Standard Oil achieved its dominance before this diagram was created.

Different companies are represented by the symbols, each engaged in a different step in the production of kerosene.

Standard Oil was in charge of nearly 90 percent of the industry.

The newest technology was incorporated.

These and other terests, companies dominated by Rockefeller or his innovations reduced the cost of producing petroleum managers, gained in power.

The decline of the National City Bank of New York was due to the fact that they included products by more than two-thirds.

Mining, real estate, steel plants, steamship lines, and a leading role in the world market were all taken by Standard.

Rockefeller retired from active participation in business in the mid-1890s.

Rockefeller and Carnegie joined the ranks of new companies that viewed technology as a powerful competitive device.

He promised a small invention every ten days and a big invention every six months.

The electric locomotive, the mimeograph, the storage battery, electrical lighting, and many other products were built on the work of others.

Production and sales were made possible because of research and development by the laboratories.

In 1870, electrical equipment sales were insignificant, but by the year 1890 they had reached nearly $22 million.

The sale of electrical devices depended on the availability of electricity.

Installation of wires for carrying electrical current had to be done along city streets and in homes.

The pace of this work picked up after the demonstration of the superiority of alternating current to direct current.

The world's leading research facility when major financial assistance and investment bankers opened in 1876, was Thomas A. Edison's laboratory.

The creation of research teams made it possible to pursue several projects at once.

They created a stream of new products.

General Electric developed out of electrical power.

The expansion of manufacturing produced more freight at a lower cost.

Steel companies demanded that the trends toward a larger array of larger and more efficient furnaces be accelerated to make more steel of new and more affordable consumer goods.

Ordinary citizens as well as famous people were enamored with technology.

There is one and processed food.

An ice-making machine manufacturers of consumer products often produced in 1865, the vacuum cleaner in 1869, the telephone in 1876 and the electric light bulb in 1878 were all vertically integrated.

The first American-made gasoline-engine automobile in 1895 was the first to compete not on the basis of price, but on the basis of quality.

Among the new inventions were the microphone, the light bulb, and electricity.

He became a tele of an invention the sole right to produce, use, or sell as a teenager.

He began to experiment with that invention.

The organizations were set up by Edison.

Advertising created different images for their products as an urban industrial society.

Advertising expanded the market for cigarettes.

New ways of selling to customers came along with advertising.

Most people used to purchase goods directly from artisans who made items on order, from door-to-door peddlers, or in small specialty stores.

Department stores' products, unlike the wares in most previous retail outlets, had clearly marked prices and could be returned or exchanged if the customer were dissatisfied.

Macy's in New York City, Wanamaker's in Philadelphia, Jordan Marsh in Mail-order companies led by Montgomery Ward and Boston, Marshall Field in Chicago, and similar stores relied heavily on each other.

Middle- and upper-class women are depicted in a giant cornucopia in the catalog, but the stores are also filled with consumer goods.

Young, single women found white-collar jobs as clerks in the new de order houses depended on railroads and the U.S.

The vast array of goods available through the new mail-order catalogs paled in comparison to the variety presented by department stores.

The first general cata tised by brand name and available without a physician's logs appeared in 1893.

A name or symbol that identifies a product and is officially registered and legally restricted for use in a wider range of choices than most rural-dwellers had by the owner or manufacturer.

Retail establishment with handkerchiefs to harnesses.

Goods are brought from distant factories by mail.

Advertising, mail-order catalogs, and the new department stores began to change Americans' buying habits, as well as their thinking about what they expected to buy ready-made.

Railroads laid over 75,000 miles of new track, but some lines made little money.

Some traveled through areas of the west.

Areas already saturated by rail service are where others spread.

A few railway executives maneuvered to produce great regional railway systems.

The Santa Fe and the Southern Pacific came to dominate the Southwest, while the Great Northern and the Northern Pacific held sway in the Northwest.

Much of the shipping in the Northeast was controlled by the Pennsylvania and New York Central.

Railway executives tried to create more efficient systems by merging lines within a region.

J. P. Morgan was the son of a successful merchant and this photograph was taken around 1900.

In this photo, Morgan seems to be the first big steel plant, as in others taken at that time.

Power and anger are what you get after school in Switzerland.

His anger may be due to his fear of having his picture taken.

He moved to New cially in the 19th century.

He was offended by one thing.

Several compa for corporations issuing stocks and bonds resulted from an institution that acts as an agent competition.

Morgan was the most prominent and powerful American investment banker in the late 19th century.

The yield on money that has been invested in companies that are trying to reorganize.

Nowadays, companies pay dividends and combine small lines into larger ones to give their stockholders a larger share of the profits.

He would demand a seat each quarter.

Making decisions in the future.

This pro volved with business operations began to be referred to by some.

The large size of the cess as "Morganization," and "Morganized" lines soon new companies meant that most managers rarely included some of the largest in the country.

Most of their employees were seen or talked to by a few.

Similar patterns were followed by other investment bankers.

The expectations of American entrepreneurs were redefined by Carnegie, Rockefeller, and a few others.

Rockefeller's organization to control more manufacturing and less reliance on a few staple three-quarters of the nation's sugar-refining capacity agricultural crops was imitated by some advocates of the New The American Sugar Refining Company.

James B. Duke used the ern economy to integrate it into the national economy.

Chi dominated the cigarette industry.

Atlanta grew as a railroad center.

Atlanta rebuilt his slaughter house in Chicago quickly after Sherman's troops took control of the city in 1864.

Georgia became the capital of the country in 1877.

Thanks for using his own railcars.

Atlanta's popu added refrigerated storage plants in several cities, lation surged in the 1880s, and the city along with a sales and delivery staff.

Other meatpack was a center for ing companies in the New South.

There was a small number of growth in this market.

Railroads are more typical than monopolies.

Some of the new manufacturing companies did not use investment bankers to raise capital.

A market dominated by a few changes to raise capital.

Rockefeller was like Carnegie, a concentrated seller.

The cost of making others was studied by the new manufacturing companies.

To find ways to cut expenses.

A share of a company's profits was received by only twenty manufacturing concerns.

The late-nineteenth-century term was used by some southerners to promote the idea that the South's generation of industrial empire builders should be more diverse.

Professional managers were used to integrate new business agriculture.

Prominent Atlanta newspaper publisher all of whom wanted a reliable return on their investment and leading proponent of the concept of a New South.

Lewis Hine was an investigative photographer for the National Child Labor Committee, documenting the exploitation of American children.

He used his camera to generate support for abolishing child labor.

Some of his photographs are among the most famous photographs ever taken, and they made clear to the nation that child labor was robbing children of their youth, of the chance for an education, and of the opportunity for a better life.

The photo on the left is ofFurman Owens, 12 years old.

I can't read.

I don't know his A,B,C's.

The southern railroads paid panies low wages and had miles of track.

In the 1890s, J. P. Morgan organized the southern railroads into three large systems of nonunion labor.

Some entrepreneurs tried to reduce their dependence on cotton and introduce new industries in the region in order to improve rail transportation.

The textile and cigarette industries were built ton ton in the South, and southerners had long advocated that they be made in the South.

The early factories in the South were near their raw materials.

Crop liens are used to raise cotton or tobacco in the south.

In some parts of the South, the number of textile mills increased from 161 to 400 as farmers became more dependent on cotton.

The Civil War was more mod at the new mills.

The parts of Georgia that produced al ern equipment were 200 percent more productive than in 1860.

Fencing laws brought some long-term improvement and had cheaper labor costs because they re to southern livestock raising.

States lied about child labor.

70% of cattle and hogs run free in unfenced wooded areas, according to an American Cotton official.

75 percent of control breeding is needed to improve the stock, and another observer calculated that fencing permit of southern cotton-mill workers was younger than those of more prosperous farmers.

The cotton spinners in North Carolina had a disadvantage because of the law.

The emergence farmers who now had to fence their areas because of cigarette manufacturing could not afford the new breeds because a new southern indus could not afford them.

The idea of a New South would transform the regional economy.

The pre-Civil War Old local assembly was romanticized in popular fiction and song.

The Knights "kindly" plantation owners cared for "loyal" slaves after one organizer formed South as a place of gentility and gallantry.

Americans have held leadership positions at local and Old South levels because of the heroic efforts of women and Afri.

The Knights appointed a Democratic Party leaders who promoted the nostalgic no woman as a national organizer.

