ChAPTER 36 Western Society and Eastern Europe

• Australia and New Zealand objected to the use of the Pacific for tests, while Egypt and other Middle Eastern countries objected to the use of the Sahara.
• Hundreds of thousands of demonstrators marched before the U.S. in Germany, with a new passion against war.

• The voices of African and Indian people were strong.
• The Russian poster depicts a woman shielding her eyes from the light of a mushroom cloud and holding her hand up in a universal gesture of opposition.
• The palm trees clearly state that the reference is to testing in the Pacific.

• Attempts to outlaw it were initially resisted by the governments that were doing the testing.

• The soviet groups tried to use the rallies to their advantage, and American leaders claimed the protests were a communist plot.
• The great powers reconsidered.

• An initial test ban treaty was negotiated in 1963.

• Both western and eastern Europe were devastated by World War II.
• The Soviet Union emerged with a new European empire and status as a world power.
• Western Europe did not recover its prewar world dominance.
• The United States became very active in international affairs and made huge military expenditures.

• The framework for developments in the West and in eastern Europe may have been more important than the rise of nuclear weapons.
• Along with rising consumer prosperity, democratic political forms gained new vitality in the West.
• The desire for economic development and cultural change vied with the goal of maintaining superpower status in eastern Europe, which was dominated by the Soviet Union.
• Both the West and the Soviet bloc emphasized industrial growth and related social and family structures.
• The effects of these parallels on the rest of the world were important.

• Western Europe was destroyed during World War II.
• Problems with housing and transportation were caused by the physical destruction.
• Many people in France and Germany were ill-fed and unable to work due to the bad bridges and rail lines.

• mere survival proved difficult enough for recovery for at least two years after 1945.
• Europe's postwar weakness led to a rise in nationalism in areas the West had colonized, as well as the emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union, whose size and growing industrial strength now overshadowed Europe's proud nation-states.

• The two larger changes provoked by the war quickly intruded on the West.
• Colonies outside Europe became more and more Res tive as a result of the war.
• The British found a hostile climate when they returned to Malaya and the Dutch to Indonesia.
• The European nations decided that results were not worth the effort when it was clear that many colonies could be maintained only at great cost.
• There were a few cases that were messy.
• After some major defeats, France gave up its holdings in Vietnam.
• bitter fighting went on for years after the French military joined Algerian settlers in demanding a war to the death against nationalist forces.
• Charles de Gaulle, the new president of France, realized the hopelessness of the struggle and negotiated Algeria's independence in 1962.

• Between the late 1940s and the mid 1970s, decolonization went more smoothly than it had in the past.
• The exceptions were Algeria, Vietnam, and Kenya.
• Western governments often provided administrative and military help with their former colonies.
• After decolonization was officially complete, France and Belgium often intervene in Africa.
• Western economic interests remained strong in most former colonies, particularly in Africa, where they exploited mineral and agricultural resources in a pattern of trade not vastly different from that of colonial days.

• The impact of decolonization on the West should not be minimized.
• The United States and its minorities of former settlers and officials came home embittered, although they were not a significant political force.
• Between the end of World War and the fall of the Berlin Wall, Europe's power in the world was greatly reduced.
• Efforts by Britain and France to attack independent Egypt in 1956 to protest Egypt's II and 1990 were seen as the new state of affairs.
• The United States and the political spheres of influence forced a quick end to hostilities, and what was once a colonial lifeline came into a nuclear arms race.
• Decolonization did not change warfare.

• Nations that supported stability suffered a lot.

• Between 1945 and 1947 the conflict took shape.
• The leaders smoothed relations with the Soviet of Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union during the war, but the boundaries of the Union were open to interpretation.
• Within three years of World War II, the Soviets had installed communist regimes in most eastern European countries and authorized the use of atomic bomb troops.

• It was said at the I Versailles conference.
• The Baltic states disappeared and Poland lost territory to Russia.
• The soviet occupation of the eastern zone of the division between free and Germany gave Russia a base closer to the heart of Europe than the tsars had ever dreamed of.

• Truman was encouraged by the U.S. development of the atomic bomb.

• The United States responded to the Soviets with gusto.

• Soviet applications for reconstruction loans were denied.

• The new communist empire was joined in the Warsaw Pact against the Soviets.
• That is formed to respond to the West's North Atlantic Treaty Organization although the West, led by the United States, did not intend to resurrect.

• The cold war had consequences for western Europe.

• It pressed for acceptance of U.S. forces and weapons in Germany and Berlin into occupied zones.

• Nuclear weapons were designed to be used by the Soviet Union to attack the United States.
• The Soviets influenced western Europe by funding and supporting communists in France and Italy, which in turn affected but did not overwhelm the political process.

• The intensity of the cold war was not maintained within Europe.

• The centers of tension were created in the Middle East.
• France became restless under the U.S. leadership in 1949 and withdrew its forces from the western European joint NATO command.
• In the 70s Germany powers plus Canada in a defensive opened new negotiations with the Soviet Union and eastern bloc countries, wanting increased alliance against possible Soviet export opportunities and lower diplomatic tension.

• There was an alliance in the world.

• The United States was never before a major peacetime military power in 1949.

• The Soviet Union was put under more pressure by the American president.
• Some European lead ers boasted that their societies had made a transition toward preeminence of civilian values and goals.
• Although the U.S. and European values and institutions became more similar after World War II, the differences in military roles signaled ongoing differences within Western society.

• European unity was eager to avoid the mistakes that led to economic depression and war.

• From 1945 onward, western Europe moved forward on three important fronts: the extension of democratic political systems, a modification of nation-state rivalries within Europe, and a commitment to rapid economic growth.

• Rightist movements that opposed parliamentary democracy were discredited by the defeat in war.
• An important Christian Democratic current emerged in western Europe, which was wedded to democratic institutions and moderate social reform.
• Socialist leaders mostly accepted democratic procedures.

• Europe experienced a shift in the political spectrum towards full support for democratic constitu tions and greater agreement on the need for government planning and welfare activities.

• After the defeat of fascist and Nazi leadership, new regimes had to be constructed in Germany and Italy.
• A new republic was established by France.
• The division of the nation delayed political reconstruction in Germany.
• France, Britain, and the United States merged their zones into what became the Federal Republic of Germany, encouraging a new constitution that would avoid the mistakes of Germany's earlier Weimar Republic.

• After the deaths of strongmen in Spain and Portugal in the 1970s, they moved to democratic, parliamentary systems.
• The same pattern was followed by Greece.
• In history, western Europe became more politically uniform by the 1980s.

