28.3 Nutritional and Defensive Adaptations

• There are four mechanisms of protist nutrition.

• Predict how protists might respond to a period of darkness.

• Protists play a variety of roles in moist habitats.
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• Protists use a wide variety of defensive strategies.

• Ostrotrophy is the shot from cells, light flashes, toxic compounds, and cell coverings.

• Minerals and ocean waste are used by other organisms.
• Protists that dinoflagellates emit flashes of blue light when disturbed are parasites that may cause why ocean waters teeming with these protists display bioluminescence.

• Humans view protists as pests when they harm us.
• Light flashes benefit dinoflagellates by helping cultural animals and crops, but pathogenic protists also play important to reduce populations of herbivores that consume the algae.

• The most important protist toxin producers are those that use light energy.
• Several types of toxins affect humans and other animals because water absorbs much of the red com.

• Small populations of dinoflagellates can compensate by capturing more of the blue-green light available and producing low amounts of toxin that do not harm large underwater.
• Red algae produce red organisms.
• Fucoxanthin from sewage, industrial discharges, and blue-green light-absorbing nitrogen and phosphorus can cause the golden and brown colors of other algae orfertilizer that washes off agricultural fields.
• Carotene and the development of harmful algal blooms, which produce sufficient lutein, play similar light- absorbing roles in green algae and were toxins to affect birds, aquatic mammals, fishes, and humans.
• Today, playing important becomes concentrated in organisms.
• Humans who eat seafood play a role in animal nutrition.
• dinoflagellate toxins can cause poisoning if they accumulate in the bonds.

• The cell coverings produced by protists explain why diverse types of algae are good sources of food.
• The chapter opening photo shows Slimy mucilage or spiny cell walls.

• Polysaccharide polymers are used to make protective cell coverings.
• Diatoms in the freshwater lakes are a mixotrophic genus.

• If there is a shortage of larly resistant.

• This resistance was unknown until recently.
• Martha Cook and associates performed an experiment to out readily decomposing this alga in American cell walls.

• To determine the degree and chemical basis of the resistance to degradation of Cladophora and compare the results to ancient fossils.

• The acid mixture is used to clean the plants.

• The structure of the algal remains is thought to be determined by the composition of the fibrils.

• The degree of chemical resistance is determined by the dimensions of the microfibrils.

• A light microscope with a crossed white appearance is used to reveal polarizers.

• The materials that survive high temperatures are biochemical fossils.

• A 750-million-year-old fossil is 100 Cladophora using crossed-polarizers.

• The sparkling white appearance is different from those in the land plant cell walls.

• Cladophora can be treated by acetolysis.

• Cladophora-like algae can form as fossils because of the tough cell-wall cellulose.

• Graham, Cook, and M. E. are authors.
• The year 2013.

• The investigators treated the fossils in the first step of the experiment.
• The results are consistent with the idea that a cell wall that can tolerate acetoly chemical and microbial degradation processes is possible.
• The second and third sis may have resisted degradation long enough to allow the use of two different methods to examine the formation of fossils.

• boiling in concentrated acid is a good way to grow plants.

• The cells of Cladophora resist chemical 10 and are usually enclosed by degradation.

• The topic in this chapter is protist defensive structures.
• The protist cells are enclosed by a variety of protective questions about the biochemical makeup of the cellulose-rich materials.