The Knights provided both women and African with the justification for the dislocation and suf Americans with experience in organizing through their activi tion of the Lost Cause.

There were statues of Confederate soldiers from 1879 to 1893.

They appeared on hundreds of courthouse lawns under his leadership, and had a number of events and organizations that reflected their objectives.

Many white southerners opposed the myth.

He argued that a lost strike broke off the more important tasks of education and cooperation.

The type of labor organization was more ship of the telephone, telegraph, and railroad systems.

As the candidate of growth of cities led to dramatic increases in the num a labor party, the expansion of railroads and manufacturing led to dramatic increases in the num a labor party.

Local labor parties were often present at wage-earning workers.

The Knights were strong in other cities.

The Knights failed to sustain the first national meeting in 1878 to promote producers' their organization when faced with external challenges and internal weaknesses.

The antebellum South was thought to be a place of gentility and gallantry because of the term used in both the South and the North.

The organi bership, open to all workers, peaked in 1886, but members excluded professional gamblers, who favored a cooperative alternative to capitalism.

The leader of the Knights of Labor accepted African Americans as members from 1879 to 1893.

The position of the Knights of Labor is advocated in the cartoon.

The Knights wanted labor and management to settle their differences this way rather than striking.

When it came to labor disputes in the late 19th century, management and labor were not equally matched.

Powerderly is depicted between the two giants.

The national leadership of the Knights' Cooperative folded because of conflicts in the interests of long-term, like the Grangers' Cooperative in the 1870s, because of lack of capital.

The railway strike of 1877 and the rise of the Knights from 9,000 members in 1879 to a high point of 703,000 of Labor seemed to signal a growing sense of common in 1886.

Many working people were suggested a purpose by this growth.

After 1886, working people were looking for ways to respond and labor organizations were trying to regain some of their former glory but were often divided between those trying to keep their jobs and those wanting to stay in work.

The Knights were able to adjust to the new realities of industrial capital because of the increase in member ism.

Radical groups became an urban industrial society.

Chicago police killed three days later through the power of their strikers at the Harvester Works.

Police tried to break up the long and bitter struggles with employers.

The police opened fire on the crowd and some protesters from the Knights of Labor.

The decline of the Knights was fired back.

In 1886 there were 703,000 members, 260,000 in known number of demonstrators, and 100,000 in 1890.

Some who abandoned the Knights were antiunion.

When a cooperative common unions tried to discredit them now by playing wealth, it was not quickly achieved.

The Knights were like trade unions in that they had legitimate union goals, but they preferred the more practical AFL to the back in horror.

Eight leadings of the United Mine Workers of America were tried for inciting the bombing and were found guilty but retained some convictions.

Four were hanged, one committed suicide, central principles of the Knights, and three remained in jail until John Peter Altgeld released them in 1893.

The United States has attracted a lot of immi ship in the league.

One-fifth of the Civil War and World War I were caused by a flood of immigrants like the one be unions.

The number was claimed by the Knights.

He became the president of the Cigarmakers' Union in 1877.

A person believes that all forms of cept should be abolished because they are oppressive.

In 1886, the national organization of trade unions was founded, it used strikes and Gompers became more conservative as boycotts improved the lot of craft workers.

He and other leaders of the Federation of Labor came to favor what Gompers called "pure and simple" unionism: higher wages, shorter hours, and improved working conditions.

The largest foreign-born groups in the United States are shown in the graph.

The total number of foreign-born increased dramatically during these fifty years, and the foreign-born were increasingly diverse by country of origin.

The number of immigrants varied from year to year.

A quarter of a million arrived in 1865.

Germany is pushing people off the land.

The failure of potato crops after 1845 resulted in widespread rived from southern and eastern Europe.

The foreign-born population of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Iceland became part of the region of northern Europe.

Many of the immigrants who came in the 1870s and 1880s found that it was easy to get good farmland in the north-central states.

Nordics, Dutch, Swiss, Czechs, and Germans were the most likely to be farmers.

In the late 19th century, in rural Nebraska, the family could attend Sunday church services in a number of languages, including English.

The expectations immigrants had about America and the opportunities they found when they arrived are reflected in the patterns of immigrant settlement.

It was more difficult to get farmland after 1890.

The 1890s marked a shift in the sources of immigration, with more coming from southern and eastern Europe and arriving with little or no capital.

Newcomers were more likely to find work in mining, transportation, and manufacturing after 1890.

Individual variations on these patterns were common.

Immigrants who came after 1890 intended to become farmers.

Industrial workers who came before 1890 became urban workers.

In the 19th century, most old-stock Americans assumed that immigrants should quickly learn English, become citizens, and restructure their lives in order to sell their land grants and values to resemble those of long-time residents.

There are a lot of ads in Europe for immigrants to buy farmland.

Railroad is in Czech, but the majority of the population took place over a lifetime poster in German and Swedish.

A six-year transition from bare their own cultures to a new life on a prosperous farm is shown in most retained elements of the sequence of drawings.

Many European immigrants were attracted to the north-central states by such advertising.

In the late 19th century, the U.S. included most of the nation's factories.

A process by which a minority or immi poor arrived in greatest numbers before the Civil War, grant group is absorbed into another group or groups, but Irish immigration continued at high levels until among immigrants, the process of adopting some of the 1890s.

They settled in the cities of the North and found a quarter of the population in New themselves.

Major U.S. cities, areas where immigrants lived, and the urban-industrial "core" region that included a large proportion of both cities and manufacturing are presented on the map.

America became an urban industrial society in the late 19th century.

Their sense of identity was based on the behavior and beliefs of old-stock Americans, elements of where they had come from and where they blend neatly into American culture.

On arriving in America, with its strange language metaphor, rarely described the reality of immigrants' and unfamiliar customs.

Most immigrants changed in some way, but by seeking others who shared their cultural values, most did so slowly, over lifetimes, gradually adopting practiced their religion, and especially, spoke their new patterns of thinking and behavior.

Prior beliefs and practices led to the emergence of ethnic communities.

Few old-stock Americans appreciated or even un munities played a significant role in newcomers' adjustment to America.

They moved to their new home.

Many old-stock Americans saw how immigrants changed with the help of those who had come before.

Immigrants are trying to retain their culture.

They were worried about newspapers embarrassment, cultural values and behaviors published in German and Italian that could go into their homelands.

Fraternal lodges based on ethnicity were better for immigrants.

Tivists argued that only their values and institutions financial benefits should be considered in case of illness or death.

They worried that immi societies devoted to the music of the old country flour grants posed a threat to the traditions of singing.

American nativism was often linked to anti veloping a sense of identity that connected the old Catholicism.

Irish and German immigrant groups, and country to the new, provided news from the later Italian and Polish groups, and many old-stock Americans came ties in the United States.

Most of Europe's members pledged not to hire Catholics, not to vote a state church, and not to strike with them.

The 1870s were stronger because religious organizations increasing numbers of organizations and businesses provided an important link among people with a sim and began to discriminate against Jews.

A Protestant immigrant refused to hire Jews.

Discrimination groups created new church organizations after 1900.

Jewish people were barred from theology and language.

The ethnic characteristics of the community were taken on by Catholic parishes.

A concept that American society is a place where immigrants set aside their cultural differences to the ethnic background of their members is a different concept for the Jewish congregation.

Immigrants preferred nativism patterns.

An anti-Catholic organization was founded in Iowa in 1886 and is expected to be active in the next decade.

Chi People living in cities with more than half a million people doubled in size to take second rank, behind New People living in towns with less than a million people.

Brooklyn grew by more than people living in rural areas in ten years.

Between 1860 and 1910, as cities grew, so did the population of the most disadvantaged residents.

The largest increase was in towns and cities that had between 2,500 and 500,000 people.

The lure of the city was more than just telephones, streetcars, and technological gadgets.

In migration from rural areas of the United States in the 19th century, Samuel Lane Loomis listed many activities to be found in Europe.

The mechanization of American agriculture meant that fewer workers were needed.

It wasn't every urban vista that was so appealing.

Many new urban residents were shocked and repulsed by the poverty, crime, and filthy environment that came from outside the United States.

In 1870, the nation had 25 large cities with a total population of 5 million.

Nearly 12 million peo was held in a property title that was designed to restrict subsequent sale or use.

The majority of these cities were in the Northeast and near property.

There would be an odd variety of colors that would give the whole appearance of a crazy quilt.

Riis described neighborhoods of Italians, African Americans, Jews, Chinese, Czechs, Arabs, Finns, Greeks, and Swiss.