• Wartime western European state in economic resistance ideas and the shift leftward of the political spectrum helped explain the new activism of policy and welfare issues after the state in economic policy and welfare issues.
• The need for new programs to reduce the impact of economic inequality and to reward to reduce the impact of economic the lower classes was introduced by the British government during World War II.
• Britain's Labour party and the Communist-Socialist-Christian Democrat coalitions in programs and economic planning were included in the governments that emerged at the inequality.

• France and Italy quickly set up a new government apparatus that would play a role in economic planning and develop new social activities.
• By 1948 the basic nature of the modern welfare state had been established throughout western Europe, as not only the new regimes but also established reformers extended a variety of government programs.
• The United States added to its New Deal legislation through President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs in the 1960s, creating medical assistance packages for the poor and elderly.
• Canada has a comprehensive medical insurance plan.

• A host of social insurance measures were elaborated by the welfare state.
• Unemployment insurance was improved.
• The basic healthcare system in Britain became a centerpiece of the new Labour program because it was supported by state-funded insurance.
• The bulk of the British population received free care from state-run medical facilities.
• Family assistance was a category that had been expanded.

• The British Ministry of Health published a poster in the 1950s that was intended to increase public awareness of good health practices.

• A French worker family with low earnings and five children could improve their income by as much as 40 percent through family aid in the 1950s.
• Given wartime destruction and postwar population growth, governments became more active in the housing field.
• The British population was housed in structures built and run by the government.
• The welfare state did not change the social structure.

• The welfare state was expensive.
• It made the government bigger and gave tax money to new purposes.
• In government offices, intense training in engineering or economics came to the fore, as did a devotion to the power of the bureaucrat.
• Up to 25 percent of the gross engineering or economics and national product of France and Hol was going to welfare purposes by the 1950s.
• Welfare commitments came to fore in offices of the largest component of Western government budgets outside the United States as military expenses began to stabilize.
• There were clear governments after World War II.

• Student protests in the late 1960s severely disrupted the Western pattern of political compromise around the mechanisms of parliamentary democracy and the welfare state.

• The 1960s saw a phenomenon of campus unrest.
• The war against communism in North Vietnam was the focus of unrest at major American universities.
• Young people in Europe and the United States are looking for more idealistic goals and greater justice in their societies.
• There were student uprisings in France in 1968.
• By the early 1970s new rights for students and other reforms, combined with police oppression, ended the most intense student protests, whereas the passage of civil rights legislation in the United States ultimately reduced urban rioting and demonstrations.
• The flexibility of Western democracy seemed to have been vindicated.
• A new wave of feminism focusing on economic rights and dignity for women, and environmentalist movements entered the arena during the 1970s, partly as an aftermath of the student explosion.
• In Germany, green parliamen tary deputies refused to wear coats and ties.

• The Western world faced its greatest economic recession since the postwar years as economic growth slowed in the 1970s.
• The British Conservative party and the U.S. Republican party are trying to reduce the costs of the welfare state.
• Margaret Thatcher began the longest-running prime-ministership in 20th-century British history in 1979 by cutting welfare and housing expenses.
• Both she and Ronald Reagan reduced the impact of the welfare state.
• The main line of postwar government in the West continued into the 21st century despite important adjustments.

• In August 1963, a great civil rights rally drew more than 250,000 people to Washington, DC.

• Along with the extension of democracy and the development of the welfare unrest--liquor sales were suspended, thousands of troops were put state, the West showed postwar vigor in addressing some traditional diplo on alert, police were brought in from other cities, and the public matic problems, The day was all about innovative thinking in the new European governments.

• Resistance leaders made a plea for a reconstruction of the European spirit during the war.
• The Christian Democratic movement produced important new in Europe, focusing on advocates of harmony among European nations.
• By 1947 the U.S. leaders wanted to control Europe's economic recovery and spur western environmental issues.

• The framework for diplomatic reform was complete because of the U.S. insistence on the partial rearmament of the West Ger European Economic Community.

• France initiated coordination with Germany as a means of setting up a new Europe because of the pressures and the failure of nationalistic policies between the wars.
• The nations of Luxembourg, the Netherlands, the Low Countries and Italy were linked in these activities.
• The idea was to tie German economic to create a single economic entity activity to an international framework so that the nation's growing strength would not threaten across national boundaries.
• Britain, Ireland, and atomic power joined forces after institutions were established to link policies in heavy industry.
• A measure to establish a united European military force proved too ambitious and collapsed under nationalist objections.
• The European Economic Community, economic integration, was set up in 1957 by six western European nations.

• The Common Market expanded after the end of the cold war.

• A common policy of tariffs was set for the outside world.
• The movement of labor and investment was encouraged.
• The Common Market bureaucracy was set up in Brussels.
• The Common Market set up a court system to adjudicate disputes and prevent violations of coordination rules, as well as administering a development fund to spur economic growth in areas such as southern Italy and western France.

• The relationship between the United States and western free-market capitalism is more complex than the relationship between western Europe and free-market capitalism.
• There are regulations and a more modest welfare apparatus in the United States.
• While acknowledging spe was heightened during the 1990s, the difference tried to establish a distinctive identity.
• The United States and Europe had a lot in common; isolationism was more religious in Europe than in the United States.
• Most western European countries have a professed religious belief definition of their U.S. "cousins".

• The Euro and western Europe did the same thing.

• States stayed two weeks or less over time.
• Following the 1960 sexual revolution, the U.S. and European societies have in many important teenage sexuality.
• They respect each other.
• Some earlier differences have been reduced because of heightened imitation and shared tributed birth control materials to adolescents.

• The United States consti peasantry is no longer a very distinct thing.
• Its farmers are smaller than those in the U.S. but still have a more traditional society in terms of values.
• They no longer set their society apart by the variation numbers.
• Middle class people in Europe are more prosperous than those in the United States because they are less likely to be suspicious of government power.
• After World moved away from some of the political radicalism of War II, they have emerged for the first time.

• The biggest differences between Europe and the United States are not related to race, but the influx of people world roles.
• Europe has duplicated in culture and trade on a global scale the same racial tensions and inner-city problems that it has in the United States.
• The trading bloc and decreasingly on military development are at the other end of the social scale.
• Managers and professionals in the United States moved in the opposite direction.
• The fruit of systems of higher education distinction was reversed as the United States became more mili that differed in particulars but resembled each other in producing tary society.

• A popular culture has emerged.

