of Egypt.

The power of Hawaiian ali'i came from a pilgrimage point in Islam.

Cosmic diagrams, vehicle for American eco fruit, and refuge for Hindu belief system were part of the war's destruction.

Muhammad is following the flight from Mecca.

The Byzantine empire remained under the control of governments that were out of power.

Government promotion of limitation of leader of African National Congress party, along with a growing eco imports from other nations and internal econo worked with the ANC leadership.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, there were hints of mass consumerism in Europe.

After the ANC won the first genuinely that a ruler's and kingdom's power depended on the 18th century onward, economists argued most clearly in Western Europe.

The belief of the government of Industrial Revolution was that it would rule the music halls, popular theater, vacation trips, and exchanges with other nations.

The principal crop of 1955 was one of the staple crops of sedentary, which led to the formation of agricultural cooperative.

The system described the eco regions of Java in the 17th century.

A culture in which young men China advocated rural reform and role of sionary sent by Byzantine government to east upon marriage influenced Europe and the Balkans.

The Dynasty established in Indian sub Guomindang purges in 1920s and is responsible for the creation of a written script for the 4th century b.c.e.

Great Leap forward was promised in 1958.

Resistance to Japa resources, guaranteed the rights of workers, and to New Zealand from Society Islands as early as nese encroachments in China began on this date placed restrictions on clerical education.

The last of the mound irrigation agriculture and writing almost ten years from 1910 resulted in the removal of building cultures of North America.

The opposition forces led between 800 and 1300 c.e.

They were educated by both Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

Legislative council lands are assigned to labor.

The organization of southern Africa was established in India.

There is little indi sources of protein during this time.

Between 200 and 700 c.e., slaves traveled from Africa to the valley.

The region and the agriculture were declared in India.

During the Middle Ages, a heavy plow was introduced to govern Europe and allow the control of northern India.

The Islamic ruler of the Songhay Empire became the location for gold rush.

Baghdad was killed by Abbasid caliph in 1258 in the southern island of Philippines.

Succeeded a civilization.

Local mosque officials and prayer ern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated European country to colonize in the Americas leaders within the Safavid empire; agents of efforts on internal development within China.

Seasonal winds crossing the Indian nies, mainly from the West or Pacific Rim, with Confucianism.

Students from the Chinese government were lured by multinational companies after World War II.

The scholars were preserved.

Located on the eastern slopes of the Andes and entombed in the Taj Mahal, a Hindu writer of religious poetry.

Egypt was invaded by the Napoleonics and suffered from colonial cultures.

The foreign policy of the Egyptian nationalists is to reverse humiliation of the system.

Islam fostered strikes and riots against the unit in Mexico and Central America.

The southeast and southwest of the present-day gins in western Europe have a political viewpoint.

The first fascist government gravity was created by the Italian fascist leader after lished principles of motion.

The East India Company, who went briefly approved by the United States, had a name given to them by the British.

The industrialized nations' adventurer after the fall of the Safavid dynasty in support retook southern Vietnam and proclaimed himself shah in 1736.

Along with Heian, capital of the Yamato teachings in Song era China, there was a great impact on the traditional dynasty of Trinh in north at emperors.

The first pharaoh of Egyptian Old King Chinese rulers was less receptive to political opposition and dom.

The Christian sect was found in Asia.

Polish monk and 1952 enacted land reforms and used state in preference to Byzantine rule, cut off astronomer and ousted Brit Europe by Muslim invasions.

A major commercial outpost was created at the Buddhist state of enlightenment.

The state continued to set basic economic poli India after most of the postcolonial failed.

The redefinition of what it meant style flourishing between 500 b.c.e.

was also known as the cific reforms.

The Nazi party was led by Hitler.

Between the British and 10,000 people, who were located in Brazil during the 17th, fought to protect the century.

civilized societies were brought about by an organization.

A person is representing the god.

An aspect of American inter powers plus Canada in a defensive alliance the god that had predictive value if the Soviets attacked Latin America resulted from the United against them.

In return for a grant to exclusive tual movement of northern Europe, shamans or priests in Chinese society movement foretold the future through interpretations rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus.

The Pacific oceans were completed in 1914.

It was originated in the Renaissance.