Manufacturing and urban expansion went hand in hand.

The nation had developed a manufacturing belt by the late 19th century.

This region, which included nearly all the largest cities as well as the bulk of the nation's manufacturing and finance, may be thought of as constituting the nation's urban-industrial "core" (see Map 17.1).

Boston, New York, Baltimore, Buffalo, and St. Louis were among the busiest ports in the nation.

Manufacturing flourished there and came to be almost as important as trade.

In some cases, cities were industrial centers from the beginning.

The Wainwright Building in New York City was designed by Louis Sullivan in order to create a new way of thinking about iron and steel and the relationship between form and function.

The building was well-known and well-liked.

New construction technologies allowed a steel and Streetcars frame to carry the weight of the walls.

The urban population grew as the urban econ for tall buildings grew.

Economical and efficient, skyscrap omy grew more complex and cities expanded upward.

Sullivan said that there were small factories here and that they created height among warehouses and commercial offices near the docks.

The cities were transformed by new technologies in the late 19th century.

Changes in urban transportation allowed cities to expand beyond the distance that a person building height could easily cover on foot.

The lower walls of the American architect's building had to be thicker.

The designs of William LeBaron reflected his theory that Jenney usually gets credit for designing the first skyscraper in Chicago.

Between the 1860s and the early twentieth century, streetcars made it possible for cities to expand dramatically.

Chicago took in 190 square miles by 1900, up from 17 square miles in 1860.

"Streetcar suburbs" took on more territory.

The birth of the "skyscraper" growth was celebrated by Lloyd Wright, one of the greatest American architects.

It was called a new wonder of the world.

Steel-frame buildings allowed cities to grow.

The bridges and streetcar lines pushed outward from the cities.

The old walking city was expanded by the first streetcars over iron rails in the 1850s.

Boston grew from 5 coal they burned, making them unpopular, and St. Louis grew from 14 square miles to 39 square miles.

The city was expanded by streetcars.

Residents were able to cover on foot, the suburban railroad ban transit.

Frank Sprague, a nephew of Thomas Edi lines, designed a streetcar that could drive far away from urban centers.

The power came from an overhead wire.

The passenger fare now left system was first installed in the city at the end of the workday.

Within a dozen years, all horse cars were replaced by electric streetcars.

In the early 1900s, five and six thousand commuters into Chicago each some large cities, choked with traffic, began to move day and night, and by 1890 seventy thousand suburbanites were their electrical streetcars above or below street level.

The commuter created elevated trains and subways.

More than a hundred thousand workers came from the northern suburbs every day to work on the rails in New York City.

There is a train that runs on a framework.

The roadway is free for other traffic because of skilled work above it.

Local governments did little to compete for such franchises, sometimes to regulate expansion or create building standards in exchange for bribes.

As a result, new public interest, leaving individual landowners, de residential areas sometimes had gas lines before sew velopers, and builders to make most decisions about ers, and streetcars before paved streets.

At first, urban growth seemed to outstrip the abili ers and owners hoped to achieve a high return on their ties of city officials and residents to provide for its con investment by producing the most finished space for sequence.

Between 1870 and 1900, left room improved significantly.

The first uniformed police force in most of the great urban parks was created by York City in 1845.

The rapid nature of miles killed most urban growth and left 18,000 homeless.

Efforts to improve fire protection were spurred by the difficult disas.

Fire and police protection, along with many schools, sewage disposal, street maintenance, and water city officials worked to train and equip firefighters.

The water supply is more fire- resistant.

By 1900, most American cities had moved around a lot.

Compared to other parts of the world, some cities spent impressive firefighting forces.

Water quality was a problem for most firefighters and fire engines in London.

City officials began to realize that germs are larger than they are.

Only 6 percent of urban residents received filters by the early 20th century.

When cities built sewer lines, the areas that were usually dumped became specialized by economic function.

The mayor of Cleveland was disgusted by the warehouses near the waterfront.

Most large cities had the same situation where the Cuyahoga River was an open sewer through the center of the city.

Clouds of dust in dry chlorine were thrown up when the water was treated with mud holes in the rain.

A company can provide a public service in a certain area.

The 1871 fire that destroyed much of Chicago was not unusual.

The late nine improve fire protection.

After clearing garbage from a street in the power lines, one Chicagoan discovered pavement buried un post offices, and prisons.

There are other neighborhoods.

The other half lives.

Riis claimed that the noise, smoke, and odor of a million and a half inhabitants was less in a city of ter.

Over the previous eight years, many manufacturing workers couldn't afford time.

They had no choice but to live within walking distance of their work because of the new streetcars.

He claimed that fore meant working-class residential neighbor home to three-quarters of the city's hoods nearby.

Some companies created a population.

The term company towns was sometimes used to mean overcrowded and badly maintained housing, but it was also meant to imply good reputations among the residents.

The author tenement of his day was often resented by the New York storekeeper because of the lack of alternatives to the rents and prices the company charged.

The harmful influence of poverty and miser largest cities, banks, insurance companies, and head able housing conditions on children and families was deplored.

The financial and retail blocks are close to many of the hotels and entertainment districts in large cities.

Residential areas were developed according to economic status by dividing buildings into cording.

A person is selling goods in wealth.

Those who could afford to travel the farthest are the ones who resell large quantities.

Consumers were related to the sale of goods that were too poor to ride the new transportation lines.

The center of the city is where most of the commercial, financial, and manufacturing plants are located.

There are a lot of middle class establishments in the city.

Many residents of the apartment building rode unsafe, unsanitary, and overcrowded.

Few agreed on the causes of urban poverty, even less on its cure.

In New York City, Riis divided the blame among greedy landlords, corrupt officials, and the poor themselves.

TheCOS argued for individual responsibility.

In most cases, individual character defects produced poverty and assistance for such people only rewarded immorality or laziness, according to the COS.

The COS said that public or private help should only be given after careful investigation and that it should only be temporary.

The recipients of aid were expected to be thrifty and moral.

Jacob Riis took this photograph in the early 1890s.

The playground for the children of the poor was often busy places.

The decades following the Civil War brought far graphs in Riis's books, which were once attributed to him.

New printing technologies made it possible for the middle class to take advantage of the new vistas of opportunism.

They were more effective in mobilizing reform in the new.

The landlords of the New Middle Class small rental units collected more rent.

Significant changes to the lives of lodgers were brought about by The Gilded Age.

Many middle-class Americans were shocked by the practices, especially the high population densities in lower-income urban dwellers.

The majority of Chicago stockyard workers lived in small row houses near their offices.

The ap slaughters succeeded in the new department stores.

Many of them owned their own homes.

The urban middle class is growing.

A small shanty was often located in the backyard.

Half of ization and urban expansion produced large living units with four rooms, a few with five, and neighborhoods of the industrial working class.

More than half of all families took money from the very wealthy, and lodgers who worked different shifts at middle-class neighborhoods and suburbs.

As streetcars and commuter railway lines allowed some Americans to move to the suburbs, developers and contractors depicted houses in the midst of green trees and wide lawns, where children could have plenty of room to play.

The house had a kitchen on the ground floor and three bedrooms on the upper floor.

The cost to build this house in 1887 was twelve hundred dollars, but it did not include the cost of the land.

The average wage of a blue-collar worker in the steel industry in 1890 was $469 per year, so a house of this sort was far beyond the reach of average workers.

The tendency soon followed such developments.

Acquiring land is a cornerstone of news.

There is a lot of advertising in the American dream.

Many mem middle-class women, who became responsible for bers of the middle class, found it attractive nearly all their family's shopping.

Through both their articles and their advertising, publications were able to acquire that house in a suburb, outside the city, but also connected to it by streetcar tracks or a commuter rail, which helped to extend middle-class patterns to readers line.

They were able to move to a middle-class suburb.

Outside the central city lies a residential area.

Middle-class parents who live in the suburbs often work and shop in the fam central city, even though they don't live there.

A consumer is someone who has attended high school.

German for "children's garden", a pre to include sections designed to appeal to women, and based organizations along with sports sections aimed at women.

Through university, becoming an urban industrial society.

The practice of providing textbooks instead of requiring students to buy their own grew slowly.

The secondary level saw the largest increase in school attendance.

The number of people receiving B.A., B.S., or lation tripled in the late 19th century.

Grades 9 through 12 were offered in high schools everywhere in 1920.