• The European Union did not turn into full integration, but it did contribute to economic growth.
• The advisory international parliament was elected by direct vote.
• In 1992, arrangements were made to dismantle all trade and currency exchange barriers among member states, creating complete economic unity.
• The euro was established in many countries by 2001.
• The EU's success expanded its hold on western Europe.
• Britain, despite its tradition of proud island independence, decided to join, as did Ireland, Denmark, and later Greece, Spain, Portugal, Austria, and Sweden.
• Nine other nations were admitted to membership by 2005.

• Euro pean history has seen a decline in Nationalist tensions.
• After the worst scares of the cold war, Europe became a diplomatically placid continent, enjoying one of the longest periods of substantial internal peace in its history.

• After a short, if agonizing, postwar rebuilding, striking economic growth accompanied political and diplomatic change.
• The growth may have been encouraged by the welfare state and the European Union, as well as the success of new political and diplomatic systems.

• Peasant farmers, backed by technocrats, adopted new equipment and seeds and increased agricultural production and productivity.
• European agriculture was less efficient than that of North America, which necessitated some tariffs by the Common Market.
• Food production was easy to meet European needs.
• The retooled industries poured out their products.
• Rapidly growing factories were supported by expensive consumer products.
• The United States and the Soviet Union were the leading producers of weapons in Western Europe.
• The growth of gross national product was greater than the growth of the U.S. since the Industrial Revolution began.

• French, German, and Italian economies were growing at an annual rate of between 6 percent and 11 percent.
• The growth rates were dependent on technological change.
• Europe's rising food production was achieved with a decreasing agricultural labor force.
• France's peasant popula tion--16 percent of the labor force in the early 1950s--fell to 10 percent two decades later, but overall output was much higher than before.
• The industrial workforce grew as a result of factory expansion, but the relative proportion of factory workers began to decline in the 1960s.
• Workers in the service sector, filling functions as teachers, clerks, medical personnel, insurance and bank workers, and performers and other "leisure industry" personnel, rose rapidly in contrast.

• Half of all paid workers in France were in the service sector by 1968.

• Immigration was a key change.
• In the United States, as well as in Japan and western of workers from other areas--first from southern Europe, then as this Europe, advertisements tried to create the sense that a region industrialized from Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Asia.
• The good life can be achieved by buying the right things.
• The rise of immigrant minorities in western Europe and the United States was associated with a prosperous home, a loving family, and even happy pets.

• France had Muslim minorities of up to 10 percent of the population, while the United States had Latinos as the largest ethnic minority.

• Unprecedented economic growth and low unemployment meant unprecedented improvements in incomes, even with the taxation necessary to sustain welfare programs.

• TVs and cars are standard consumer goods.
• Shopping malls and supermarkets moved across the Atlantic.
• In Europe, advertising was not as common as it is in the US.
• To smell good, to look right, to express one's personality in the latest car style began to describe European life quickly.
• The desire to find good vacation spots grew stronger.
• Germans poured into Italy and Spain every year to look for the sun.
• Britons went to Spanish beaches.
• Europeans wanted to combine efficient work with leisure.

• There were some dark spots in the West's economic advancement.
• Immigrants from Turkey, north Africa, Pakistan, and the West Indies had low wages and unstable employment.

• These immigrants were often victims of discrimination by their employers and police.

• There were new unemployment problems in western Europe in the 1990s.

• The United States experienced an increase in economic inequality.
• The West's economic vitality, a marked contrast to the interwar decades, underpinned vital social transformations and played a major role in the global economic framework as well.

• The United States Developments in the so-called overseas West took a distinctive role, but without the sense of grappling with prior collapse.
• The crises of the first half of the 20th century had been less military than in the past, which made the level of innovation in domestic less great.

• Changes occurred in foreign policy.
• The United States led the way in making the changes necessary to develop a massive peacetime military force and a global set of alliances.
• Australia, New Zealand, and Canada developed new contacts with other areas of the world as a result of the decline of European power and the emergence of the cold war.

• After World War II, Canada forged ahead in welfare policies, establishing a greater stake in economic planning and state-run medical insurance than did the United States.
• Canadian economic integration with the United States continued, with U.S. investments in Canadian resources and mutual exports and imports soaring into the 1970s.
• A sense of Canadian nationalism sparked resentment of the giant to the south, as the Canadian government took some measures to limit further U.S. penetration.
• At a time when European unity was increasing rapidly, the two nations signed a free-trade agreement that created a North American trading bloc.

• Growing numbers of people arriving from various parts of Asia pointed in a new direction.
• Growing agita tion by French Canadians in Quebec for regional independence was Canada's most distinctive issue.
• The provincial government was under control of a new party in the 70s.
• The English language was limited in Quebec's public and commercial life, although referendums for full independence failed.

• It was granted greater voice to the provinces, both to counter French Canadian demand and also to recognize the growing economic strength of the western provinces.
• There are still Separatist tensions in the 21st century.

• Australia and New Zealand moved away from Great Britain and towards the Pacific in the 70s.
• The United States and the Commonwealths signed a mutual defense pact in 1951 against communist aggression in the Pacific.
• Both Australia and the United States cooperated in the Korean War.
• "Wherever the United States is resisting aggression, the Australian prime minister said in 1966.
• Australia and New Zealand distanced themselves from U.S. foreign policy in the late 1970s and 1980s.
• New Zealand banned nuclear-armed vessels in 1985.

• Investment capital from the United States and Japan was the main source of funds for Australian and New Zealand exports.
• Australia became Japan's main raw-materials supplier.
• In Australia, Asian emigration altered the population mix.
• The Australian government had to back down from a long-held whites-only immigration policy.
• 60 percent of the immigrant population in Australia were Asians by 1983.

• The big news in U.S. history after 1945 was the assumption that the U.S. would be the world's leading defender of democratic and capitalistic values.
• After the end of World War II, the United States hesitated a bit, hoping that world peace would give it some respite from international engagement.
• Great Britain's inability to police the world for the West, together with rapid Soviet successes in eastern Europe, prompted a decisive U.S. stance.
• It was directed against communist pressures on Greece and Turkey.

• The plunge into the cold war took a toll on the home front.
• McCarthyism pected spies and subjecting people in many fields to dismissal from their jobs on grounds of suspected and the Politics of Fear radical sympathies as the United States entered a period of intense, even frenzied concern about internal communist conspiracies.

