20.4 Amines and Amides

• The distinctive and attractive odors and flavors of many flowers, perfumes, and ripe fruits are due to the presence of one or more esters.
• Among the most important of the natural esters are fats and oils, which are esters of the trihydroxyl alcohol glycerine, C3H5(OH)3. saturated acids have no double or triple bonds.

• Many members of the ester family have been identified in strawberries.

• The nitrogen atom in an amine has a single pair of electrons and three bonds to other atoms.

• The nitrogen atom replaces the carbon atom in aromatic hydrocarbons.
• One such amine is Pyridine.
• A compound with more than one element in its ring structure is called a Heterocyclic compound.

• The resonance structures of pyridine are shown in the illustration.

• The genetic material for all living things is a mixture of four different molecules.
• The way the letters of the alphabet are written is similar to how the genetic information is written.
• The information in a DNA sequence can be used to make two other types of polymers.
• There are different types of organisms with different characteristics.

• There is a genetic molecule called DNA.
• The four molecules that make up DNA are called nucleotides.
• A nitrogenous base is a single- or double-ringed molecule containing nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
• The five-carbon sugar called deoxyribose is bonded to each base.

• There are nitrogenous bases from this sugar-phosphate backbone.

• There are hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases that hold DNA together.
• The bases are on the inside of the coiled pair of strands.

• It makes sense that a cat has a different sequence of genes than a dog.
• It's true that the genes in the pugs' cells are different.
• If your sibling is an identical twin, the sequence of DNA in you and your sibling will be the same.
• There are similarities in the sequence of the two related individuals and the two unrelated individuals.

• This is the principle behind the method of determining whether a sample came from a related or unrelated person.

• All living organisms have the same genetic material.
• There is a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group.

• The identity of the mother is rarely in doubt, except in the case of an adopted child and a potential birth mother, and technicians can determine if a man is the father of a child using similarities in sequence.
• A crime scene sample of human tissue, such as blood or skin cells, can be compared to a suspect's genetic material.

• For a visual lesson in its structure, watch this how DNA is packaged.

• Much of the compound's chemistry can be traced back to the basicity of an amine's nitrogen atom.
• Amine functional groups can be found in a wide range of compounds, including natural and synthetic dyes, vitamins, and medications.
• They are found in many important parts of life, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and DNA.

• Plants have been used for centuries.
• These are bases.

• There are many naturally occurring alkaloids that have profound effects on humans.
• These drugs include nicotine, morphine, codeine, and heroin.

• The carbon atoms in the rings and the hydrogen atoms in the compound have been omitted for clarity in the diagrams.
• The bonds that extend out of the page are indicated by the solid wedges.
• The bonds are shown in the dashed wedges.
• Changes to a part of the molecule can change the properties of drugs.
• Morphine, a strong narcotic used to relieve pain, has two functional groups located at the bottom of the molecule.
• Changing one of the hydroxyl groups to a methyl ether group causes a less potent drug to form.
• If both groups are converted to acetic acid.

• Poppies can be used in the production of opium, a plant latex that contains morphine from which other opiates, such as heroin, can be synthesized.

• Amides can be made when carboxylic acids react with amines or ammonia.

• The reaction between amines and carboxylic acids is important.
• It is through this reaction that the two amine and carboxylic acid substituents link together.

• There are long chains of small molecule called amino acids.

• Organisms rely on a variety of functions, including the transport of molecule across cell membranes, the replication of genes, and the generation of energy.
• The functions of the combination of amino acids that compose them can vary greatly.
• The folding of the chain into specific, threedimensional structures is determined by interactions between the chains of the proteins.

• An amine functional group, a carboxylic acid functional group, and a side chain are specific to each individual amino acid.
• Most living things have the same 20 amino acids.
• The carboxylic acid group of one amino acid reacts with the amine group of the other to form a peptide bond.
• The formation of the bond results in the production of a molecule of water when two other molecules combine.
• A peptide link is a bond between the carbonyl group carbon atom and the amine nitrogen atom.
• Since each of the original amino acids has an unreacted group, more bonds can form to other acids.
• There is at least one long polypeptide chain.

• The formation of water is caused by the condensation reaction forming a dipeptide.

• The thousands of metabolism processes that occur in living organisms are caused by the large biological molecule, called a Enzymes are large biological molecule, mostly composed of proteins, which are responsible for the thousands of metabolism processes that occur in living organisms.
• The rates of certain reactions can be increased by the use of certain catalysts.
• The rate of the reaction can be dramatically increased by lowering the activation energy of the reaction.
• The noncatalyzed version of most reactions has rates that are millions of times faster than the catalyzed version.
• Like all catalysts, theidases are not consumed during the reactions.
• Enzymes are different from other catalysts in how specific they are for the molecule that will convert into a different product.
• Only a few very specific reactions or types of reactions are able to be sped up by each enzyme.
• The function of This OpenStax book is so specific that it can lead to serious health consequences.

• phenylketonuria is a disease caused by an malfunction of anidase.
• The first step in the degradation of the amino acid phenylalanine is not functional in this disease.

• This can lead to intellectual disabilities if not treated.