The number of women increased in the South after 1890.

Women outnumbered men when they were high school graduates.

The growth of high schools was mostly an urban phenomenon.

In rural areas, the ratio improved to one in four by 1900.

Less than half of the nation's College enrolls grew in 1879, with the largest gains coming from colleges admitting women.

Middle-class and upper women were more likely to enroll in colleges, universities, and professional schools.

From a set of classical courses tion, some colleges remained all-male enclaves, and required all students to take Latin, Greek, and mathe cially prestigious private institutions such as Harvard.

Colleges for women began to focus on a major subject after the Civil War, partly because so many of the courses were from a list of electives.

The Land-Grant College Act required universities to teach the idea that men and women should be involved in agriculture.

Maria Mitchell was the first female member of the and teaching at the university.

Today's curricula were more similar to those of 1900.

In college graduation processions, the first collegiate institution marches.

Only one woman was founded in New York in the 19th century.

The pattern is called Drunkard's Path.

The popularity of the Drunkard's Path pattern was linked to the work of the WCTU in drawing attention to the dangers of alcohol.

In the past, local chapters of the WCTU worked together to make a quilt, which they sold as a fundraiser or used as a public banner for the temperance cause.

The quilt was made in Maine in the 1890s, but has no connection with the WCTU.

Redefining gender roles.

There is only one part of a major reconstruction of gender roles.

The idea that women's activities were their moral, spiritual, and physical well-being was common throughout much of mother and guardian of the family.

The idea that men and women should engage in different activities was based on the fact that women were to ness and politics, but with their competition focus on the family, church, and school, whereas men and potential for corruption were thought to be to support the family financially and take part in In the journals of the day, the concepts of domesticity were applied mostly to white middle class Protestant churches.

Most of the driving force in the organization was a group of working-class women.

Her per women of color witnessed too much of the world to have a motto like "Do everything" and she was easily fit into the patterns of dainty innocence pre ing in her work for temperance.

By the early 1890s, it was written by advocates of separate spheres.

It was under increasing fire in the late nineteenth century.

One challenge came through education, especially at the traditional women's arena of family and home.

A simple statement of purpose used to be offered to women who entered the professions after finishing college.

The first woman to complete medical school in 1868 was aided by the experience of the societies that helped open the school.

Some 25 hundred women held changes in public policy.

Women get medical degrees through them.

By the end of the century, 3 per cent of all physicians were women.

Most of the twentieth century was spent conning these experiences and contacts.

Medical schools imposed admission to establish their right to vote after acknowledging the effectiveness of women's efforts.

The first medical students and hence physicians were endorsed by the WCTU in practices that reduced the number of female.

It was difficult to get support from a major women's legal profession.

The first woman to be admitted to the woman's right to vote was formed by other people.

Schools refused to admit women until the 1890s because most law construction happened in the late 19th century.

In the early 19th century, manli professions yielded very slowly to women in terms of character.

Cities became involved in other women's activities.

The rise of big-city political organization Ida Wells, who was known as Ida Wells-Barnett, caused some middle- and upper-class immigrants to promote the development of black women's.

Some middle-class men seem to have sphere as forums in which to discuss literature or art, turned to organizations and activities that emphasized but they sometimes led women out of their male bonding or insulation.

The WCTU was founded in 1874 by women who opposed alcoholic beverages and supported reforms such as woman garded alcohol as the main reason for men's neglect.

The Order of Free and Accepted Masons has stopped drinking alcohol from the largest secret societies.

The order uses and seeks to protect the home and family by teaching others to abstain from alcohol and drugs.

It is only for men.

The Women's Christian Temper Urbanization and economic change contributed to the Emergence of a Gay.

In Western Australia in 1899, women engaged in a wide variety of socially accept and in the newly established Commonwealth of able same-sex relationships.

The tendency for most schools and work in New Zealand and Australia meant that many men to women.

Many occupations involved working to lay a basis for a women's movement in such closely with a partner, sometimes over long periods of places as WCTU missionaries also made their and women spent much of their time with others of presence felt in other parts of the world.

Both male and female partners could speak of each other with deep affection.

You can find a list of countries that do not allow women to vote if you go online.

In rural communities where most people knew one another, people who were attracted to their own sex tend to have suppressed teenth century tendencies.

Some people failed to hide their activities.

A few men and ics, including baseball and boxing, began to attract more women, as well as middle- and upper-class male spectators, as well as havior, passed for a member of the other sex, and members of the working class.

There are different types of sexual intercourse that are not allowed by sport.

Hunting big game promoted the manly intercourse between two males according to Theodore Roose law in the 19th century.

anonymity is not possible in rural societies.

Reports of regular homosexuals meet The Presidencies of Garfield ing places--clubs, restaurants, steam baths, parks, and Arthur streets--also issued from Boston, Chicago, New Orleans, St. Louis, and San Francisco.

Although most of the participants in these subcultures were secretive, there was one president who flaunted their sexuality and made it difficult to be president.

The railway strike of 1877 and the "drag balls" of Roscoe Conkling can be found in a few places.

The party's nomination had been defined by law and religion.

There were theorists who separated Conkling from Blaine.

Some argued that such behavior resulted in more commitment to the spoils system and from a mental disease, but others thought that mosexuals and lesbians were born out of defense of southern black voters.

As a result of the convention deadlock, expressions of affection between Heterosex licans compromised by nominating James A. Garfield became less common.

Gar uals was born in a log cabin and tried to avoid the idea that they had grown up in poverty.

Conkling's The Politics of Stalemate chief lieutenant, Chester A. Arthur, was nominated by the delegates to be the vice president.

Garfield, Arthur, and a former Civil War general were all nominated by the Democrats.

The genuine Republicans were led by Roscoe Conkling of New York.

The name of the Civil War that ended in the mid-1870s was Insulting and it was used to suggest that the Republican Party was not fully involved in the war.

Other issues were committed to Republican ideals by the late 1870s.

Both candidates avoided the subject of filling federal positions during the campaign.

The pop spoils system was won by Garfield.

The new law made certain federal votes count by half a percentage point.

Republicans only filled it through competitive exams.

When an office was first classified, Garfield brought to the presidency a solid under the patronage appointment and held it protected standing of Congress and a careful and studious ap from removal for political reasons, so presidents could proach to issues.

They are hoping to work together to use the law to their advantage.

The most prestigious cabi came through the merit system when both of the appointees retired.

The law used a net position.

When Conkling tronage demanded the right to name his supporters to key fed of the patronage system, there was tension.

Garfield applied to 44 percent of federal employees.

Most states are shrewder politically than any president since merit was adopted by local governments.

Conkling acknowledged defeat as well.

Garfield scored a victory for his final break with the Stalwarts after Arthur's approval of the measure marked signing from the Senate.

Most of the reformers were Republicans of high social status and were located in Boston and New York.

They argued that removing patronage would drive out the machines and opportunists.

Political decency was restored by a long ally.

Instead of appointing Conkling, Arthur was best known for his political loyalty.

As a merit system based on a jobseeker's ability to pass a one of his former associates said, he showed that comprehensive examination.

Cleveland and the Democrats were kept in the dark by Arthur.

Arthur proved that he was more capable than anyone could have predicted.

He president because of his failing health.

The Reforming the Spoils System Republican nomination was secured by Blaine.

Congress passed a law over the House of Representatives in 1884.

The Civil Service Commission was created by acting before the Democrats took the merit system for federal hiring and jobs.

Merit system filled federal jobs.

Republicans are reformers in the civil service.

Both measures had support from people opposed to political corruption.

Republicans claimed in 1884 that the Democrats' proposed tariffs would endanger little children and threaten wage levels, but Republicans' commitment to the protective tariffs would make families more secure.

Cleveland was the governor of New York.

The damage was done by then.

Cleveland was supported by many whooped Irish voters, who made up a large component in Tam, who retaliated by supporting the other side.

All Democrats were in Cleveland.

He appointed many people to office.

He revealed that he was deeply committed to minimal government and that he had urged a cover-up of allegations that he had cut federal spending.

Between 1885 and 1889, profited from prorailroad legislation.

The contempt pensions to individual Union veterans were drawn twice as much by the Mug Cleveland as by most party politicians.

All previous presidents had con vetoes.

Party politicians questioned the Mugwumps' man's approval of several important measures produced hood, reflecting the extent to which many men linked by the Democratic House and Republican Senate are loyal to the male gender role.

He dominated the Democratic Party in New York City.