• Other policy changes in the federal government were caused by the cold war.
• The Central Intel igence Agency was established in 1947 to organize a worldwide information-gathering and espionage network, after the Defense Department was set up to coordinate military policy.
• In case of a Soviet bombing attack, the Strategic Air Command was formed to stand in constant readiness.
• The western sectors of occupied Berlin were spared from Soviet pressure.
• The United States sent troops to Japan to support the South Koreans when they were invaded by the communist North.
• Within a few months, the North Korean invasion was repulsed by General Douglas MacArthur and his allies.
• The United States authorized an invasion into North Korea, which resulted in a response from China.
• The United States was pushed back, and more than two years of additional fighting ensued before peace was negotiated, with the new boundary line between the two Koreas relatively close to the previous line.

• The United States maintained large peacetime military forces during the 1950s as part of a policy of containment of the Soviet Union.
• The United States arranged alliances with several nations in the Middle East and southeast Asia, as well as with western Europe, in NATO, and with Australia and New Zealand.
• There was less novel in the U.S.

• Despite a U.S.-backed invasion attempt by anticommunist Cuban rebels, Cuba was taken over by the communists.
• The Soviet Union was forced to withdraw its missile sites on the island by the United States.

• The final test of the U.S. containment policy came in the 1960s when communist revolutionaries in South Vietnam began to fight back.
• In 1965, the U.S. Air Force began bombing North Vietnam.
• By 1968, American troops had reached a total of 550,000.
• By this time the United States was spending $2 billion a week on a war that never produced convincing success and wasbogged down in horrendous blood shed on both sides.
• By 1970 more bombs had been dropped on Vietnam than on any other place in the 20th century.
• Domestic pressure against the war began to force changes in strategy.
• Nixon tried to increase the pressure on North Vietnam by expanding the war to other parts of Asia.
• The Vietnam March on the Pentagon was taken over by the communists by 1975.

• Policy changes were made in the United States due to the furor over the Vietnam War.
• The United States had discovered that its military might could be stalemated by guerrilla tactics and some observers thought that new directions might be forged.
• The U.S. military and the public became more cautious of regional wars.
• The national mood did not lead to policy changes.
• Even as the Vietnam conflict wound down, a socialist government was ousted with the help of the U.S. A brutal military regime replaced the socialist government.

• Ronald Reagan was elected president of the United States in 1980 and he made sure that the United States would "ride tall" again in world affairs.
• In the 1980s, several raids were conducted against suspected terrorists in the Middle East, and the small West Indian island of Grenada was invaded to topple a left-wing regime.

• President Reagan sponsored a number of expensive new weapons systems which helped push the Soviet economy to virtual collapse as its leaders attempted to keep pace.
• The next president, George Bush, continued an interventionist policy by sending US troops into Panama to evict a dictator and by leading a Western and moderate Arab alliance against Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.
• In the 1990s, the United States led military action against forces in the Balkans.

• Its military spending was more than the next 20 nations combined.
• It was able to take over and expand many of the international policing functions once held by Western nations.
• The other Western states supported the U.S. initiatives, even though they resented American leadership.

• Dramatic changes in gender relations and political and economic changes in Western society have an effect on earlier indus Western society.

• The United States and western Europe shared in leading aspects of change as the first example of an advanced industrial society.

• Some earlier social conflicts in the West were alleviated by economic growth.
• Workers were still propertyless, but they had substantial holdings as consum ers, and their sense of social superiority often declined as a result.
• The 1900-Present sector expanded.
• Immigrants left a lot of unskilled labor.
• Western Europe's peasantry was altered by economic and political change.
• Peasants became increasingly commercial, eager for improvements in standards of living and participants, through car trips and television, in urban culture.
• State regulations pushed them into cooperative organizations.

• There were still social distinctions.
• Middle-class people had more leisure opportunities and were more optimistic than most workers.
• There were signs of tension.
• The United States had high crime rates after the 1940s.
• Race riots erupted in the US in the 1950s and 1960s and in British cities in the 1980s and 1990s.

• Both western Europe and the United States participated in the upheaval of postwar change, which involved women and the family.
• The realities of family life changed in many ways, despite the fact that family ideals continued in many ways.
• Family leisure activities have expanded.
• Telephones and automobiles were used for extended family contacts.
• The authority of parents declined as more years of education increased the importance of peer groups for children.

• The new working patterns of women were the most innovative in family life.

• The earlier world war increased factory and clerical jobs for women.
• The trends continued after a few years of downward adjustment.
• In western Europe, the United States, and Canada, the number of working women rose steadily from the early 1950s onward.
• Women's earlier educa tional gains had improved their work qualifications; the growing number of service jobs created a need for additional workers and women, long associated with clerical jobs and paid less than men, were ideal candidates.
• Many women sought entry into the labor force as a means of adding to personal or family income, to afford some of the consumer items now becoming feasible but not yet easy to buy, or as a means of personal fulfillment in a society that associated worth with work and earnings.

• The employment of adult women, most of them married and many with children, represented the employment of the female segment of the labor force up to 44 percent of the total in most Western countries by the 1970s.
• Long-term work commitments rose as more girls stayed in school.
• This wasn't a full stride to job equality.
• Men's pay is higher than women's.
• Despite a growing minority of middle-class women entering professional and management ranks, most women were concentrated in clerical jobs.
• The trends of the 19th-century Industrial Revolution to keep women and family separate from work outside the home had yielded to a dramatic new pattern.

• There were other new rights for women.
• In France, where women had lacked the vote before, they now got it, and in western European nations, only Switzerland refused this concession until 1971.
• Full equality remained elusive despite gains in higher education.
• Women made up 23 percent of German university students in 1963, but under socialist governments the figure rose.
• Most women stayed out of engineering, science, and management, as preferred subjects were different from those of men.

• Most women's advocates think that family rights have improved.
• Women were viewed as particularly important to the increase in access to divorce.
• In countries of Catholic background, it became easier for women to regulate their birth rate.
• New birth control methods, such as the contraceptive pill introduced in 1960, as well as growing knowledge and acceptability of birth control, decreased unwanted pregnancies.
• Sex and procreation became separate considerations.
• According to 1960s polls, more women wanted to link sex, marriage, and romantic love than men did.

• Questions help clarify meaning.
• Is there a major change and how can it happen?
• The framework for a challenging analysis is provided by statistical patterns.