There are bodies of Shi Huangdi.

The Manchu banner was attached to military contingents at all levels.

The capital of an empire that spanned ered relationship between germs and disease in Manchuria and lasted over 600 years was created by a French scientist.

The military campaigns that gave the Inka's control of the environment fed on the natural environment and shaped the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake populous.

Region including Japan, South to men, societies run by men and based on the Chinggis Khan, typified assumption that men naturally directed politi gan of the Mongols due to his father's death.

Russians who refused to accept Confucian values were traced through the male line.

Slaves and precious metals were transported in double canoes during the 17th century.

Chinese Communist politicians were born in Spain.

Great Leap forward dominated the northern half of Korea.

The three districts that retained independence as a communist state had most of the Inca possessions fall to the Spanish.

The rise of British control over the People's Republic of China was marked by a mythical Christian monarch victory.

This mythical ruler was believed to be a communist.

The Party of the Institutionalized Revolution was formed in 1949 following military success of Mao the material world, and was later developed into a gov dominant political party in Mexico.

Food or industrial crops were restructured in the U.S.S.R. in the late 1980s.

One-third of women in Argentina had at least one husband, and the military leader in Argentina ensured compliance.

Marriage practice in which one hus access to producing property; typically manu poor; became president in 1946; forced into band had several wives; practiced in Aryan society.

In Europe in 1973, there were islands contained in a rough tri economy.

The head of the Christian sent against the Catholic church was generally held to be in favor of opening ports to American trade.

Many varieties of American trade with Japan were included in the combination of socialist and Catholic beliefs.

Proto-globalization was ruled from 1689 to social reform because of continued strength of term, but fell from power in 1938.

Huge growth in popu particularly in trade, while also distinguishing changing aspects of economy and lation in western Europe beginning about 1730; the patterns from the more intense exchanges culture through imitation of western European prelude to Industrial Revolution.

An Italian author and observation and scientific approach to problems of textile and metal products, working at home, became part of the Western Renaissance.

One of the great epic tales from the Ming emperors was a skilled scientist who won few con the two major chains of the Andes mountains.

Wars after Muhammad's b.c.e.

The military organization built strikes.

Leon Trotsky led the seclusion of Indian women.

The salvationist background was emphasized.

Student brigades are used by public buildings.

The name was given to the followers of Rome.

Their distinctive red headgear is one of the reasons they are a pure hunting society.

Several popular assembly passed legislation.

The Chinese of Old Kingdom Egypt used to bury members of the middle class.

Russia ruled until to the west and compelled tribute from Vietnam at the end of Time of Troubles.

Mass civil disobedi wanted to show passions, not calm reflection.

The strongman leader ended British control of India.

The leader of the Indian War II, Syngman Rhee, proclaimed himself the Sultan of India in the early 19th century.

The idea of establishing a monopoly over the slave trade in Europe during the 19th century was advocated after the 1950s.

The founder of the first kingdom of Russia was based on movement against the U.S. occupation forces.

The national hero was assassinated by the Nicaraguan National base in the schools or universities in 1934.

After a brief period of military dominance, Korea was annexed by Japan in 1910.

During the 1960s, the union of independent Peru and dence was established by a Turkic nomadic group.

Some people advocated independence.

The Chinese peasant organization in Iran lasted until 1722.

The start of World War I was caused by the desert running across the northern spark.

The dynasty that ruled from the west was led by provincial leaders.

Sultan who ruled Ottoman empire of Christian lifestyles built up treasury of the rise of Muhammad in order to improve admin merit that could be tapped by more ordinary Islamic expansion.

The practice was overthrown by Janissaries in 1807.

Mounted troops of the Japanese war were deployed throughout India.

Born in Argentina and specialized in sedentary to 1980.

The Chinese class created by demonstrated courage and a means to restore ment named after Augusto Sandino successfully married the local land holding family honor.

The system is based on the feeling of anti-Muslim.

There are large numbers of European migrants who made eastern part of peninsula, defeated Koguryo Julian and Gregorian calendars, as well as Mayas who con the colonized areas their permanent home along with their Chinese Tang allies, submitted structed solar calendar.

The Polish labor movement started in inhabitants.

Lech Walesa challenged the U.S.S.R. in the 1970s.