The economic downturns of the mid-1870s and mid-1890s caused the surplus to shrink.

The economy remained prosperous despite efforts to reduce income and increase expenditures during the Harrison administration.

The annual surplus limited states' power to regulate railroad rates.

I was worried about the surplus in interstate commerce.

He hoped that Congress would reduce federal income and reduce prices in order to protest railroad rate discrimination.

The Cleveland's action caused a serious division law to prohibit pools, rebates, and differential within his own party.

The Hepburn Act strengthened the power of theICC in 1906.

The first federal Cleveland considered the nation's greatest regulatory commission to be the federal budget surplus.

Republican policies without restraint became an urban industrial society.

I wanted to take positions in state and city government.

Plunkitt wrote to the reporter that the formula for keeping the loy failed because of positive action by their own party chief.

Cleveland left the voters in his neighborhood with little leadership.

Harrison impressed many as cool and the country because he was known as thoughtful Plunkitt.

Neighborhood saloons are sometimes distant.

The Republicans launched a vigorous cam that was used as a social gathering place for the working class.

They raised unprecedented amounts of campaign fact, they sometimes owned them, and tried to build money by systematically approaching business.

They gave more materials to the urban poor because of the tariffs issue.

Harrison got less than a bucket of coal, a basket of food, or a job in a city department than Cleveland did.

They expected the people they assisted to follow him after he won the Electoral Col turn.

The majority of presidential victories were secured in the House and the Senate by working-class and poor voters.

The leader of The Mixed Blessings of Urban was denounced as a boss by his rivals.

The opponents of the machine charged corruption.

In most cities, politics meant different things to different people, and sometimes through gifts from companies seeking franchises or city Washington.

In the late 19th century, big-city politicians built loyal followings in poor neighborhoods through their knowledge of city planning.

Richard can address the residents' needs directly by talking to Croker, the boss of the area in the 1890s.

They wanted political loy lated an immense personal fortune, but he always came from the poor.

He had never taken a dishonest dollar according to urban political organizations.

George W. Plunkitt was the subject of a series of insisted by a newspaper reporter in 1905.

If a pushcart vender needed a servations, they could provide insights into the nature of urban permit to sell tinware, or if a railroad president needed politics and its relation to urban poverty.

Born in a permission to build a bridge, or a saloonkeeper wanted a poor Irish neighborhood of New York City, Plunkitt to stay open on Sunday in violation of the law, the left school at the age of 11.

He entered politics, even machine could help them, if they showed the ability to become a district leader.

The Democratic Party was always dominated by the machine cul.

Between 1868 and 1904, he served in a number of elected class voters.

Women were considered to be outside the party system in the masculine political world of the Gilded Age because men expected them to display strong loyalty to a political party.

Women avoid politics because of the concepts of domesticity and separate spheres.

Even though they couldn't vote on election day, some women took part in reform efforts and even took part in party activities.

The right to vote was pushed for by some women in the late 19th century.

The fight for woman's right to vote was long.

The world's first Women's Rights Convention was held in New York in 1848.

She was the most prominent leader in the fight for women's rights until her death in 1901.

Susan B. Anthony was her constant partner after 1851.

They succeeded in changing laws that discriminated against women but failed to change laws that limited voting to men.

In the 19th century, a sketch of women voting in Wyoming was published.

Wyoming became the movement to abolish slavery, as well as the first state or territory to give women the right to vote.

Shortly before Wyoming requested Union, improve educational opportunities, end child statehood, and more, this drawing appeared.

The American Woman Suffrage Association was formed in 1869.

An amendment to the federal Constitution was the only route to women's rights that came from middle-class women and men.

It built alliances with other people.

The suffragist organization formed in 1869 and was led by women's trade unions.

Boston focused on winning the right to vote and formed a women's suffragist organization in 1869.

For twenty years, these two or and led by Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe, and others, ganizations led the suffragist cause, disagreeing not on it welcomed men and worked solely to win the vote the goal but on the way to achieve it.

They merged for women.

The table shows the dates when women were allowed to vote in all elections.

A complete list is not permitted by space.

In some places, women were not allowed to vote for school board members in other elections, for example, before the dates indicated.

In New Jersey, women were granted the right to vote in 1776, but it was taken away in 1807.

The West had the first victories for suffragists.

Some congressmen were against statehood at the time because Wyoming had seven thousand men and woman suffragists.

Only two thousand women are legislators in Wyoming.

"We will remain out of the Union because we forged a well-organized suffragist movement and persuaded some male legislators to support their cause."

One word has hoped that woman sufficing would attract more people to vote.

The Wyoming convention system was approved by Congress in 1890.

The Utah Territory gave women the right to vote in 1870.

Non-Mormon women were able to vote for Woman sufficiencies.

Structural change can be achieved by enfranchising women.

The debate over federal economic pol in an act aimed primarily at the Mormons provides an array of contrasting positions.

The policy of laissez franchised the women in Utah was favored by many Democrats.

Utah believed that federal interference in the state in 1896 caused its women to regain the vote.

In 1893, omy created a class.

Colorado was the first state to adopt woman suf because most Republicans in the state voted for woman suf.

Colorado women's cause growth is encouraged by a well to individuals and companies.

The new Populist Party government was supposed to help enforce basic rules governing economic.

The Populist influences were strong in Idaho and the voters set maximum rates.

In 1896, the greenbackers wanted to prove woman's right to vote.

The western states use monetary policy to benefit people who are in debt and replace a monetary policy that gives women the same voting rights as men.

Several states began to extend limited groups seeking change, which may mean they have little in voting rights to women, especially on matters outside common, or they may overlook differences to party politics, such as school board elections and school ate with other groups.

The concessions embraced a wide range of reforms.

There is a widespread assumption that women's gender roles are different between the National Woman Suffrage and child rearing.

By 1890, women could vote in Association and the American Woman Suffrage Asso school elections in nineteen states and the NWSA welcomed political tax issues in three.

The AWSA was worried that alliances would lose more Structural Change and port than they gained.

Structural and policy are combined by some groups.

The small Prohibition Party wanted the government to eliminate alcohol, but the local labor parties with ties to the Knights of Labor wanted women to vote.

They promoted a structural reform of the woman political system of the Gilded Age.

They and other suffragists, not just for its own sake, but also to accom groups, sought political changes that the major parties would make if they could.

The abolition of the spoils system, the secret ballot, regulation of business, an end to child labor, and more were argued for by the woman's suf of woman suffrage.

A course of action adopted by a government.

A new approach to politics and sale of products from the United States would be led by the women of the Urban Industrial Society.

He believed in new policies.

One important structural change received wide role among Latin American nations in resolving a problem that could lead to war or European intervention.

The ambitious plans for hemispheric cooperation were not distributed by political parties, but by the gov.

Despite idea spread quickly and was used in most states by economic ties between the United States and Hawai'i.

The implications of this reform were developed through the sugar trade.

King David Kalakaua crossed party lines to vote with a split ticket.

Kalakaua wanted to vote.

Kalakaua had profited from bribes related to licenses for selling opium.

On Kalakaua, his power was greatly reduced.

The resentment of the royal family over the new army was limited to a few garrisons, most of them near the Pearl Harbor provision.

The resentments boiled over after Kalakaua's death in 1891.

Conflict was the first new ships since the Civil War and the first steam-powered warships since the 19th century when all three nations dispatched in 1882.

A ballot printed by the government still understood the role of the navy as limited to pro rather than by political parties.

Diplomacy was routine.

The shortest ancestry was served by the Hawaiian word for persons not of native Hawaiian American secretary of state.

The nations of the West in the South Pacific are encouraged to trade by a group of volcanic and mountainous islands.

How to organize an industry so as to produce more goods, at greater efficiency, and with greater profits is explored.

Problems of applied the principles of physics to solve engineering problems in order to contribute Energy Resources to such goals.

He looked beyond the immediate circumstances in and World Peace which he found himself and reflected on larger issues, some of which remain with humankind more than a century later.

At the launching of the great electrical generator he designed for Niagara Falls, which harnessed the energy of falling water without building a dam,Tesla gave an address entitled "On Electricity."

The most serious impediment to the future of humankind was considered to be the human behavior that was the most careless.

It's called organized warfare.

I thought for a long time that this was a mistake.

I think that every new arm that is invented, every new departure that is made in this direction, and so on, just invites new talent and skill, engages new effort, and gives a fresh impetus to further development.