• Changes in the family, including the roles of women, brought new issues and redefined ideals.
• Children were involved in the first issue.
• There was a brief increase in the birth rate in the early 1960s.
• Women's work and the desire to use income for high consumer standards mitigated against children, particularly in the middle class, where birth rates were lowest.
• When new fears about population growth began to surface, more and more children were sent to daycare centers at an early age, one of the amenities provided by the European welfare state.
• Parents often claimed that the result of collective care was better for their children than maternal care.
• The Western family and society were worried that they were becoming indifferent to children in an eagerness for adult work.
• Between the 1950s and 1980s, American adults shifted their assessment of family satisfaction away from parenthood to focus on shared enjoyments between husbands and wives.

• There were new cracks in family stability.
• Pressures to adjust family roles, women working outside the family context, and growing legal freedoms for women caused men and women alike to turn more readily to divorce.
• In 1961, 9 percent of British marriages ended in divorce; by 1965, the figure was 16 percent.
• One third of all British marriages ended in divorce by the late 1970s, and the U.S. rate was higher still.

• The strains caused by women's new activities and continued limitations were shown in the development of a new surge of feminist protest.

• Many women were impoverished because of the growing divorce.
• There are new work roles that show the earnings gap between men and women.

• The new feminism promoted specific reforms and female empowerment, as well as domestic roles and qualities that would play down a moreliteral equality that would play down special domestic roles and qualities.

• Feminism's most avid audience was not all women in the middle class.
• Some of the most sweeping practical changes that were taking place were not caused by it.
• It supported the revolution in roles.
• Issues that were difficult to fit into political contexts were raised from the late 1960s onward.
• The gap between new expec tations and ongoing inequalities in gender was articulated by the movement.
• Some unanswered questions about family functions were promoted by the new feminism.
• Feminism seemed to respond to the same desire for individuality and work identity in women that had been urged on men as part of the new mentality suitable for a commercial economy.
• Family was important in the evolving view of women, despite some feminist leaders attacking the institution as hopelessly repressive.
• Family goals were less important for less ideological women.

• The National Women's Conference was held in Houston in 1977.
• In order to symbolize the link between the American feminists and the women at the Conference, a torch was lit in the seat of the famous women's right convention in New York.
• The torch is accompanied by feminist leaders on the last mile of the journey.
• The torchbearers are Betty Friedan, Susan B. Anthony II, Representative Bella Abzug, Sylvia Ortiz, and Peggy Kokernot.

• Western cultural life continued along established lines despite great innovations in politics, the economy, and social structure.
• Basic frameworks had been set earlier in the early 20th century, but a wealth of scientific data was assimilated as a result of a host of specific new movements.

• A shift of focus was one of the key developments.
• Many prominent intellectuals moved to the U.S. shores during the 1930s and 1940s due to political stabil ity and Hitler's persecutions.
• The United States was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 The costliness of cutting-edge research produced a U.S. advantage.
• As patronage became more important, New York replaced Paris as the center of international styles.

• Some of the leading scientific advances of the postwar years were made by Europeans.
• The discovery of the basic structure of the genetic building block deoxyribonucleic acid by Francis Crick, of Cambridge University in England, opened the way for rapid advances in genetic knowledge and industries based on artificial synthesis.
• The human genome project was progressing quickly on both sides of the Atlantic.
• Europeans were involved in nuclear research through laboratories funded by the European Union.
• The European space research was slower to develop than the U.S. initiatives, but still produced noteworthy achievements by the 1970s.

• The arts continued earlier 20th-century themes quite clearly.
• Most artists continued to work in the "modern" modes set before World War I, which featured unconventional self-expression and a wide array of nonrepresentational techniques.
• Growing public acceptance of the modern styles was the clearest change.

• Europeans had more advantages in artistic films.
• Italian directors produced a number of gripping, realistic films in the late 1940s, portraying both urban and peasant life without frills.
• In the 1960s, Italy, France, and Sweden became centers of experimental filmmaking.
• Ingmar Bergman produced a series of dark psychological dramas, while Jean-Luc Godard and Michelangelo Antonioni portrayed the emptiness of urban life.
• In Spain, Britain, and Germany, individual directors broke new ground because they were more comfortable than the U.S. counter parts.

• The results of economic and social change were reflected in the Western society's popular culture.
• As European economies struggled to recover from the war, some observers spoke of a U.S. "coca-colonization" of Europe.
• Soft drinks, blue-jean fashions, chewing gum, and other artifacts became more common.
• The influence of U.S. films continued to grow.
• The impact of U.S. television series was more important.

• European popular culture had its own power and began to influence the United States.
• The Beatles were the most celebrated figures of popular culture in the 1960s.
• A good-natured desire to enjoy the pleasures of life is a characteristic of modern Western popular culture regardless of national context.
• British popular music groups continued to set standards in the 70s and had an impact on western Europe.

• Other aspects of popular culture had a new energy.
• Youth fashions in Britain were different from the standards of the upper class.
• The use of color and cut in punk hair was similar to the anti-conventional tone of modern painting and sculpture.

• Sexual culture in the West was influenced by earlier trends that linked sex to a larger pleasure-seeking mentality and a desire for personal expression.
• The standards for sexual display in films and television shows have become more relaxed.
• Sex shops in Britain, Holland, andDenmark sell a wide range of erotic materials and products.

• The United States and western Europe experienced significant changes in sexual behavior around 1960.
• Sex before marriage became more common.
• The age of first sexual intercourse began to go down.
• The growing number of nude bathing spots in western Europe is in contrast to the more cautious initiatives in the United States.
• Although the association of modern popular culture with sexuality and body concern was not novel, the openness and diversity of expression undoubtedly reached new levels and also demonstrated western Europe's new confidence in defining a vigorous, nontraditional mass culture of its own.

• Critics of Western popular culture worried about its role in distracting people from the real issues.
• There were no huge reactions to the cultural trends of the 1920s.
• Western popular culture helped set global cultural standards, enhancing the West's international influence even as its formal political dominance declined.

• The Soviet system had several ingredients by 1945.
• The desire to regain tsarist boundaries was joined with traditional interest in expansion and in playing controls.

• The desire to set up buffer zones under Soviet control was caused by genuine revulsion at Germany's two invasions.
• The nation emerged as a world power as a result of the Soviet industrialization and World War II push.
• Concentration on heavy industry and weapons development, combined with strategic alliances and links to communist movements in various parts of the world, helped maintain this status.