The Athenian reformer of the 6th century resulted in the seizure of Vietnam.

Farmers were forbidden from enslavement for debt.

It was written by Firdawsi in late 10th 1895 and resulted in Japanese victory.

Russian author critical of the and early 11th century, relates history of Persia Japanese imperial aims because of Western Soviet regime but also of Western materialism.

The patrilineal nature of Islamic under Sunni Ali is the last of the able rulers.

His late 5th-century inheritance led to the Gupta dynasty.

The group in Russia has knowledge of Zhou in Chinese history.

There is a division of economics within Islam.

During the Industrial Revolu Spain and the United States began in 1898, a war was fought between ecological adaptation in which temporary forms in western Europe began.

Devotees worshiped numerous gods and spirits in western Europe during the 19th century, but wealth and land remained in the hands of men.

The god of destruction and production is a Hindu deity.

The military leaders of the bakufu were anti-Western and related formal culture to the people.

War II furthered cold war with western Europe and the fall opened up southeastern Asia based on race.

African societies had mixed races.

The Athenian philosopher lacked political power and dramatized authority.

Meeting among lead memorate triumphs and events in the lives of based on the organization of labor, imported in the United States, Britain, and the Soviet rulers.

The opening of a new ments in Latin America was agreed to by the European political union in 1943.

The center of state religion was located at Cuzco and held sonal bravery due to strict discipline of the body and per anese monarch.

The marshy island in Lake Tex was founded in 1325 to appease the peasantry and became the center of Aztec power.

Under the population of as many as 200,000, some kingdoms developed refuge for the Nationalist Chinese regime.

The Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan helped to keep independence with the help of the United States after the 1950s.

It was originally built as a 40 percent of Japanese males.

European investors financed the war in the Holy 1869.

The intervention of British into Egyptian politics was the first novel in any language, and relates life history and the emperor and his ally, Spain.

China emerged from strong rulers.

The most powerful way stations in Western countries were used by the Incans.

One-third of the Dynasty that succeeded the Sui included spring grains.

The Umayyads supported the Mongols, who captured Russian cities and established religious and artistic within Islam.

The Peasant revolution in nationalism in India should be based on appeals suffrage, which was actually controlled by the Communist southern Vietnam during the late 1770s.

The Trinh dynasty of northern tions was overthrown by a Dutch plantation on the coast of South America.

Just off of guerrilla resistance is the port city of Maldive.

The population of 50,000 was contained in a library chiefdom.

The status quo was supported by the ties of all parties.

They agreed to reestablish their authority and ended with 10.

The legacy of distrust of the Oyoko clan of Akan peoples in the Gold Coast leader of Turkic nomads began in the United States.

In 1763 there were attacks in India and Persia.

The god of rain was signed between the two cycles.

Succeeded Teotihuacan culture possession in New World, reserved Brazil and all Islam, pressed for a more conservative and in central Mexico, strongly militaristic ethic newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portu restrictive theology, and granted all lands.

The leader of the Bolshevik Revolution was linked to Africa.

The clan established a dynasty under the losing struggle for power and went into exile in the Roman republic.

The Dynasty that ruled in north Vietnam Islam, from 1533 to 1772, had a degree of political unity.

The socialist republics of Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Germany were established at the end of 1923 in various ethnic regions of Russia.

In Germany, Italy, and the part of European alliance system in the Soviet Union were important for its subjects.

The expansion of the empire to its government resulted in the ousting of reform tial indigenous populations.

According to the season, American president from moving from one region to another was to provide a forum for negotiating 1945 to 1952; less eager for smooth relations.

The architect of American diplomacy that culture, performed tasks that were considered creatures in the supernatural realm, and initiated the cold war, was the lowest social caste in Hindu religious traditions.

The revolt broke out in 39 c.e.

during the 1870s rule.

The sleeping sickness carried by the political system in late lands appealed to Christians to mount a military assault on Italy that promoted pastoralism in western and central Africa.

After World War II, the European state in economic policy and welfare conquered the Araucanian Indians of Chile.

The god of War I was the brahminical, later Hindu, who imposed sacrifice and was widely worshiped.

Switzerland featured trench warfare and a new constitution based on Mussolini's Italy.

