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Chapter 1: Introduction
Leaving Earth to find new homes in space is an old dream of humanity
Mars is often considered as a potential colony, but what if we think bigger?
What if we turn Venus, one of the most hostile and deadly places in the solar system, into a colony?
Venus has extreme conditions, but it might be easier than you think
Extreme Conditions on Venus
Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system with a surface temperature of 460 degrees Celsius
Venus has the most extreme greenhouse effect in the solar system
CO2 is the main component of Venus's atmosphere, making up 97% of it
Venus's atmosphere is 90 times denser than Earth's atmosphere
Standing on Venus's surface would feel like being 900 meters deep in the ocean
The pressure on Venus's surface is so high that it would kill you instantly
Why Bother with Venus?
Venus is a truly horrible place, so why should we even bother?
Chapter 2: A Proper Terraformed Venus
Venus is almost as big as Earth and has 90 percent of its surface gravity
Surface gravity is a big problem when colonizing the solar system
Long days in low gravity places can have negative health effects
Venus's size means it could be the 2nd largest habitat in the solar system
A new home for 1,000,000,000 of humans and trillions of animals
It could have oceans, lush forests, and a beautiful blue sky
A proper terraformed Venus may be the most pleasant place to live outside of Earth
Terraforming is not possible currently, but a future version of us could take on the project
Cooling Down Venus and Removing the Atmosphere
Before anything else, we need to cool Venus down and remove the gas that makes up the extremely heavy atmosphere
The atmosphere of Venus weighs around 465,000,000,000 tons
Options for removing the atmosphere:
Create giant solar collectors powering a huge array of laser beams to heat up the atmosphere and blast it into space
Requires thousands of times the entire power generating capacity of humanity
Would still take thousands of years to remove the atmosphere
Sequester the atmosphere by binding the CO2 in different compounds through chemical reactions
Chapter 3: Free The Atmosphere
Mining elements on Mercury and shooting them at Venus
Elements like calcium or magnesium
Mass driver systems
Electric rails
Binding CO2 into carbonates
Impractical due to scale
Requires several 100,000,000,000 tons of material
May take too long
Constructing a huge mirror to block out the sun
Mirror doesn't need to be complex or massive
Thin foil with structural support
Multiple pieces forming a mirror
Annular slacks of angled mirrors
Reflecting sunlight from one set of mirrors to the next
Redirecting light to the back to balance force
Keeping the mirror in position
Progression of the atmosphere on Venus
Infrastructure takes a few years to set up
Atmosphere slowly cools down over the first few decades
Atmosphere remains dense and deadly
After 60 years, temperature reaches 31 degrees Celsius
CO2 turns to liquid and begins to rain down
Constant global rainstorm lasting 30 years
Chapter 4: Over Venus's Surface
The pressure and temperature drop simultaneously
Puddles turn into lakes and oceans
Surface temperature is now -56 degrees Celsius
Pressure drops to 7 times the pressure on Earth
CO2 oceans freeze and rain turns into snow
Leaves Venus with frozen oceans and CO2 glaciers
Remaining atmosphere mostly nitrogen at 3 times Earth's surface pressure
Challenges of walking on Venus's surface
Freezing temperature and suffocation
Frozen CO2 remains a problem
Keeping the CO2 from Melting
Possible solutions to prevent CO2 ice from melting and filling up the atmosphere
Covering the surface with cheap plastic insulation and Venus Rock or water oceans
Concerns of building a planet with a potential time bomb
Risk of volcanoes melting CO2 and ruining everything
Alternative solution of shooting CO2 into space and collecting it in a small moon
Efficiency improvement using mass drivers instead of rockets
Moving the mass will be a challenging task
Obtaining Water from Ice Moons
Water is essential for moving forward
Possibility of obtaining water from ice moons
Chapter 5: The Venus Tethers
Europa has twice as much water as earth's oceans
Catching and transporting a moon through the solar system is difficult
Space Tethers can make the process easier
Tethers can take a payload on both ends
Europa's Role
Europa's striders do most of the work to catapult ice to Venus
The ice hits the Venus tethers and falls into the atmosphere as snow
Venus tethers catch CO2 ice shot up from below and accelerated into orbit
Excess nitrogen can be removed using the same method to lower atmospheric pressure
Terraforming Venus
Venus would be covered by a shallow frozen ocean after a few decades or centuries
Continents and islands would form, making Venus resemble Earth
Making Venus Habitable
Light and heat are needed to make Venus habitable
The last step of terraforming involves making the atmosphere breathable and adding life
Chapter 6: Atmosphere Of Planet
Avenous Day
Avenous day is 2802 hours long, more than 116 earth days.
Removing the giant mirror would result in half of the planet being grilled.
Even without the massive atmosphere, temperatures would reach unbearable levels.
Another set of mirrors can create a day-night cycle and control energy intake.