• Some islands in the northern Pacific were seized by the Soviets during the late phases of the war against Japan.
• The Soviet Union established a protection over the communist regime of North Korea.
• The Soviet Union gained a new ally in communist Vietnam in the 1970s, which provided naval bases for the Soviet fleet, as a result of Soviet aid to the victorious Communist party in China.
• During the 1960s, the Soviet Union gained new leverage in the Middle East, Africa, and even parts of Latin America, thanks to its growing military and economic strength.
• The Soviet Union's status as a superpower was confirmed by its development of the atomic and then hydrogen bombs, as well as its deployment of missiles and naval forces to match the rapid expansion of the U.S. arsenals.
• The Soviet Union was a world power.

• The Soviet Union developed increasing worldwide influence, with trade and cultural missions on all inhabited continents and military alliances with several Asian, African, and Latin American nations.
• The clearest extension of the Soviet sphere was in eastern Europe after World War II.
• The Soviets made it clear that they intended to stay and push the Soviet sphere of influence farther to the West than ever before.
• The cold war started because of the Soviet Union's insistence on this empire.

• Between the world wars, the small nations of eastern Europe went through a difficult period.
• They failed to establish vigorous, independent economies or solid political systems.
• Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Yugoslavia were seized by German or Italian forces after the Nazi attack.
• Eastern Europe was under Nazi control for four years.
• The resistance movement in Yugoslavia was strong enough to affect the postwar results.

• The Soviet army was the dominant force in eastern Europe by 1945, as it pushed the Germans back.
• The combination of the Soviet military might and local communist movements in the nations that remained technically independent led to the downfall of the opposition parties.
• Greece, which moved toward the Western camp in diplomatic alignment and political and social systems, was the only exception.

• By the early 1950s, a standard development dynamic emerged in eastern Europe after the Soviet takeover.
• The Roman Catholic Church was attacked by the new Soviet-sponsored regimes.
• The development of mass education and propaganda outlets was rapid.
• Without creating a property-owning peasantry, collectivization of agriculture ended the large estate system.
• The five-year plans pushed industrialization through, though with some limitations due to Soviet insistence on access to key natural resources on favorable terms.
• The Soviet and eastern European trading zone became separate from the larger trends of international commerce.

• The Warsaw Pact defense alliance and a common economic planning organization were formed after NATO was formed.
• Soviet troops were stationed in most eastern European states to ensure the continuation of the new regimes and their loyalty to the common cause.

• Although it resolved some social problems in eastern Europe, as well as responding to the Soviet desire to expand its influence and guard against German or more general Western attack, the new Soviet system created obvious tensions.
• The workers' rise in East Germany was suppressed by the Soviets.
• There was a lot of immigration from East Berlin along the new borders of eastern Europe.

• More liberal communist leaders in Hungary and Poland sought to create states that would allow more diversity and politics, despite the fact that they were communist.
• The Soviets accepted a new leader in 1991.

• The Berlin Wall was destroyed by the Soviet army and a hard-line Stalinist leadership was set up in its place in Hungary.

• For the heavy-handed repres sion cost considerable prestige, soviet control over eastern Europe did loosen slightly.
• Eastern European governments were given a freer hand in economic policy.
• Several countries overtook the prosperity of the Soviet Union.
• Contacts with the West grew with greater trade and tourism.
• There was room for limited diversity in the economic bloc of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.

• The freedom fighters in Hungary headed for the front with whatever weapons they could find as the Soviets moved into Hungary to crush the revolt of 1956.
• The crowd is urging this truckload of supporters on.

• diplomatic and military alignment with the Soviet Union remained essential as the communist political system remained in full force, with its single-party dominance and strong police controls.

• The limits of experimentation in eastern Europe were brought back in 1968, when a more liberal regime came to power.
• The soviet army responded by expelling the reformers and setting up a rigid leader.
• The Polish army took over the state under Lech Walesa, but the labor movement was slightly more subdued.

• National diversity was visible in both political styles and industrial levels.
• Poland differed from hard-line, neo-Stalinist Bulgaria.
• There were important discontents as well.
• The social revolution brought economic change and social upheaval.
• The lives of ordinary people have changed a lot thanks to new systems of mass education and industrial growth.
• Russian, not French or English, was the first foreign language that was learned.

• The Soviet foreign policy goals were answered by the expansion of Soviet influence.
• The Soviets kept a military presence deep in Europe, which made them less anxious about another German threat.
• Supplies and advisors for Soviet ventures in Africa, Latin America, and elsewhere were provided by Eastern European allies.
• There was a check on Soviet policy as a result of the unrest in eastern Europe.
• The need for continued military presence may have diverted Soviet leaders from emphasizing expansionist ambitions in other directions.

• The Stalinist system remained intact during the initial postwar years.
• The war encouraged growing use of nationalism as well as appeals for communist loyalty, as millions of Russians responded heroically to the new foreign threat.
• The cold war with the United States developed after 1947, with news media blasting the United States as an evil power and a distorted society.
• Many Soviets were afraid of a new war and agreed that strong government authority was necessary.

• After the war, the Soviet Union was able to regain its prewar industrial capacity and grow quickly, thanks to this attitude.
• Stalin's efforts to shield the Soviet population from foreign ideas were supported by the attitude.
• The Soviet Union's culture, like its economy, was largely removed from world currents because of strict limits on travel, outside media, and uncensored glimpse of the outside world.

• Stalin's political structure continued to emphasize central controls.
• Stalin grew more suspicious of possible plots against him as he insisted on increasing adulation.
• Moscow-based direction of the national economy, along with the steady extension of education, welfare, and police operations, expanded the bureaucracy both of the government and the Communist party.
• Growing secondary school and university ties, as well as recruitment from the ranks of peasant and worker families, allowed talented young people to rise from below.
• Party membership, the ticket to bureaucratic promotion, was deliberately kept low, at about 6 percent of the population, to ensure selection of the most dedicated elements.
• The new candidates for the party had to be nominated by at least three party members.
• Party members promised loyalty and group consciousness.

• The relationship with The Soviet government was an impressive new product, not just a renewal of tsarist autocracy.

• Although the church and state had links to tsarist days, the government and the party still maintained an active cultural agenda.
• After 1917, the regime declared war on the Orthodox church and other religions in order to shape a secular population that would maintain a Marxist, scientific orthodoxy.
• To ensure adherence to the party line, artistic and literary styles were carefully monitored.
• The educational system was used to create loyal, right- thinking citizens.
• May Day parades stimulated devotion to the state and communism.

• The Orthodox church's outreach was limited by the new regime.
• State schools preached the doctrine that religion was just superstition and the church was barred from giving religious instruction to anyone under 18.