It was founded in suicide in 1954.

Colonies in which Euro warriors, merchants, and peasants lived; beneath four Abbasid wazir; the head of the Ottoman bureau pean settlers made up the overwhelming major castes.

The ruler of the Russian kingdom from 980 to 1015 was a feudal lord who gave land to the British in North America and Australia.

The secret religious society was written down in sacred books from the original and inner core of the leaders who were dedicated to overthrowing the Yuan dynasty in the 6th century b.c.e.

The Roman poets were against the French and Americans.

The British were the representative of the flanks of Germanic regions.

The Portuguese used viceroys tions after World War I, including from Normandy in 1066; extended feudal who resided in Goa for their possessions in negotiations, and then established administrative the Indian Ocean.

Reflecting resentment established in 1940 in southern France following sweeping reforms based on Legalists, advocated against the poor and uncertainties about religious defeat of French armies by the Germans.

The Bourbon family's succession to Spanish factories in Russia resulted in the system.

By the 16th century, a violent force was established by Europeans to overthrow the NATO balance of power.

Alexander II gave some Russians, par 1122 b.c.e., the first of the Zhou to be recognized as king.

nese Buddhism is known as Chan Buddhism in favor of Confucian ideology.

Western term for perceived threat China; stressed meditation and the appreciation of Japanese imperialism around 1900; met by natural and artistic beauty.

The last half of headway among elites was made by Chinese daiists.

Russian leader who stood up to resources.

The Korean dynasty that succeeded Koryo founder of Song dynasty took the title of Taizu after the fall of Tang.

City-states developed in northern ral who commanded the Indian Ocean.

The leaders are having a meeting.

The name of the Hon pendence was given in 1922.

The founder of the Ming dynasty was a Japanese clan.

Mexican revolutionary and leaders argued that the Jews should return to being servants, artisans, or workers for the Inca or military commander of peasant guerrilla move Middle Eastern holy land.

After death in "House of Song" his father was murdered to gain throne and his honor was restored.

It was published in the updated edition of the Princeton edition in 1990.

The University of University Press has a history of Hebrew Law.

Soundjata ou l'Epopee du 199- 200.

The authors are C. Beazley and Edgard Prestage.

Academic International Press is located in Gulf Breeze, Fla.

The Yale U niversity Press gave permission for this to be reproduced.

Permission was granted for this use.

The rain had stopped.

Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ is the author's alma mater.

"Have come upon."

N. H. Watts gave permission for it to be reproduced.

The Harvard University Press is copyrighted by the President.

Permission was granted by Harvard College.

George Tanabe and Paul Varley are authors.

Oxford University Press gave permission for 5 lines from "Snow" to be reproduced.

Reproduced with permission from the American University of Beirut.

Permission was granted for this to be reproduced with permission from the editor of the Cambridge University Press.

I run around with them.

All rights belong to the person.

The British Library Board used "Departure for the Cape" as a title.

The Bridgeman Art Library is blessing Vasco da Gama and his expedition.

A model of the slave ship Brookes was used.

Dagli Orti is the Art Archive at Art Resource, NY.

B.S.P.I./Terra was written by Athanasius Kircher.

There are prints and photographs in the Library of Congress.

The cold war was a part of the Qing dynasty.

Nude Descending a Staircase.