The Atmosphere
The atmosphere is mostly nitrogen and lacks oxygen.
The first inhabitants will likely be cyanobacteria.
Cyanobacteria can photosynthesize and release oxygen.
They can turn around the atmosphere of a planet and fertilize the ocean water.
Cyanobacteria can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere and turn it into nutrients.
Land Colonization
Grinding down some of the ocean surface to create soil for nitrogen fixing plants.
Billions of trees would spread and cover large parts of the continent.
Venus would turn green.
CO2 would be released strategically to supply plants and cyanobacteria.
Orbital mirrors can provide extra light to areas already covered with plants.
Chapter 7: Vast New Planet
Genetic engineering and expanding understanding of genetics and life machinery may allow us to engineer life as needed
It would take several thousand years to make the atmosphere breathable for humans
Settlers would have to wear regular clothes and oxygen masks while exploring the planet
Venus offers vast resources and abundant sunlight for settlers
Potential uses for carbon dioxide ice and nitrogen in space
Possibility of using Venus as a base for rocket fuel production or terraforming other planets
Terraformed Venus
Venus is fully terraformed with animals roaming in vast ecosystems
Construction of cities on Venus
Billions of settlers and their descendants call Venus home
Reflection on the past and the transformation of Venus from a hostile planet to a habitable one
Possibility and Overcoming Challenges
Terraforming Venus is not easy and requires many things to go right
Technology within reach of a motivated and slightly more advanced humanity
Imagination is the only thing stopping us from achieving great things
Chapter 8: Conclusion
Skillshare is an online learning community
Offers thousands of classes for all skill levels
Classes available in creative disciplines like illustration, animation, film and video
Other classes include home decoration, growing houseplants, playing the guitar
First 1000 Courts Gazette viewers get a 1 month free trial of Skillshare
Viewers have taken over 100000 hours of classes
Kurzgesagt offers 3 Skillshare classes on how they make their animations
Recommend trying Skillshare for learning motion graphics
Extra Push for Motivation and Inspiration
Recommend the class "The Scientific Method for Artists: Find Inspiration, Get Motivated, and Grow Your Creative Skills" by Kendall Hiddigas
Kendall explains her 4 phase process for figuring out your direction as an artist
Class helps get into the flow of creating something
Any activity that excites and sparks new ideas is a great first step
Support Kurzgesagt and Get Creative with New Skills
Encourage viewers to try Skillshare
Support Kurzgesagt by using Skillshare
Chapter 1: Introduction
Leaving Earth to find new homes in space is an old dream of humanity
Mars is often considered as a potential colony, but what if we think bigger?
What if we turn Venus, one of the most hostile and deadly places in the solar system, into a colony?
Venus has extreme conditions, but it might be easier than you think
Extreme Conditions on Venus
Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system with a surface temperature of 460 degrees Celsius
Venus has the most extreme greenhouse effect in the solar system
CO2 is the main component of Venus's atmosphere, making up 97% of it
Venus's atmosphere is 90 times denser than Earth's atmosphere
Standing on Venus's surface would feel like being 900 meters deep in the ocean
The pressure on Venus's surface is so high that it would kill you instantly
Why Bother with Venus?
Venus is a truly horrible place, so why should we even bother?
Chapter 2: A Proper Terraformed Venus
Venus is almost as big as Earth and has 90 percent of its surface gravity
Surface gravity is a big problem when colonizing the solar system
Long days in low gravity places can have negative health effects
Venus's size means it could be the 2nd largest habitat in the solar system
A new home for 1,000,000,000 of humans and trillions of animals
It could have oceans, lush forests, and a beautiful blue sky
A proper terraformed Venus may be the most pleasant place to live outside of Earth
Terraforming is not possible currently, but a future version of us could take on the project
Cooling Down Venus and Removing the Atmosphere
Before anything else, we need to cool Venus down and remove the gas that makes up the extremely heavy atmosphere
The atmosphere of Venus weighs around 465,000,000,000 tons
Options for removing the atmosphere:
Create giant solar collectors powering a huge array of laser beams to heat up the atmosphere and blast it into space
Requires thousands of times the entire power generating capacity of humanity
Would still take thousands of years to remove the atmosphere
Sequester the atmosphere by binding the CO2 in different compounds through chemical reactions
Chapter 3: Free The Atmosphere
Mining elements on Mercury and shooting them at Venus
Elements like calcium or magnesium
Mass driver systems
Electric rails
Binding CO2 into carbonates
Impractical due to scale
Requires several 100,000,000,000 tons of material
May take too long
Constructing a huge mirror to block out the sun
Mirror doesn't need to be complex or massive
Thin foil with structural support
Multiple pieces forming a mirror
Annular slacks of angled mirrors
Reflecting sunlight from one set of mirrors to the next