• Although loyalties to the church were still present, they seemed to be concentrated in an elderly minor ity.
• The Soviet regime held the Jewish minority as enemies of the state in order to manipulate traditional Russian anti-Semitism.
• On condition of careful loyalty to the regime, the larger Muslim minority was given greater latitude.
• The elderly seemed to be the most interested in church by the 1950s.

• Modern Western styles of art and literature were attacked by the Soviet state, particularly when they involved abstract forms that were considered decadent, but which were appropriated as Russian.
• Russian orchestras performed a wide variety of classi cal music, and the Russian ballet, although rigid and conservative by 20th-century Western standards, commanded wide attention and enforced rigid standards of excellence.
• After World War II, socialist realist principles spread to eastern Europe in public displays and monuments.

• After the cold war ended in 1950, the Soviet and eastern European artists began to adopt Western styles.
• Jazz and rock bands began to emerge in the 1980s despite official suspicion.

• Despite official controls, the Soviet Union's literature was diverse and creative.
• Leading authors wrote movingly of the troubles of World War II, maintaining the tradition of sympathy with the people, great patriotism, and concern for the Russian soul.
• Their freedom depended on the leadership mood.
• In the late 1960s and 1970s, Russian author critical of the Soviet regime relaxed, but also of the Western way of life.
• The trilogy on the distinctive Russian values was published by authors who were critical of the Soviet regime.

• He continued to seek an alternative to communist policy and to Westernization even though he was barred from his homeland.

• Along with interest in the arts and a genuine diversity of expressions despite official party lines, Soviet culture continued to place great emphasis on science and social science.
• This was a major part of the global expansion of science.
• Scientists had a lot of power and prestige.
• Important analyses of current trends and history were produced by social scientific work.
• Soviet scientists generated a number of fundamental discoveries in chemistry, mathematics, and physics.
• Scientists felt disapproval at times.
• As in other areas, controls were strictest in the Stalinist years, so biologists and psychiatrists were urged to reject Western theories of human rationality and social progress.
• Freudianism was banned and biologists who over emphasized genetics were jailed.
• The idea that the revolutionary states could control human destiny was undermined by too much emphasis on the uncon scious.
• Soviet scientists had great freedom and prestige.
• As in the West, their work was linked with technology and weaponry.
• After the day of Stalinism, scientists gained greater freedom from ideological dictates, and exchanges with Western researchers became more common in what was, at base, a common scientific culture.

• The 20th-century Soviet culture was shaped by state control.
• The ambivalence about the West remained, as the Soviets continued to use many art forms they developed in common with the West, while instilling a comparable faith in science.
• Work incentives were a problem in collectivized as Soviet leaders sought agriculture.
• The goal of the poster was to encourage Soviet farm culture that would help build a socialist society.
• "Work hard and from the capitalist West" is what it says.

• Between the 1920s and the 1950s, the Soviet Union became an industrial society.
• The rise of urban populations to more than 50 percent of the total was a measure of this development.
• The rest of eastern Europe was industrialized by the 1950s.

• There were a number of distinctive features in Eastern European modernization.
• State control of all economic sectors was one of the key elements.
• There was an unusual imbalance between heavy industrial goods and consumer items.
• The Soviet Union placed less importance on consumer goods such as automobiles and housing than it did on basic items, such as bathtub plugs.
• The consumer-goods industries were poorly funded and did not achieve the advanced technological level that characterizes the heavy-manufacturing sector.

• The need to amass capital for development in a traditionally poor society helped explain the lack of consumer goods in a society that remained poorer than the United States.
• The military goals were motivated by Soviet fears of Germany.
• The kind of consumer society that came to define the West was not developed by communist eastern Europe.
• Living standards improved and extensive welfare services provided security for some groups not similarly supported in the West, but complaints about poor consumer products and long lines to obtain desired goods remained a feature of Soviet life.

• Environmental damage was caused by Soviet industrialization.
• The drive to produce at all costs created bleak zones around factories, where waste was dumped, and in mining areas.
• It was found that up to 25% of the Soviet territory was degraded, leading to serious health problems for people in the affected areas.

• Soviet industry was constrained by environmental damage.

• Problems with agriculture were not solved by the communist system in eastern Europe.
• Capital that might have gone into farming equipment was often diverted.
• The climate of northern Europe and Asia made it difficult to spread grain production to Siberia.
• The constraints and lack of individual incentive in collectivized agriculture deterred the eastern European peasantry from trying.
• Eastern Europe had to retain a larger percentage of its labor force in agriculture than the West did, but it still had problems with food supply and quality.

• The communist states of eastern Europe echoed a number of the themes of contemporary Western social history because of the shared fact of industrial life.
• Work rhythms became roughly simi lar.
• Huge efforts were made to speed the pace of work.
• The incentive systems were similar to those used in Western factories.
• Similar leisure activities came along with similar work habits.
• Films and television have entertained the people of eastern Europe for decades.
• Family vacations to the beaches of the Black Sea became cherished respites.
• In contrast to the Western view of sports as a combination of leisure and commercialism, the communist states sponsored a massive sports apparatus as part of their political program.
• Under state guidance, East Germany and the Soviet Union developed extensive athletic agendas, from training programs for talented children to substantial rewards for successful adult competitors, winning international competitions in a host of fields.

• Despite the impact of Marxist theory, Eastern European social structure grew closer to the West.
• There was a tendency to divide urban society along class lines.
• The perquisites of managers and professional people set them off from the standard of living of the average person.

• The pressures of industrialization were the same for the Soviet and Western families.
• Massive movements to the cities and crowded housing enhanced the nuclear family unit, as ties to a wider network of relatives loosened.
• The birth rate went down.
• Basic pressures became similar to those in the West when the official Soviet policy on birth rates changed.

• Birth rate decline was caused by wartime dislocations.
• The Soviet growth rate was the same as that of the West.
• Muslims in the southern Soviet Union have higher birth rates than the majority ethnic group, which caused some concern about maintaining Russian cultural dominance.

• The managerial middle class in the West devoted a lot of attention to their children's education and ensured good jobs for the future, which is similar to the patterns of childrearing in the West.
• Children in the West were more strict at home and in school with an emphasis on authority that had political implications as well.
• The domestic idealization of women in the West was never afforded by the Soviets.
• Most married women work, an essential feature of an economy that is struggling to industrialize and offer relatively low wages to individual workers.
• Women did a lot of heavy physical tasks.
• Although they dominated some professions, such as medicine, they were still lower in status than their male counterparts in the West.
• The propagandists of the Soviet Union took pride in the role of women, but there were signs that many of them were not getting the help they needed from their husbands at home.