• The three-dimensional structure of the phenyl hydroxylase is shown in a computer rendering.
• The disease phenylketonuria is caused by a defect in the shape of phenylalanine hydroxylase.

• Kevlar is a synthetic material made from two different compounds 1,4-phenylene-diamine and terephthaloyl chloride.
• The first use of Kevlar was as a replacement for steel in racing tires.
• It's spun into ropes or fibers.
• The material has a high strength-to-weight ratio that makes it useful for many applications, such as bicycle tires, sails, and body armor.

• The formula for polymeric Kevlar is shown in this illustration.

• The material's strength is due to hydrogen bonds between the chains.
• The carbonyl group oxygen atom has a partial negative charge due to oxygen's electronegativity, and the partially positively charged hydrogen atom in the N-H bond of an adjacent monomer.

• The diagram shows the structure of Kevlar with hydrogen bonds between the chains.

• Body armor, combat helmets, and face masks are made of Kevlar.
• Since the 1980s, the US military has used Kevlar as a part of the PASGT helmet and vest.
• It is also used to protect aircraft carriers.
• Body armor for police officers and heat- resistant clothing for fire fighters are examples of Civilian applications.
• The OpenStax book is free, but Kevlar based clothing is considerably lighter and thinner.

• Canoes and marine mooring lines are also made with Kevlar.

• In addition to its better-known uses, Kevlar is also used in cryogenics for its very low thermal conductivity and high strength.
• The high strength of Kevlar is maintained when it is cooled to the temperature of liquid nitrogen.

• The bonds between carbon atoms are strong and stable.
• The chemistry of these compounds is called organic chemistry.
• Chapter 20 contains carbon and hydrogen.
• The hydrocarbons that are saturated are called alkanes.

• There are at least one carbon-carbon double bonds in Alkenes.
• There are at least one carbon-carbon triple bonds.

• The ring structures of aromatic hydrocarbons have delocalized p electron systems.

• Many organic compounds are not hydrocarbons.
• A functional group with at least one atom of an element other than carbon or hydrogen can be used to replace hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbons.
• The properties of derivatives are determined by the functional group.
• The functional group of alcohol is called the - OH group.
• The functional group of an ether is called the -R-O-R- group.

• The carbonyl group has several functional groups, including the -CHO group of an aldehyde, the -CO- group of a ketone, and the -CO2H group of a carboxylic acid.
• The carbonyl group, a carbon-oxygen double bond, is the key structure in these classes of organic molecules.
• All of these compounds have the same carbon atom as an alcohol group.

• Two families of molecule are formed by the addition of nitrogen into an organic framework.
• A nitrogen atom bond in a hydrocarbons framework is classified as a amine.
• Amides are compounds with a nitrogen atom on one side of a carbonyl group.
• The basic functional group is amine.
• A mixture of amines and carboxylic acids can form amides.

• Butane is used in lighters.

• Name the five structural isomers of hexane.

• Draw Lewis structures for these compounds, with resonance structures as appropriate, and determine the hybridization of the carbon atoms in each.

• Teflon is made by the process of polymerization.
• Lewis symbols are used in the equation that describes the polymerization.

• Write two balanced equations for each of the reactions, one using Condensed formulas and the other using Lewis structures.

• Write two balanced equations for each of the reactions, one using Condensed formulas and the other using Lewis structures.

• A 100% yield of product is assumed.

• Acetylene will react with moist silver(I) oxide and form water and a compound composed of silver and carbon.
• A solution of HCl was added to a sample of silver and carbon that produced acetylene and AgCl.

• The acetylide ion is shown in the formula of the compound.

• Oxygenated gasolines use butyl ether as an oxygen source.
• 2-methylpropene is reacted with methanol to make MTBE.

• Write two balanced equations for each of the reactions, one using Condensed formulas and the other using Lewis structures.

• Write two balanced equations for each of the reactions, one using Condensed formulas and the other using Lewis structures.

• Predict the products of oxidation.

• The products of reducing the following are predicted.

• carboxylic acids have long hydrocarbon chains attached to a carboxylate group.

• Write a formula that describes the geometry of each carbon atom.

• Write a formula that describes the geometry of each carbon atom.

• The rancid butter smell is caused by butyric acid.

• The Lewis structure was created from the reaction of butyric acid with 2-propanol.

• Write the two-resonance structures.

• Write two balanced equations for each of the reactions, one using Condensed formulas and the other using Lewis structures.

• Sometimes the yields in organic reactions are low.

• Alcohols A, B, and C have the same composition.
• The branched carbon chain in alcohol A can be converted to an aldehyde, while the linear carbon chain in alcohol B can be converted to a ketone.

• The pyridinium ion, C5H5NH+, has two resonance structures.

• Draw Lewis structures for pyridine and its conjugate acid.

• The Lewis structures of all isomers can be written with the formula C3H7ON.

• Two balanced equations were written for the reaction, one using Condensed formulas and the other using Lewis structures.

• A solution of HCl has amine added to it.

• Write two balanced equations for each of the reactions, one using Condensed formulas and the other using Lewis structures.

• There is a solution of sodium hydroxide.