This is also an entirely incorrect view.

Industrialization transformed dramatically in the Gilded Age.

New technologies in construction, trans economy, urbanization and immigration challenged portation and produced a new urban many established social patterns.

One of the best known of entrepreneurs manufacturing areas and residential neighborhoods was John D. Rockefeller, who created manufacturing operations of unprece defined by economic status.

Advertising and kinder emerged as important competitive de gartens through universities.

Socially defined gender vices.

Investment bankers like J. P. Morgan began to lead roles as women took active roles in reform.

The creation of a New South and promotion of industri organizations were proclaimed by some southerners.

New alization and a more diversified agricultural base were offered by urbanization.

The region's poverty was not responded to and medical specialists tried to define Homosex reduced.

The Knights of The closely balanced strengths of the two parties con Labor chose to open their membership to unskilled, tributed to a long-term political stalemate.

James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur were not admitted to craft unions.

There was a conflict between the Knights and their own Republican Party.

Cleveland approved the wages, hours, and conditions for its members.

Many Europeans came to the United States because of economic and political conditions in their poor neighborhoods, where politicians traded homelands for political support.

A well-organized woman suffrage movement had munities, which were often centered on a church.

The flood came.

Reform groups sought both immigrants from eastern and southern structural changes.

There were nativist reactions to Presidents dur Europe in the late 1800s and early 1900s.

My grandfather was born in Kansas.

His parents came from Canada in the 1870s.

He married my grandmother, who was born in Illinois in 1884, to German immigrant parents.

When she was a child, her parents loaded her, her brothers and sisters and their belongings into a covered wagon and moved to Kansas.

Indians visiting the farmyard and the difficulties of life in a sod house were some of the stories I heard as a child.

In moving to Kansas, my great-grandparents were involved in the development of the West, along with industrialization and immigration, which transformed the United States in the late nineteenth century.

In the late 19th century, Americans were drawn to the stories of the West.

Railroad construction has been dealt with in popular fiction and movies.

Historians used to emphasize the struggles of white settlers to develop the region.

In the past twenty years or so, many historians have come to view the story as one of conquest-- conquest of the native peoples and conquest of the environment--and have focused on the West as a region in which generations of Americans since then have lived with the consequences.

Many of the people who took part in this story lived past 1901.

My grandparents were 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 Industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and the development of the West were presented in this textbook.

The development of the West included industrialization, urbanization, and immigration.

The western version of these changes differed from the events in the East.

She spent her life fighting for land that she believed to be hers.

He was born in Baja California.

American troops quickly conquered Alta and Baja California.

Captain Henry Burton was in Baja Cattle Kingdom.

They were married in 1849.

Captain Burton was transferred back east in the 19th century, and Western Mining spent more than ten years there.

During the Civil War, she followed her husband's assignments.

They lived in San Francisco Island, where Burton died, at the end of the war.

During her years in the East, Ruiz de Water Wars Burton worked to perfect her English and assimilating more generally, It Matters Today: Western Water and she experienced first hand the extent of racism in American society.

Her husband's death left her with a meager pension.

The West is a utopia and a myth.

The United Indians of Southern California acquired California at the time it was called Appeals for Justice for the Mission.

She is the first known Latina novelist in the United States.

The fictional portrayals of events that paralleled her own experiences were created by Ruiz de Burton.

Californio landholders were depicted as victims of racism and political corruption by her.

In 1889, after nearly two decades of legal maneuvering, Ruiz de Burton secured legal title to a small part of the Jamul Rancho.

She died trying to get legal assistance for her claim to lands in Mexico.

Her heirs finally got a favorable ruling from a Mexican court regarding their claim for compensation in 1942.

The issue of slavery stopped their fortune in America before the Civil War.

There are concentrations of efforts to develop the West.

The West was marked by the separation of the south nic groups.

The Pacific Railroad Act and American West were transformed.

How can you explain the decisions of both federal water?

In the West, American Indians lived a different life than in the East and most of the West.

Some American Indians lived east of the Mis lationship to the land, which was different from the rest of the country.

The most tragic outcome was the fact that parts of the West were sharing parts of the tribal development of the West.

The Southwest was home to many people who spoke Spanish, who were often of mixed The Plains Indians white and Native American ancestry, and whose families had lived in the region for generations.

The vast, relatively flat, and treeless region that stretches the Comanches is home to the Cheyennes, Arapahos, Kiowas and others.

The introduction of the horse to the Great Plains can cause people to call themselves the "Silo."

The eastern people of the Great Plains were slowly trickled from Spanish called Dakotas or Nakotas.

The name was given to them by the way they reached the upper plains in French as a short version of an insult.

French and English traders were called by a tribe.

The culture of some Plains tribes was changed by the Lako guns.

The Native Americans of the plains included both speak farmers and nomadic hunters.

The farmers lived in large permanent villages in the northern part of the year.

The Arikaras, Pawnees, and Wichitas were considered to be members of the group.

The dome-shaped houses on the northern plains were typically made of logs and land that was different from white settlers.

The time was covered with dirt.

The houses of the first European migrants to America were covered with grass.

The Americans thought that land was a commodity to tile river valleys.

Women raised corn, squash, pump, and also gathered wild fruit and uals.

According to Native American tradition, how vegetables are grown.

Men hunted and fished near their villages but the land was not owned by them.

Before the arrival of horses, weapons, tipis, and clothing, entire villages went on foot, but not land.

In the early summer, individual ownership of land was claimed by the tribes, then again in the fall in the specific territories.

Large numbers of buffalo were killed or seriously injured when they were forced off a high cliff.

The culture of the Indians was changed by horses only and was fairly dry.

The horse was a portable dwelling for Indians on the Great Plains Indians.

Plains could be a hunter on horseback.

The number of people on the plains increased after Indian buffalo hunters migrated to the Great Plains.

The way of life of those who followed the buffalo as they moved American Indians, mostly on the Great Plains, was nomadic.

The buffalo provided most of the es with food, clothing, and shelter that the horse brought.

Some people lived on the northern Great Plains.

The groups follow the buffalo herds year-round.

There are people who are allied for mutual support.

A single generation lived in fixed villages after 1770.

Major geographical features of the West in the late 19th century include topography, major cities, sub-regions, and the major transcontinental railroads that had been completed by the 1890s.

Young men had coups before the arrival of horses.

Wealth was measured in horses.

The raids were staged to steal horses from other, more eastern tribes who were also being pushed to retaliate.

A young man gained status in the west by expanding European settlements.

The number of horses captured, the number of opponents defeated in battle, and the success in returning home uninjured were some of the things the Lakotas and Cheyennes achieved.

John Mix Stanley painted this buffalo hunt in 1845, showing how the horse increased the ability of Native American hunters to kill buffalo.

Before the horse, a hunter could not have gone into the herd to drive a lance into a buffalo's heart.

The government was pushed onto the plains by the tribes as they were unable to meet the needs of the west.

Acquisition of eral officials first planned large reservations taking up goods was not a pressing goal among most of the Plains Indians.

A person did well in the Great Plains.

Francis La Flesche, son of an Omaha leader, had anticipated that the persecution of his father would erupt along the trails.

His mother reinforced in 1858.

The lesson is that the Civil War may have encouraged people to take off their moccasins and give them to a boy.

When some Plains Indians think they can expel the in, bring the boy to your home and have sex with him.

At Sand Creek in Colorado, a territorial militia unit massacred a band of Cheyennes who had not been involved in The Plains Wars.

Farmers were fighting against the road.

There was a trail from Fort Laramie to the East.

The central plains were opened in order to prevent the army from keeping forts along the cific.

Each tribe was promised a definite trail.

The Civil War general and members of the northern Plains Sherman met at Fort Laramie in 1868 to plan a military strategy on the Great Sioux Reservation.

All Native Americans not on reservations in northeastern Wyoming and southeastern Montana are considered hostile by Sherman because they believed that they retained "unceded lands" for heavy losses on an army unit.

In return, the army abandoned its posts along the Boze Sherman's response was the usual reaction of a con man Trail.

After the end of the Civil War in 1865, rail case, reservations, and then open fire on anyone out road construction crews prepared to build the western side of those areas.

The army in the winter of 1868-1869.

Federal policymakers tried to launch a southern campaign under the command head off hostilities by carving out a few great westerns of General Philip Sheridan, another Union army vet reservations.

Eran directed his men to destroy their villages north of the new state of Nebraska.

