44.2 Mechanoreception

• The action potentials are sensory stimuli.
• The rod open ion channels in sensory response may produce travel to the brain, which in the bottom panel is pushed, which depolarizes few or many action interprets where they harder against the finger.

• In this example, a neuron is embedded in a structure made of tissue.
• The graded response is larger after the stronger stimuli.

• There are cells that detect touch.

• It is discussed in animals.

• The neuronal dendrites are covered in dense tissue.

• There are different types of mechanoreceptors that detect touch, stretch, and light pressure.
• They are found throughout the skin but are concen or movement, and describe how their structures relate to the functions of hearing and balance in areas that are sensitive to light touch.

• When the structure of the corpuscle is changed, action potentials are generated by hair tor neurons.

• Crabs and lobsters have deep pressure ceans, which allow them to stretch their muscles and send signals to the brain.

• In another example, when the stomach stretches after a meal, the stretch receptors in the stomach become depolarized, causing them to send action potentials to the brain.
• The brain interprets signals as being full.

• Neural cells that detect physical stimuli are called deep pressure or vibration.

What is the structure of your touch sensations?

• Animals can detect movements and sound waves with the help of the stereocilia on hair cells.

• A small amount of fluid moving in one direction causes the release of more neurotransmitter, which results in a steady number of neurotransmitter, which results in action potentials being generated.

• The hair cells contain hairlike projections of the plasma membrane.

• When the stereo Sound travels through air or water, hair cells open or close.
• There is a change in the cell's potential.

• After German physicist and pioneer of radio wave adjacent sensory neurons, the neurotransmitters bind to the ond, or hertz, and may initiate action potentials that are research.
• The sound waves were sent to the CNS.
• The stereocilia are not bent when unstimulated.
• The hair cells release only a small amount of neurotransmitter onto high frequencies that are perceived as a high pitch, or tone, and long nearby sensory neurons, resulting in a resting rate of action poten wavelength have lower frequencies and a lower pitch.

• Although bending in the other direc has a general sensitivity to sound, arthropods do not seem to have more than exciting the sensory receptors.
• Some species of moths have sound-sensitive sensoryreceptors, which decreases the release of the same neurotransmitter.
• Their chief predator, bats, emit high frequencies that are detected by an increase or decrease in the result.

• Many Hair cells provide a rich array of sensory capabilities, and the sense of hearing is one of them.
• We are going to look at a detailed animal species.
• Hair cells are important for hearing in mammals and are found in the hearing and discussion of the mammal ear.

• The mammals have three ears that detect external water currents.

• This sense is important for the survival and reproduction window because it is similar to the eardrum that separates many types of animals.
• A mother seal locates her pup's middle ear from the inner ear.
• Hearing is important for detecting danger, such as a predator, a storm, and an automobile.

• The outer, middle, and inner ear are the main parts of the ear.

• The inner ear has structures that generate signals.
• The sound of the basilar is transmitted to the cortex of the brain.

• To understand how mammals hear, we need to vate adjacent sensory neurons that send action potentials to the brain.
• The hair cal forces move through the ear when bent in the other direction.
• Sound waves enter the cells and stop releasing neurotransmitter.
• The up-and-down vibration of the basilar membrane is what determines the malleus, incus, and stapes transfer.

• The basilar is lined with fibers.
• The pressure waves are sent through the width.
• The fibers are similar to the strings of a guitar.
• There is a fluid called perilymph.
• There are two narrow passages in the cochlea called the vestibular and tympanic canals, which vibrate in response to high-frequency waves.
• Lon are separated by a tube.
• The waves travel from the other end of the cochlea to the tympanic canal and then strike the fibers that are more resistant.
• Hair cells move closer to the window.
• The elastic fibers were tensed across the duct.

• Pressure waves that follow a dif action potentials to the auditory areas of the brain are produced by these cells.
• Brain can "tune in" to all of these frequencies at the same time.

• Humans can hear between 20 and 20,000hertz.
• The hair cells have a stereocilia embedded in them.

• The oval window vibrates against the canal and the tympanic the window is caused by pressure waves.

• The Basilar membrane is vibrating.

• Bats in the air, whales and dolphins in the sea, and shrews in under ground tunnels generate high-frequency sound waves to determine the location of an object.

• The sound waves bounce off an object and return to the animal.
• The distance and direction of the object are determined by the time it takes for the sound to return to each ear.
• In situations where vision is limited, such as in the dark, echolocation can be used.

• Hair cell sense of balance is called equilibrium.

• The survival of animals depends on being able to sense body position.
• This is how a bird maintains its balance, for example, when it is flipped over by a predator.

• The animals are able to communicate and survive.
• Hearing low-frequency sounds is useful for animals with large territories because they carry great distances through water or air.

• The ability to determine the direc Statolith tion from which a sound is made is a vital feature of hearing.

• Sound doesn't arrive at both ears at the same time.

• The direction from which a sound came is determined by the hair cell difference.

• There are owls in a dark room with headphones.
• Just as a human hears a sphere of sensory hair cells around a test, sounds can be sent to either headphones or to both.
• When the animal moves, gravity shifts the statolith and investigator sends a high-pitched noise that stimulates the hair cells beneath it.

• Is the owl's brain aware of the sound coming from that direction?
• Figure 37.14 can be used for help.

• The heavy otoliths are temporarily left behind on the animal's side if it moves forward, as they are dragged forward more slowly, and the weight of the otoliths set of hair cells to release.
• The potential of position is changed by this bending.

• The brain uses these signals to interpret liths.
• Researchers replaced the way the head has moved.

• The function of to change its position and even to swim upside-down when the semicircular canals is to detect rotation of the head net was placed directly above its head.

• The fluid in the canal is in the opposite direction.
• The fluid cells in the direction of the fluid flow are different from the filled sacs and tubules in that they provide information about the head's linear motion.
• The canals are oriented in a certain way.
• Each canal is sensitive to motion in its own plane and the two sacs nearest each other.

• When an animal runs, jumps, or changes its posture, the canal that is horizontally oriented would be the one that occurs.

• The signals from the three canals are similar to statoliths.
• The motion of the head can be seen in three dimensions.

• inertia bends the stereocilia on the hair cells.

• Gelatinouss believes that the stimuli are linear motion.

• The canals are at the right angles.

• The three semicircular canals have the same orientation.