Document Outline

Cover

Title Page

Contents

MyHistoryLab Video Series

MyHistoryLab Documents

Maps

Preface

Supplementary Instructional Materials

About the Authors

Prologue

PART I: EARLY HUMAN SOCIETIES, 2.5 MILLION-600 B.C.E.: ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1 The Neolithic Revolution and the Birth of Civilization Human Life in the Era of Hunters and Gatherers DOCUMENT: Tales of the Hunt: Paleolithic Cave Paintings as History Agriculture and the Origins of Civilization: The Neolithic Transformations VISUALIZING THE PAST: Representations of Women in Early Art The First Towns: Seedbeds of Civilization THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Idea of Civilization in World Historical Perspective GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: The Neolithic Revolution as the Basis for World History Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 2 The Rise of Civilization in the Middle East and Africa Early Civilization in Mesopotamia 25 Later Mesopotamian Civilization: A Series of Conquests 30 VISUALIZING THE PAST: Mesopotamia in Maps DOCUMENT: Hammurabi's Law Code Ancient Egypt THINKING HISTORICALLY: Women in Patriarchal Societies Egypt and Mesopotamia Compared Civilization Centers in Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean The Issue of Heritage GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: The Early Civilizations and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Question CHAPTER 3 Asia's First Civilizations: India and China The Indus Valley and the Birth of South Asian Civilization Indo-European Incursions and Early Vedic Society in India DOCUMENT: Aryan Poetry in Praise of a War Horse A Bend in the River and the Beginnings of China The Decline of the Shang and the Era of Zhou Dominance VISUALIZING THE PAST: Mapping the Rise of Civilizations THINKING HISTORICALLY: Nomadic Contacts and the Endurance of Asia's First Civilizations GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Contrasting Legacies: Harappan and Early Chinese Civilizations Further Readings Critical Thinking Question

PART II: THE CLASSICAL PERIOD, 600 B.C.E.-600 C.E.: UNITING LARGE REGIONS CHAPTER 4 Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China Philosophical Remedies for the Prolonged Crisis of the Later Zhou DOCUMENT: Teachings of the Rival Chinese Schools The Triumph of the Qin and Imperial Unity The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of China's Classical Age THINKING HISTORICALLY: Xunzi and the Shift from Ritual Combat to "Real" War VISUALIZING THE PAST: Capital Designs and Patterns of Political Power GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Classical China and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 5 Classical Civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East The Persian Empire: A New Perspective in the Middle East The Political Character of Classical Greece The Hellenistic Period VISUALIZING THE PAST: Political Rituals in Persia Greek And Hellenistic Culture DOCUMENT: The Power of Greek Drama Patterns of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Society THINKING HISTORICALLY: Defining Social History GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Persia, Greece, and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 6 Religious Rivalries and India's Golden Age The Age of Brahman Dominance An Era of Widespread Social Change THINKING HISTORICALLY: Inequality as a Social Norm Religious Ferment and the Rise of Buddhism The Rise and Decline of the Mauryas Brahmanical Recovery and the Splendors of the Gupta Age VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Pattern of Trade in the Ancient Eurasian World Intensifying Caste and Gender Inequities and Gupta Decline DOCUMENT: A Guardian's Farewell Speech to a Young Woman About to Be Married GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: India and the Wider World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 7 Rome and Its Empire The Development of Rome's Republic Roman Culture DOCUMENT: Rome and a Values Crisis How Rome Ruled Its Empire VISUALIZING THE PAST: Religions in Rome The Evolution of Rome's Economic and Social Structure THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Classical Civilizations in Comparative Perspective The Origins of Christianity The Decline of Rome GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Rome and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 8 The Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas Origins of American Societies Spread of Civilization in Mesoamerica DOCUMENT: Deciphering the Maya Glyphs THINKING HISTORICALLY: Different Times for Different Peoples The Peoples to the North The Andean World VISUALIZING THE PAST: Ancient Agriculture GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: American Civilizations and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 9 The Spread of Civilizations and the Movement of Peoples The Spread of Civilization in Africa DOCUMENT: Myths of Origin THINKING HISTORICALLY: Language as a Historical Source Nomadic Societies and Indo-European Migrations VISUALIZING THE PAST: Varieties of Human Adaptation and the Potential for Civilization The Spread of Chinese Civilization to Japan The Scattered Societies of Polynesia GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: The Emerging Cultures Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 10 THE END OF THE CLASSICAL ERA: WORLD HISTORY IN TRANSITION, 200-700 C.E. Upheavals in Eastern and Southern Asia DOCUMENT: The Popularization of Buddhism The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Problem of Decline and Fall The Development and Spread of World Religions VISUALIZING THE PAST: Religious Geography GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: The Late Classical Period and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions

PART III: THE POSTCLASSICAL PERIOD, 600-1450: NEW FAITH AND NEW COMMERCE CHAPTER 11 The First Global Civilization: The Rise and Spread of Islam Desert and Town: The Harsh Environment of Pre-Islamic Arabian World The Life of Muhammad and the Genesis of Islam The Arab Empire of the Umayyads THINKING HISTORICALLY: Civilization and Gender Relationships From Arab to Islamic Empire: The Early Abbasid Era 260 VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Mosque as a Symbol of Islamic Civilization DOCUMENT: The Thousand and One Nights as a Mirror of Elite Society in the Abbasid Era GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Early Islam and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 12 Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras DOCUMENT: Ibn Khaldun on the Rise and Decline of Empires An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements The Coming of Islam to South Asia VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Pattern of Islam's Global Expansions THINKING HISTORICALLY: Conversion and Accommodation in the Spread of World Religions The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Islam: A Bridge between Worlds Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 13 African Civilizations and the Spread of Islam African Societies: Diversity and Similarities Kingdoms of the Grasslands DOCUMENT: The Great Oral Tradition and the Epic of Sundiata VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Architecture of Faith The Swahili Coast of East Africa Peoples of the Forest and Plains THINKING HISTORICALLY: Two Transitions in the History of World Population GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Internal Development and Global Contacts Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 14 Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe Civilization in Eastern Europe The Byzantine Empire VISUALIZING THE PAST: Women and Power in Byzantium The Split between Eastern and Western Christianity THINKING HISTORICALLY: Eastern and Western Europe: The Problem of Boundaries The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe The Emergence of Kievan Rus' DOCUMENT: Russia Turns to Christianity GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Eastern Europe and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 15 A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe Stages of Postclassical Development VISUALIZING THE PAST: Peasant Labor DOCUMENT: European Travel: A Monk Visits Jerusalem THINKING HISTORICALLY: Western Civilization Western Culture in the Postclassical Era Changing Economic and Social Forms in the Postclassical Centuries The Decline of the Medieval Synthesis GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Medieval Europe and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 16 The Americas on the Eve of Invasion Postclassic Mesoamerica, 1000-1500 C.E Aztec Society in Transition DOCUMENT: Aztec Women and Men Twantinsuyu: World of the Incas VISUALIZING THE PAST: Archeological Evidence of Political Practices THINKING HISTORICALLY: The "Troubling" Civilizations of the Americas The Other Peoples of the Americas GLOBAL CONNECTIONS The Americas and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 17 Reunification and Renaissance in Chinese Civilization: The Era of the Tang and Song Dynasties Rebuilding the Imperial Edifice in the Sui-Tang Era DOCUMENT: Ties That Bind: Paths to Power Tang Decline and the Rise of the Song Tang and Song Prosperity: The Basis of a Golden Age VISUALIZING THE PAST: Footbinding as a Marker of Male Dominance THINKING HISTORICALLY: Artistic Expression and Social Values GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: China's World Role Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 18 The Spread of Chinese Civilization: Japan, Korea, and Vietnam Japan: The Imperial Age The Era of Warrior Dominance THINKING HISTORICALLY: Comparing Feudalisms Korea: Between China and Japan Between China and Southeast Asia: The Making of Vietnam VISUALIZING THE PAST: What Their Portraits Tell Us: Gatekeeper Elites and the Persistence of Civilizations DOCUMENT: Literature as a Mirror of the Exchanges among Asian Centers of Civilization GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: In the Orbit of China: The East Asian Corner of the Global System Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 19 The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan DOCUMENT: A European Assessment of the Virtues and Vices of the Mongols The Mongol Drive to the West VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Mongol Empire as a Bridge between Civilizations The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Global Eclipse of the Nomadic Warrior Culture GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: The Mongol Linkages Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 20 The World in 1450: Changing Balance of World Power Key Changes in the Middle East The Structure of Transregional Trade The Rise of the West VISUALIZING THE PAST: Population Trends DOCUMENT: Bubonic Plague Outside the World Network THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Problem of Ethnocentrism GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: 1450 and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions

PART IV: THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD, 1450-1750: THE WORLD SHRINKS CHAPTER 21 The World Economy The West's First Outreach: Maritime Power THINKING HISTORICALLY: Causation and the West's Expansion The Columbian Exchange of Disease and Food Toward a World Economy VISUALIZING THE PAST: West Indian Slaveholding Colonial Expansion DOCUMENT: Western Conquerors: Tactics and Motives GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: The World Economy--and the World Further Readings Critical Questions CHAPTER 22 The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750 The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce, 1450-1650 The Commercial Revolution The Scientific Revolution: The Next Phase Change VISUALIZING THE PAST: Versailles Political Change THINKING HISTORICALLY: Elites and Masses The West by 1750 DOCUMENT: Controversies about Women GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Europe and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 23 Early Latin America Spaniards and Portuguese: From Reconquest to Conquest DOCUMENT: A Vision from the Vanquished The Destruction and Transformation of Indigenous Societies Colonial Economies and Governments THINKING HISTORICALLY: An Atlantic History Brazil: The First Plantation Colony Multiracial Societies VISUALIZING THE PAST: Race or Culture? A Changing Society The 18th-Century Reforms GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Latin American Civilization and the World Context Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 24 Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade Africa and the Creation of an Atlantic System The Atlantic Slave Trade African Societies, Slavery, and the Slave Trade THINKING HISTORICALLY: Slavery and Human Society White Settlers and Africans in Southern Africa The African Diaspora DOCUMENT: An African's Description of the Middle Passage VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Cloth of Kings in an Atlantic Perspective GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Africa and the African Diaspora in World Context Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 25 The Rise of Russia Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars THINKING HISTORICALLY: Multinational Empires Russia's First Westernization, 1690-1790 DOCUMENT: The Nature of Westernization Themes in Early Modern Russian History VISUALIZING THE PAST: Oppressed Peasants GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Russia and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 26 The Muslim Empires The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders DOCUMENT: An Islamic Traveler Laments the Muslims' Indifference to Europe The Shi'a Challenge of the Safavids THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Gunpowder Empires and the Shifting Balance of Global Power The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India VISUALIZING THE PAST: Art as a Window into the Past: Paintings and History in Mughal, India GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Gunpowder Empires and the Restoration of the Islamic Bridge among Civilizations Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 27 Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change The Asian Trading World and the Coming of the Europeans Ming China: A Global Mission Refused DOCUMENT: Exam Questions as a Mirror of Chinese Values VISUALIZING THE PAST: The Great Ships of the Ming Expeditions That Crossed the Indian Ocean THINKING HISTORICALLY: Means and Motives for Overseas Expansion: Europe and China Compared Fending Off the West: Japan's Reunification and the First Challenge GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: An Age of Eurasian Proto-Globalization Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions

PART V: THE DAWN OF THE INDUSTRIAL AGE, 1750-1900 CHAPTER 28 The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West, 1750-1900 Context for Revolution The Age of Revolution VISUALIZING THE PAST: The French Revolution in Cartoons The Industrial Revolution: First Phases The Consolidation of the Industrial Order, 1850-1900 DOCUMENT: Protesting the Industrial Revolution Cultural Transformations Western Settler Societies THINKING HISTORICALLY: Two Revolutions: Industrial and Atlantic Diplomatic Tensions and World War I GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Industrial Europe and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 29 Industrialization and Imperialism: The Making of the European Global Order The Shift to Land Empires in Asia THINKING HISTORICALLY: Western Education and the Rise of an African and Asian Middle Class Industrial Rivalries and the Partition of the World, 1870-1914 Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change DOCUMENT: Contrary Images: The Colonizer versus the Colonized on the "Civilizing Mission" VISUALIZING THE PAST: Capitalism and Colonialism GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: A European-Dominated Early Phase of Globalization Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 30 The Consolidation of Latin America, 1810-1920 From Colonies to Nations New Nations Confront Old and New Problems Latin American Economies and World Markets, 1820-1870 DOCUMENT: Confronting the Hispanic Heritage: From Independence to Consolidation Societies in Search of Themselves THINKING HISTORICALLY: Explaining Underdevelopment VISUALIZING THE PAST: Images of the Spanish-American War GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: New Latin American Nations and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 31 Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic Heartlands THINKING HISTORICALLY: Western Global Dominance and the Dilemmas It Posed for the Peoples and Societies of Africa and Asia The Rise and Fall of the Qing Dynasty VISUALIZING THE PAST: Mapping the Decline of Two Great Empires DOCUMENT: Transforming Imperial China into a Nation GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Muslim and Chinese Retreat and a Shifting Global Balance Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 32 Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside the West Russia's Reforms and Industrial Advance DOCUMENT: Conditions for Factory Workers in Russia's Industrialization Protest and Revolution in Russia Japan: Transformation without Revolution THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Separate Paths of Japan and China VISUALIZING THE PAST: Two Faces of Western Influence GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Russia and Japan in the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions

PART VI: THE NEWEST STAGE OF WORLD HISTORY: 1900-PRESENT CHAPTER 33 Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global Order The Coming of the Great War A World at War VISUALIZING THE PAST: Trench Warfare Failed Peace and Global Turmoil The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order DOCUMENT: Lessons for the Colonized from the Slaughter in the Trenches THINKING HISTORICALLY: Women in Asian and African Nationalist Movements GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: World War and Global Upheavals Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 34 The World between the Wars: Revolutions, Depression, and Authoritarian Response The Roaring Twenties Revolution: The First Waves THINKING HISTORICALLY: A Century of Revolutions The Global Great Depression The Nazi Response Authoritarianism and New Militarism in Key Regions VISUALIZING THE PAST: Guernica and the Images of War DOCUMENT: Socialist Realism GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Economic Depression, Authoritarian Response, and Democratic Retreat Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 35 A Second Global Conflict and the End of the European World Order Old and New Causes of a Second World War THINKING HISTORICALLY: Total War, Global Devastation Unchecked Aggression and the Coming of War in Europe and the Pacific The Conduct of a Second Global War DOCUMENT: Japan's Defeat in a Global War War's End and the Emergence of the Superpower Standoff in the Cold War Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa VISUALIZING THE PAST: National Leaders for a New Global Order GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Persisting Trends in a World Transformed by War Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 36 Western Society and Eastern Europe in the Decades of the Cold War After World War II: A New International Setting for the West The Resurgence of Western Europe THINKING HISTORICALLY: The United States and Western Europe: Convergence and Complexity Cold War Allies: The United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand Culture and Society in the West VISUALIZING THE PAST: Women at Work in France and the United States Eastern Europe after World War II: A Soviet Empire Soviet Culture: Promoting New Beliefs and Institutions DOCUMENT: A Cold War Speech GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: The Cold War and the World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 37 Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century Latin America after World War II Radical Options in the 1950s VISUALIZING THE PAST: Murals and Posters: Art and Revolution DOCUMENT: The People Speak The Search for Reform and the Military Option THINKING HISTORICALLY: Human Rights in the 20th Century Societies in Search of Change GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Struggling Toward the Future in a Global Economy Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 38 Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in the Era of Independence The Challenges of Independence DOCUMENT: Cultural Creativity in the Emerging Nations: Some Literary Samples THINKING HISTORICALLY: Artificial Nations and the Rising Tide of Communal Strife Postcolonial Options for Achieving Economic Growth and Social Justice Delayed Revolutions: Religious Revivalism and Liberation Movements in Settler Societies VISUALIZING THE PAST: Globalization and Postcolonial Societies GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Postcolonial Nations in the Cold War World Order Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 39 Rebirth and Revolution: Nation-Building in East Asia and the Pacific Rim East Asia in the Postwar Settlements The Pacific Rim: More Japans? VISUALIZING THE PAST: Pacific Rim Growth THINKING HISTORICALLY: The Pacific Rim as a U.S. Policy Issue Mao's China: Vanguard of World Revolution DOCUMENT: Women in the Revolutionary Struggles for Social Justice Colonialism and Revolution in Vietnam GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: East Asia and the Pacific Rim in the Contemporary World Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 40 Power, Politics, and Conflict in World History, 1990-2014 The End of the Cold War VISUALIZING THE PAST: Symbolism in the Breakdown of the Soviet Bloc The Spread of Democracy DOCUMENT: Democratic Protest and Repression in China The Great Powers and New Disputes The United States as Sole Superpower THINKING HISTORICALLY: Terrorism, Then and Now GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: New Global Standards, New Divisions Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 41 Globalization and Resistance Global Industrialization Globalization: Causes and Processes DOCUMENT: Protests against Globalization The Global Environment Resistance and Alternatives THINKING HISTORICALLY: How Much Historical Change? VISUALIZING THE PAST: Two Faces of Globalization Toward the Future GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND CRITICAL THEMES: Civilizations and Global Forces Further Readings Critical Thinking Questions

Glossary A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Credits

Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z