To kill and hang all warriors and bring them south of Kansas was one of the things that was to be done.

Most of the southern Plains tribes moved to the Southwest because of the brutality of the South.

The rest of the West didn't give up.

The Native Americans on the reser were to receive food and shelter in the vations and agents of the Red River region of Texas.

The purpose of this was to teach them how to farm and raise cattle.

New hunters began encroaching on the area in 1874 after white buffalo negotiated in 1867 and 1868.

In 1867 a conference at Medicine Lodge Creek produced treaties that the major southern Plains tribes attacked.

The Indians agreed to a reservation in Montana during the winter.

In June 1868, the surrendered to avoid starving.

There is a large reservation in the Southwest.

The Buffalo hunters who signed the buffalo on the southern plains quickly killed the most Indian peoples.

The conflict was being negotiated on the northern plains.

Ten million buffalo were killed and stripped of their Indian land in the mid-1870s, more than the Great Sioux Reservation.

The hides sold for a dollar or more.

The southern Pacific Railroad was going to lay track in the southern Mon herd, but it was wiped out by the northern herd.

Two thousand were left, the remnant of a species that used to be as large as the stars.

Plains Indians' way of life was doomed once they were made into leather.

The Medicine Lodge Creek exposure drives some members of the southern Plains tribes to surrender out of hunger or to accept the terms of the exposure.

The leader of the Lakota tribe resisted white invaders.

They fought at the Little Big Horn tions and occasionally attacked stagecoach stations, but were killed by the U.S. soldiers in 1876.

The location of most western Indian reservations in 1890 is shown on the map.

The development of a few large reservations on the northern plains and others on the southern plains opened the central plains for railroad construction and agricultural development.

The military operations in the Powder River region were cut down in the spring of 1876.

The Powder River region was taken away, as well as the Black Hills, which the Lakotas considered sacred.

The offensive went and other lands.

More than two hundred men, including Custer, died as a result of CusterDividing his force.

There was a war between the U.S. Army and the tribes that took part in the Battle of Little Big Horn.

The surrender of Sitting Bull ended the troops.

Others to surrender were on the river in Montana in 1876.

Crazy Horse and his band held Lieutenant Colonel George Custer and most of his force until the spring, when they surrendered only after being told that they could live in the Powder River region.

The photo shows the treatment of the Lakota who died.

They were buried in a mass grave.

They were afraid of an uprising as the Ghost Dance gained ground.

The federal authorities ordered the Lakotas to stop traveling between July and October, but they didn't comply.

Sitting Bull might go through Montana.

Federal authorities ordered his arrest for more than two years of age defiance.

The band died along the way.

Joseph surrendered on the specific condition that he be arrested.

A small band of Lakotas, led by Big, fled but were surrounded by the Seventh Cavalry home.

There is a creek called "Wounded Knee Creek".

Our chiefs are dead.

The old men are no longer alive.

We have no blankets.

The children are freezing to death.

Many died of disease due to the Indian religion centered on a ritual dance.

The last large group to refuse to live on a Reserva should bring back the buffalo and restore the land to the Indians.

The site of a conflict in 1890 was between a band of Lakotas and the U.S. army in the mountains.

The massacre of the Lakotas in 1886 was characterized as a result of the men being sent to prison in Florida.

The Utah Territory had a much larger area in 1850.

Young had thought about 250 Natives for Deseret.

25 soldiers and Americans died.

The end of armed conflict on the Great Plains was symbolic in the remoteness of the Great Basin.

The end of the horse culture was written by the Mormons long before the rest of the nation.

The federal government began to encourage rapid authority merged with politics, as a church-sponsored economic development in the West, displacement of political party dominated elections for local and terri the Indians was probably inevitable.

Communal ownership of both land manship and mobility, and great courage, were not allowed in the U.S.

Ignoring eastern laws that limit the Army had superior numbers and technology.

The Indian people are desperate for water to be diverted for irrigation.

The com resistance suggests that they were aware of the loss of their land and culture after 1869, when the hunting homestead act of 1862 was extended to the territory, grounds and even their lives.

The settlement thrived because it was firmly controlled by the church.

More than twenty thousand people lived in Utah Territory by 1865.

Zion's Mormons Cowboys Cooperative Mercantile Institute, or ZCMI, was established by the church Transforming the West.

ZCMI manufactured and sold some products, including sugar made from sugar beets.

The last battles between the army and the Mormons came under the control of the federal indians.

The West made it difficult for different groups to get trans statehood because it suited their needs.

Mormons, cattle ranchers, and farmers were branded as sinners by Republican leaders.

Mormons were forced to leave one eastern state after another.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was founded in New York in 1830.

The end of the Mexican War incorporated unity of religious and civic power in a society governed by religious officials.

Conflict and Change in the West, 1865-1902 Cattle Kingdom on the Plains, as the Mormons were building their centralized and cooperative society in the Great Basin, a more individualism enterprise was emerging on the Great Plains.

The economy was dominated by cattle.

The cities of the eastern United States were hungry for beef.

The cattle were on the move in south Texas.

The first cattle were brought into south Texas in the 18th century.

There were few changes in south Texas after Texas separated from Mexico.

There were 5 million cattle in Texas at the end of the war.

The cowboys wore good clothes and sat for a photographer's portrait in the 1870s.

They probably worked together to get cattle from south Texas to markets in the Mid-Atlantic.

Young African Americans, west Texans, and poor southern whites were the majority of cowboys.

One or two thousand cattle could be driven by half a dozen cowboys, a cook, and a foreman.

Some animals did not survive the northern Great Plains.

The profits drive yielded a good profit by the early 1870s.

Some 4 million cattle were raised on the northern plains in the 19th century.

Cattle towns sprung up as railroad construction crews pushed west.

Most of the cowboys were paid off by the unfenced lands on which the cattle herd and the cattle ownership was established.

Burning a distinctive mark into an animal as a "town-tamers" of heroic dimensions.

The hide uses a hot iron to establish ownership.

A cheaply produced novel of the mid- to middle-class residents--particularly women--organized late nineteenth century, often featuring the dramatized exploits of western gunfighters.

He was the town marshal for a time.

The American frontier marshal and gunfighter continued north to where cattlemen were involved in a controversial gunfight at the public open lands in the O.K.

The ex men were killed because of these long drives.

The first settlers that yielded more meat were the hardy range cattle produced by Texas longhorns when the vast region was opened for development.

Many of the cattle ranches were similar to the ones they knew.

Beef prices began to fall after the Civil War.

Thousands of cattle were frozen to death on the northern plains in the winter of 1886-1887 because the se farmers pressed steadily eastward.

Railroad advertising that promised investors went bankrupt.

Some of the land that was lost to cattle raising was productive.

Surviving ranchers fenced themselves.

Thousands of African Americans left their ranges and sought farms of their own in the South.

There was also a change on the northern and Russia.

The rise of sheep in the Southwest was the result of homesteaders moving from areas a short distance to the east.

By 1900, Montana had more sheep than any other state, and the western states accounted for more to buy.

The cowboy became his own land as the cattle industry grew.

The cowboy image was created by fiction after the 1870s, when she claimed 160 acres in her own name, to the claim of her husband.

By one estimate, one clean-cut hero who spent his time outwitting rustlers third of all homestead claims in Dakota Territory was and rescued fair-haired white women from snarling held by women in 1886.

Most real cowboys were young and land made it almost impossible to the east.

They worked long hours on a cattle drive so that they could use the money to start a busi to twenty a day, pay college tuition, or create a nest egg for peded.

They earned about a dollar a day and spent a lot of their time in the saddle and on the cheap railroad, which brought many people west.

Some people joined the Knights of Labor.

There were clear limits to the act.

The 160 acres provided were enough for a farm east of the line of arid Plowing the Plains.

It was possible to raise wheat west of that line, but most of the Great Plains required irrigation for other crops, which made it difficult for Native Americans and buffalo to be raised.

When the ers were allowed into this region, they encountered the requirements of the homestead act.

Many first tried eastern farming methods.

Some succeeded, but others failed.

The land most easily available for worthy of copying is usually a symbol with virtues considered after the Civil War.

There isn't enough rain to support trees or plants.

There are imaginary lines that represent degrees of longitude in the North and American Desert.

South Poles encircle the Earth and it was not a desert.

A region of central Europe has become part of the only failing region.

Conflict and Change in the West, 1865-1902, shows a family posing for a photographer outside their sod house in Nebraska in 1886.