• After Stalin's death in 1953, the government apparatus he created was put to the test.
• Without reversing Stalinist cultural isolation, the results loosened.
• The focus on one-man rule might have created a lot of succession problems.
• The system held together.
• Years of bureaucratic experience has given most Soviet leaders a taste for coordination and compromise, along with a reluctance to strike out in radical new directions that might cause controversy or arouse resistance from one of the key power blocs within the state.
• The army, police, and the party apparatus were balanced by the ruling committee after Stalin's death.
• Conservatism was encouraged by this mechanism as each bureaucratic sector defended its prerogatives.

• Stalin's concentration of power and arbitrary dictatorship was attacked by Khrushchev.
• In a speech delivered to the Communist successor as head of U.S.S.R. from party congress, Khrushchev condemned Stalin for his treatment of political opponents for his nar 1953 to 1964; attacked Stalinism row interpretations of Marxist doctrine, even for his failure to adequately

• The de-Stalinization campaign within the Soviet Union suggested a more tolerant and arbitrary dictatorship.
• Despite the change of the development program in Siberia, little concrete institutional reform occurred.
• Political trials became less common.

• The purges and other Stalinist excesses were dealt with by a few intellectuals.
• Outright critics of the regime were less likely to be executed and more likely to be sent to mental health institutions or exiled to the West.
• Centralized economic planning and party control remained the same.
• The downfall of Khrushchev was due to his failure in opening new Siberia land to cultivate and his antagonizing many Stalinist loyalists.

• The patterns in the Soviet Union remained stable after the fall of Khrushchev.
• Economic growth continued but with no dramatic breakthrough and with recurrent worries over sluggish productivity and especially over periodically inadequate harvests, which compelled expensive grain deals with Western nations, including the United States.
• There were a number of leadership changes.

• Cold war policies changed after Stalin's death.
• One of the most intense moments of the cold war was when Khrushchev probed for vulnerabilities.
• Khrushchev had no desire for war and promoted a new policy of peaceful coexistence.

• Khrushchev shifted away from an exclusive military emphasis.

• The nation's relationship to Western standards was restored by a renewed sense of contact with a wider world.

• The Soviet leadership continued a steady military build up, adding increasingly sophisticated rocketry and bolstering its successful space program.
• The Soviets had a lead in manned space flights.
• The Soviet Union demonstrated great technical ability in space and in the arms race, as well as a willingness to settle for simpler systems than the United States attempted, which helped explain how it could maintain superpower parity even with a less prosperous economy.
• The Soviet Union's new ability to compete on an international scale and its growing pride in international achievements were shown by an active sports program that resulted in a growing array of victories in Olympic Games competition.

• Even though it was a superpower, the nation faced a number of foreign policy problems.
• The Soviet Union and China had a long border and a growing rift from the mid-1950s onward.
• Successful courting of Egypt, a close diplomatic friend during the 1960s, often turned sour, although new alignments elsewhere balanced these developments.
• The Soviet Union had a large Muslim minority in the 1970s.

• The invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 was to promote a friendly puppet regime.
• The Soviet Union played a normally cautious diplomatic game, almost never engaging directly in warfare, but maintaining a high level of readiness.

• Problems of work motivation and discipline were bigger in the Soviet Union than they were in the West by the 1980s.
• Many workers found little reason for great diligence because of the lack of consumer goods.
• The world's first group flight in space was in August of 1962.

• We delivered this speech in 1961, right before World War II began.
• We have to comprehend its grave implications.

• Our toil, resources, and livelihood are all involved.
• The structure of our society was noted by the speech.

• In the council of government, we must guard against being highlighted.

• There is a temptation to meet them even if for the disastrous rise of power exists.

• We must not allow the weight of this combination to endanger the solution.
• Development of unrealistic for granted is what we should not take in newer elements of our defense.
• Only an alert and knowledgeable populace can programs to cure every ill in agriculture, and a dramatic expansion compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military in basic and applied research.

• The technological consideration has been the need to maintain balance in and among revolution during recent decades.

• Balance between cost and hoped for advantage has become more complex and costly in this revolution.
• A balance between the clearly necessary and comfortably desir increasing share is conducted for, by, or at the direction of the able.

• Good judgment seeks balance and progress.
• The free university historically finds balance and frustration.

• The government has understood the huge costs involved and have responded to them in the face of stress and threat.

• Our military employment, project allocations, and power of money are important elements in keeping the peace.
• Our arms are ready for action and must be.
• In holding so that no potential aggressor may be tempted to risk his own scientific research and discovery, as we should, we destruction.

• Our military organization is not related to what policy could become if it became the captive of a scientific-techno known by my predecessors in peacetime.

• The United States had grate these and other forces, new and old, within the principles of no armaments industry until the latest of our world conflicts.
• American makers of plowshares could always aim toward the supreme with time and as required, make swords as well.

How might military security clash with American or Western income of the United States corporations?

• Military parades were held on May Day in the Soviet Union to show the country's military power and to honor its leaders.
• The current leadership's connection with the giants of the 20th century was shown by the huge banners over Red Square.
• In this photo of the 1947 May Day parade, top Soviet leaders watch from stands in front of Lenin's tomb.
• The wall of the Kremlin is behind them.

• More familiar were the problems of the youth.
• It is clear that many youth became impatient with the disciplined life and were eager to have more access to Western culture, such as rock music and blue jeans.

• The Soviet Union remained firmly established in the early 1980s thanks to careful police control, vigorous propaganda, and real, popular pride in Soviet achievements.

• Even though the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency didn't see major problems, economic conditions deteriorated rapidly and the Soviet system would soon come unglued.

• Communism's huge success for many decades made its collapse all the more unnerving.

• The Soviet Union attained world power at a great cost to many people.
• Many were happy with its fall, but were confused by it.

• Western and Soviet influences were not completely different.
• Both the West and the Soviet alliance societies emphasized science.
• Between 1945 and 1992 both societies challenged key social dominated aspects of world history.
• It has traditional roles for women.
• Both embraced a vision of globalization, try tion and nationalism, but in different ways.
• The competition gave other things to do.
• The shared features gave the world breathing room, as they could play one side against the other for a crucial half-century.

• Arthur was closely identified with his subjects.

• One side was to blame for the 4.

• The industrial 5 has similarities and differences.
• After World War II, what features of Soviet societies of the West and the Soviet bloc?