GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Growing - complex phenomenon of a structure or whole

GROWTH

• Increase in physical size of a structure or whole

• Quantitative

• 2 parameters

  • Weight - most sensitive measurement for growth.

    • Weight gain:

      • 2x = 5 – 6 mos.

        3x = 1 year

        4x = 2 – 2½ years

  • Height

    • ESTROGEN - responsible for increase in height in female.

    • TESTOSTERONE - responsible for the increase in height in male

    • Stoppage of height coincide with the eruption of the wisdom teeth.

DEVELOPMENT

• Increase in the skills or capacity to function

• Qualitatively

• How to measure development:

  • By simply observing the child doing simple task

  • By noting parent’s description of the child’s progress

  • Measure by DENVER DEVELOPMENTAL TEST (DDST)

• Main Rated Categories

  • LANGUAGE - ability to communicate

  • PERSONAL/ SOCIAL - ability to interact

  • FINE MOTOR ADAPTIVE - ability to use hand movements

  • GROSS MOTOR SKILLS - ability to use large body movements

MATURATION

• Synonymous with development

• Readiness/ learning is effortless

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

• Ability to learn and understand from experiences, to acquire and retain knowledge, to respond to a new situation and to solve problems

• LEARNING - change of behavior

• IQ= [Mental Age/ Chronological Age] x 100

• Normal IQ range = 90-100

• GIFTED CHILD IQ LEVEL - 130

BASIC DIVISIONS OF LIFE

• Prenatal

  • Conception to birth

• Infancy

  • Neonatal first 28 days

  • Formal Infancy 29th – 1 year

• Early Childhood

  • Toddler 1 – 3 y/o

  • Preschool 4 – 6 y/o

• Middle Childhood

  • School Age 7 – 12 y/o

• Late Childhood

  • Pre – adolescent 11 – 13 y/o

    Adolescent – 12 – 13 y/o to 21

PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

• Growth and development is a continuous process (WOMB TO TOMB PRINCIPLE)

  • begins from conception and ends with death

• Not all parts of the body grows at the same time or at the same rate (ASSYCHRONOUS GROWTH)

• Each child is unique

  • Growth and development occurs in a regular direction reflecting definite and predictable patterns or trends

    • Directional Terms

      • Cephalocaudal/ Head to Tail - It occurs along bodies long axis in which control over head, mouth and eye movemens and precedes control over upper body torso and legs

    • Proximo – Distal/ Centro – distal

      • Progressing from center of the body to the extremities

    • Symmetrical/ Each side of the Body

      • Develop at the same direction at the same time and at the same rate

    • Mass – Specific

      • Differentiation – SIMPLE TO COMPLEX; BROAD TO REFINED.

    • Sequential Trend

      • Involves a predictable sequence of growth and development to which the child normally passes

        • Locomotion

          • Creeps → Stands → Walks → Run

        • Language and Social Skills

          • Cry → coo

    • Secular Trend

      • Refers to the worldwide tend of maturing earlier and growing larger as compared to succeeding generation

• BEHAVIOR → most comprehensive indicator of developmental stages

  • act @ your age

• PLAY → universal language

• A great deal of skills is learned by practice

• There is optimum time for initiation of experience or learning

• Neonatal reflexes must be lost first before development can proceed

  • persistent primitive infantile reflexes is a possible case of cerebral palsy

PATTERNS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

• Renal → digestive → circulatory → musculoskeletal

  • childhood

• Brain → CNS → Neurologic Tissue  rapidly grows with in 1 – 2 years

  • Brain achieves its adult proportion @ 5 years

  • Rapid growth and development of brain from1 – 2 years

  • Malnutrition may result to Mild Mental Retardation

• Lymphatic System (Lymph Nodes)

  • Grows rapidly during infancy and childhood

  • Provide protection against infection

  • TONSIL reach its adult proportion @ 5 years

• Reproductive

  • Grows rapidly during puberty

RATES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

• Fetal and Infancy

  • Period of most rapid growth and development

    • Prone to develop anemia

• Toddler

  • Period of slow growth and development

• Toddler and preschool

  • Period of alternating rapid and slow growth and development

• School Aged

  • Slower growth and development

  • Least to develop anemia

• Adolescent

  • Period of rapid growth

Two Primary Factors Affecting Growth and Development

• Heredity

  • Race

  • Sex

  • Intelligence

  • Nationality

• Environment

  • Quality of Nutrition

  • Socio Economic Status

  • Health

  • Ordinal Position in the family

  • Parent – Child Relationship

*Universal Principle: F are born < wt. than M by 1 oz.; F are born < lt. than M by 1 in.

THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT

Developmental Task

• A skill or growth responsibility arising at a particular time in the individual’s life.

• The successful achievement of which will provide a foundation for the accomplishments of the future tasks

SIGMUND FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY

• 1856 – 1939

• An Austrian Neurologist

• Founder of

• 1st to introduce Personality Development