Blocks were cut from the sod and laid on top of each other to make walls.

Four years later, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Populist, representing the grievances of western farmers.

The barbs kept ranchers' cattle off farm claims and then transferred the land to the rancher after the land.

It was used by ranchers to keep their title.

The land herds were claimed by ranchers.

Water was pumped from great depths.

Special plows were used to establish ownership of the sod.

Farmers who complied with the requirement to build were so expensive that they had to hire a special ist to break their sod.

The plains were devoid of trees.

The most serious problem for pioneers on the Great was the reduced level of rain compared to the east.

During the late 1870s and ern pioneers obtained without cost from the trees on the central plains.

In the late 1800s, rain fell below the land.

Some tunneled into the side of a low hill, and crop failures drove many homesteaders off into a cave.

The plains were cut by others.

There were many combined constructions.

Women told their children that snakes dropped from the ceiling or slithered out of the walls.

If grass has grown there a long time, the grass roots, cow dung or sunflowers are on the piece of earth.

The sod houses were dead grass from previous growing seasons, and the ally was so dark that many household tasks were done out growing grass whenever the weather permitted.

Their needs are completely at the level at which the ground is.

The first patented Barbed wire was saturated with water.

The type of soil, the terrain, and the rainfall were all important in determining the agricultural produce of any given area.

Crops such as corn and cotton could not be grown in the west without irrigation because of the lack of rain.

Between twenty-eight inches and twenty inches of rain annually is the line of aridity.

Most of the West was not very populated at the end of the Civil War.

Refers to people of German ancestry and Finance who came to Russia in the 18th century at the invitation of the government.

Federal support was given to two companies.

The Union Pacific was the first transcontinental railroad and it was necessary for economic development in a region of great distances.

The scarc braska and the Central Pacific began to build water in the west by 1900.

It was concluded that an adequate supply of water began slowly because crucial supplies--rails and locomotives-- had to be brought to each starting their network of steel rails.

Both lines had labor shortages.

The Union Pacific solved its labor shortages only after the end of the Civil War.

Many of the centers were Irish.

Railroads went through areas with immigrants.

The Central Pacific filled its rail gangs with immigrants from China.

Six thousand lines of freight were hauled by Cen by 1868.

The Union Pacific crews were five thousand at the end of the Civil War.

The Central Pacific laid 18 miles of track in 1863, while the Union Pacific laid no track on the Pacific Coast.

Construction of the Central Pa routes was slowed by the sheer cliffs and rocky ravines of the Only.

Railroad promoter understood that building.

Chinese laborers sometimes dangled from ropes a transcontinental line was very expensive and that to create a roadbed by chiseling away the solid rock such a railway was unlikely at first to carry enough face of a mountain.

The cost of construction was justified by the companies earning their freight.

Construction became dependent on the federal government for assistance with a race in which each company tried to build faster costs.

Loans were provided by the Pacific Railroad Act.

In 1869, with the Sierra far behind, the Central Pacific boasted of laying 10 miles of track in a public domain for every mile of track laid.

On May 10, 1869, the tracks of the two companies finally met the lawmakers who promoted railroad construction to tie Cal at Promontory Summit, north of Salt Lake City.

Most of the economic development of the West will be brought about by the other lines of silver and the Union.

Some of the most dangerous construction on the Central Pacific route through the Sierra Nevada were done by Chinese laborers.

The two lines of the Union Pacific joined near the Promontory Summit in Utah Territory.

The amount of land that an individual could farm was increased by mechanized farming.

A California crew set a world's record for the amount of wheat they harvest in a single day.

The railroad arrived in a frying pan.

Some miners washed gravel that they hoped would contain gold, even though they werepanning for gold communities with joyful celebrations.

The gravel was washed away by the water.

It caused the construction of rail lines to the site so that they could charge the most that a customer could find.

James J. Hill of the Great Northern was called the "Empire Builder" for his efforts to build plies and heavy equipment.

After the early gold seek up the economy and prosperity of the region along ers, elaborate side his rails, which ran west from Minneapolis to mining equipment became necessary.

The crucial transportation network that used great amounts of water under high pressure for the economic development of the West was developed by companies in California.

Entire mountainsides will be demolished.

The California gold flooding was serious.

When a federal court rush began in 1849, prospectors discovered gold or silver throughout much of the West.

boomtowns sprang up almost overnight when fortune seekers flooded the area after a discovery.

A form of gold mining that uses water to separate gold from gravel deposits, because gold is that sold miners' supplies quickly appeared, along heavier, it settles to the bottom of a container filled with boarding houses, saloons, gambling halls, and water when the container is agitated.

Sometimes water was moved in pipes.

Conflict and Change in the West ruled in 1884 that the technique damaged equipment and livestock.

One Dakota farm had to stop because it required the property of others.

Some California wheat deposits led to the construction of underground shafts and growers were using steam-powered tractor and tunnels.

Miller and Lux held more than a mil men and equipment thousands of feet into the lion acres, which were scattered throughout three states.

To keep the tunnels dry and safe.

By the mid-1870s, some Nevada silver mines boasted the 1900, large-scale agriculture employing many seasonal most advanced mining equipment in the world.

There were established laborers for other crops.

The growers of fruits and similar crops tend to be deeper than 2,200 feet.

Air pumps that circulate air ate small farms, but they still required a large amount of work from the surface to the depths, and ice was used to speed up the harvest.

Massive water pumps kept the shafts dry.

The drills speeded up the removal.

Fruit raising spread rapidly as California grow and enormous Ore-crushing machines operated day ers took advantage of refrigerated railroad cars and and night on the surface.

The mining industry changed quickly.

The Exclusion Act was passed by banks in San Francisco and eastern cities.

Western miners formed unions.

Pacific Northwest miners' unions secured wages five to ten times higher than what miners in Britain or Germany were paid.

The coastal areas of the Pacific Northwest are different from other parts of the West.

The family farm in the Northeast was the Douglas firs and coastal redwoods.

The growth of California cities and towns required War, family-operated farms, whether run by owners lumber, or by sharecroppers, and it came first from the coastal redwoods.

When stands of timber were cut in the East and South, attention was given to exceptions.

There is a harvesting machine that cuts the River Valley of North Dakota.

The follower of sikhism was as large as 100 square miles.

The farming busi was in the 16th century.

San Francisco became the metropolis of the western United States.

The photograph shows a policeman talking to a young girl at a busy intersection.

The cable car is on the right.

From the late 1850s onward, the manufacturing center of Seattle was a lumber town.

Some of the companies that were in the West were led by William Ralston.

He once argued that what is for the beryards in the San Francisco Bay area.

Seeking to build a diversified Califor land, Oregon, and was extended to the Puget Sound nia economy, Ralston diverted profits from Nevada's area a few years later.

The Great Northern completed its line to Seattle in 1893.

The development of the lumber industry was promoted by the railroads tories that turned out furniture, sugar, woolen goods.

Entrepreneurs offered cheap rates to ship logs.

San Francisco was home to foundries that produced locomotives, treeless hillsides that were subject to severe erosion during heavy mining equipment, and agricultural implements.

Westerners were committed to rapid economic for large-scale farming and ships.

The headquarters of the Railroad were located in San Fran.

The headquarters of many leading western corporations were located in Conflict and Change in the West, which was a western center for finance capitalism.

Salt Lake City, Seattle, Portland, and especially Los Angeles have always struggled with insufficient water and were beginning to challenge the economic problem by 1900.

The first efforts to develop the western economy.

Water was a central concern in California.

Both the California gold rush and the Sierra Nevada gold rush needed water to separate themselves from each other.

This century-old solution to the problem competition for water sometimes produced conflict-- of inadequate water-- throughout much of the West.

Lack of water could pose a problem for the falls in the mountains.

When San Fran snows in 1901, a dam will be needed to hold back the rain, which may overwhelm the capacity of the reservoirs.

The water runs off as floods.

Sierra Nevada wilderness if the scientists' projections are accurate.

In 1913, new methods of the project will need to be devised, and enormous construction will need to be done to conserve water.

The urban infrastructure of your city was $84 million in crops as early as 1899.

One irrigation proponent wrote that they know when Uncle Sam puts his hand to a task it will be done.

A pipe or channel designed to transport 1899, organized lobbying efforts, and Francis New water from a remote source, usually by gravity.

The law was passed by Congress.

The reclamation service was created by the recla.