Chapter 1: Introduction
Photosynthesis is the process of converting sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen
Photosynthesis is a complex and inefficient process
There are two main reactions in photosynthesis: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)
Chapter 2: Called Chlorophyll
Plants obtain water through their roots and transport it to the leaves through xylem
Carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits the leaves through stomata
Chlorophyll is the pigment responsible for absorbing photons from the sun
Chloroplasts are plastids found in plant cells and contain chlorophyll
Chloroplasts have a complex internal structure with thylakoids and grana
Chapter 3: Convert The Energy
Photosynthesis begins with the absorption of a photon by a molecule of chlorophyll
Light-dependent reactions convert the energy of the absorbed photon into a usable form
Photosystem 2 is a complex of proteins and molecules that contains chlorophyll
Photosystem 2 is the first of four protein complexes involved in the light-dependent reactions
Chapter 4: Electrons Lose Their Energy
Electron transport chain
PS 2's chlorophyll transfers excited electron to a mobile electron carrier
PS 2 splits water molecule to replenish lost electron
Byproducts of water splitting: hydrogen ions and oxygen
Chapter 5: Bit Of Energy
Cytochrome complex
Intermediary between PS 2 and PS 1
Pumps a proton into the thylakoid
Charging the thylakoid like a battery
Protons create a concentration gradient
Enzyme called synthase uses energy to convert ADP to ATP
Chapter 6: The Calvin Cycle
Photosystem 1 (PS 1)
Electrons from PS 1 combine with NADP plus to form NADPH
Chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH
Calvin cycle (light independent reactions)
Uses ATP and NADPH to produce useful substances
Carbon fixation: CO2 is fixed to RUBP with the help of Rubisco enzyme
Chapter 7: Dependent Reactions Plants
A one-celled organism evolved an enzyme called Rubisco to convert inorganic carbon into organic carbon
Rubisco was not very efficient, but better than relying on chemically formed organic carbon
Organism produced a large amount of Rubisco to compensate for its inefficiency
Rubisco became the dominant form of life on Earth
Increased oxygen in the atmosphere caused confusion for Rubisco
Rubisco started reacting with oxygen instead of CO2, creating a toxic byproduct called phosphoglycolate
Plants had to
Chapter 1: Introduction
Photosynthesis is the process of converting sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen
Photosynthesis is a complex and inefficient process
There are two main reactions in photosynthesis: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)
Chapter 2: Called Chlorophyll
Plants obtain water through their roots and transport it to the leaves through xylem
Carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits the leaves through stomata
Chlorophyll is the pigment responsible for absorbing photons from the sun
Chloroplasts are plastids found in plant cells and contain chlorophyll
Chloroplasts have a complex internal structure with thylakoids and grana
Chapter 3: Convert The Energy
Photosynthesis begins with the absorption of a photon by a molecule of chlorophyll
Light-dependent reactions convert the energy of the absorbed photon into a usable form
Photosystem 2 is a complex of proteins and molecules that contains chlorophyll
Photosystem 2 is the first of four protein complexes involved in the light-dependent reactions
Chapter 4: Electrons Lose Their Energy
Electron transport chain
PS 2's chlorophyll transfers excited electron to a mobile electron carrier
PS 2 splits water molecule to replenish lost electron
Byproducts of water splitting: hydrogen ions and oxygen
Chapter 5: Bit Of Energy
Cytochrome complex
Intermediary between PS 2 and PS 1
Pumps a proton into the thylakoid
Charging the thylakoid like a battery
Protons create a concentration gradient
Enzyme called synthase uses energy to convert ADP to ATP
Chapter 6: The Calvin Cycle
Photosystem 1 (PS 1)
Electrons from PS 1 combine with NADP plus to form NADPH
Chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH
Calvin cycle (light independent reactions)
Uses ATP and NADPH to produce useful substances
Carbon fixation: CO2 is fixed to RUBP with the help of Rubisco enzyme
Chapter 7: Dependent Reactions Plants
A one-celled organism evolved an enzyme called Rubisco to convert inorganic carbon into organic carbon
Rubisco was not very efficient, but better than relying on chemically formed organic carbon
Organism produced a large amount of Rubisco to compensate for its inefficiency
Rubisco became the dominant form of life on Earth
Increased oxygen in the atmosphere caused confusion for Rubisco
Rubisco started reacting with oxygen instead of CO2, creating a toxic byproduct called phosphoglycolate
Plants had to