Redirecting light to the back to balance force
Keeping the mirror in position
Progression of the atmosphere on Venus
Infrastructure takes a few years to set up
Atmosphere slowly cools down over the first few decades
Atmosphere remains dense and deadly
After 60 years, temperature reaches 31 degrees Celsius
CO2 turns to liquid and begins to rain down
Constant global rainstorm lasting 30 years
Chapter 4: Over Venus's Surface
The pressure and temperature drop simultaneously
Puddles turn into lakes and oceans
Surface temperature is now -56 degrees Celsius
Pressure drops to 7 times the pressure on Earth
CO2 oceans freeze and rain turns into snow
Leaves Venus with frozen oceans and CO2 glaciers
Remaining atmosphere mostly nitrogen at 3 times Earth's surface pressure
Challenges of walking on Venus's surface
Freezing temperature and suffocation
Frozen CO2 remains a problem
Keeping the CO2 from Melting
Possible solutions to prevent CO2 ice from melting and filling up the atmosphere
Covering the surface with cheap plastic insulation and Venus Rock or water oceans
Concerns of building a planet with a potential time bomb
Risk of volcanoes melting CO2 and ruining everything
Alternative solution of shooting CO2 into space and collecting it in a small moon
Efficiency improvement using mass drivers instead of rockets
Moving the mass will be a challenging task
Obtaining Water from Ice Moons
Water is essential for moving forward
Possibility of obtaining water from ice moons
Chapter 5: The Venus Tethers
Europa has twice as much water as earth's oceans
Catching and transporting a moon through the solar system is difficult
Space Tethers can make the process easier
Tethers can take a payload on both ends
Europa's Role
Europa's striders do most of the work to catapult ice to Venus
The ice hits the Venus tethers and falls into the atmosphere as snow
Venus tethers catch CO2 ice shot up from below and accelerated into orbit
Excess nitrogen can be removed using the same method to lower atmospheric pressure
Terraforming Venus
Venus would be covered by a shallow frozen ocean after a few decades or centuries
Continents and islands would form, making Venus resemble Earth
Making Venus Habitable
Light and heat are needed to make Venus habitable
The last step of terraforming involves making the atmosphere breathable and adding life
Chapter 6: Atmosphere Of Planet
Avenous Day
Avenous day is 2802 hours long, more than 116 earth days.
Removing the giant mirror would result in half of the planet being grilled.
Even without the massive atmosphere, temperatures would reach unbearable levels.
Another set of mirrors can create a day-night cycle and control energy intake.
The Atmosphere
The atmosphere is mostly nitrogen and lacks oxygen.
The first inhabitants will likely be cyanobacteria.
Cyanobacteria can photosynthesize and release oxygen.
They can turn around the atmosphere of a planet and fertilize the ocean water.
Cyanobacteria can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere and turn it into nutrients.
Land Colonization
Grinding down some of the ocean surface to create soil for nitrogen fixing plants.
Billions of trees would spread and cover large parts of the continent.
Venus would turn green.
CO2 would be released strategically to supply plants and cyanobacteria.
Orbital mirrors can provide extra light to areas already covered with plants.
Chapter 7: Vast New Planet
Genetic engineering and expanding understanding of genetics and life machinery may allow us to engineer life as needed
It would take several thousand years to make the atmosphere breathable for humans
Settlers would have to wear regular clothes and oxygen masks while exploring the planet
Venus offers vast resources and abundant sunlight for settlers
Potential uses for carbon dioxide ice and nitrogen in space
Possibility of using Venus as a base for rocket fuel production or terraforming other planets
Terraformed Venus
Venus is fully terraformed with animals roaming in vast ecosystems
Construction of cities on Venus
Billions of settlers and their descendants call Venus home
Reflection on the past and the transformation of Venus from a hostile planet to a habitable one
Possibility and Overcoming Challenges
Terraforming Venus is not easy and requires many things to go right
Technology within reach of a motivated and slightly more advanced humanity
Imagination is the only thing stopping us from achieving great things
Chapter 8: Conclusion
Skillshare is an online learning community
Offers thousands of classes for all skill levels
Classes available in creative disciplines like illustration, animation, film and video
Other classes include home decoration, growing houseplants, playing the guitar
First 1000 Courts Gazette viewers get a 1 month free trial of Skillshare
Viewers have taken over 100000 hours of classes
Kurzgesagt offers 3 Skillshare classes on how they make their animations
Recommend trying Skillshare for learning motion graphics
Extra Push for Motivation and Inspiration
Recommend the class "The Scientific Method for Artists: Find Inspiration, Get Motivated, and Grow Your Creative Skills" by Kendall Hiddigas
Kendall explains her 4 phase process for figuring out your direction as an artist
Class helps get into the flow of creating something
Any activity that excites and sparks new ideas is a great first step
Support Kurzgesagt and Get Creative with New Skills
Encourage viewers to try Skillshare
Support Kurzgesagt by using Skillshare