19 Laboratory Review

• The 13 laboratory experiments that are included in the AP Biology curriculum are covered in this chapter.

• AP Biology involves hands-on lab work and understanding the process of science.

• You can review the work you did on the labs by reading the summaries.

• If you missed one of these labs in class, or just don't feel comfortable with the material after reading this chapter, ask your teacher to go over the lab with you.

• The 13 lab experiments that are included in the AP Biology curriculum are examined in this chapter.
• We summarize the major objectives from each experiment and the major skills and conclusions that you should remember.
• If lab experiments aren't your cup of tea, don't just brush this chapter aside.
• Data analysis will be emphasized in both the multiple choice and the essay sections.

• The questions will not be an exact duplicate of the experiment, but they will test your understanding of the objectives and main ideas that are discussed in this chapter.

• The opportunity for you to create your own investigation is one of the parts of the investigations in this chapter.
• We don't know what kind of mad-scientist experiment you might design, so we will focus on the more 237 19_Anestis_ch19_p237-260.qxd.

• Look at the Wisconsin Fast Plants that you'll be working with.
• It should not be something that is easy to say yes to or no to.
• Only the top 10 percent of your plants have this trait, and only the lucky few are allowed to reproduce.
• Once the seeds develop, plant and grow your second generation of plants, you will transfer pollen between this pool of "winners".
• You will measure your chosen trait again in this second population.

• You are choosing which genes will be passed on to the next generation.
• The next generation will inherit the purpley genes if you artificially select only the purplest of the plants.
• The second population of plants will hopefully show an increase or decrease in your chosen trait.
• One of the requirements of this class is your ability to graph and analyze data, so creating a bar graph to compare the quantity of your trait between these two generations would be an excellent idea.

• Data can be used to show how a measurable trait is changing.

• The idea of Big Idea 1 natural selection and how it changes a population can be learned from this investigation.
• If you wanted to see if a popula Evolution tion was evolving, you would track the frequencies of alleles and how they change from generation to generation.
• If the allelic frequencies are changing in your population, this information can be used as a point of comparison.

• The laboratory review is about stasis or not evolving.
• You will use a computer model to model how allele frequencies change in a generation of an imaginary population.

• The idea is to understand how the fitness of an allele affects the population.
• There are two alleles for a gene.
• If a population is in the equilibrium of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, one half of the alleles in the population's pool is the dominant A form.
• The point of this lab is evolution.
• You can model how a hypothetical gene pool will change from generation to generation using tools such as computer programs and spreadsheets.

• When you get to tinker with your non-evolving population, the real investigation begins.

• If any of the conditions do not hold true, the population will experience microevolution and the frequencies of the alleles will change.

• Imagine if an individual with a condition does not reproduce.
• The shift in allele frequencies will be caused by the fact that the offspring wouldn't survive to reproduce.

• There is a situation in which being Heterozygous for a condition provides some benefit.
• The allele will still decrease, but not as fast as in the selection example.

• Imagine if 60 percent of your population were killed in an environmental disaster.
• The remaining 40 percent would continue to breed and give genes to the next generation.

• It is difficult because the allele is hidden in the population and can only be used against genes that are expressed.

• Some people who are Heterozygous are getting some benefit.
• People with a trait that protects them against Malaria.
• The positive benefit helps keep the condition alive in the population.

• Data from a changing population can be used to analyze it.

• Data from this equation shows the effects of selection.

• If you find a brand-new creature buried in your backyard, you want to find its closest living relative.
• If you identified a single gene that causes disease in Big Idea 1 hedgehogs, you would like to know if that same gene is found in humans.

• The use of BLAST as a tool to answer such questions has evolved.
• The use of cladograms is included.
• A cladogram shows the evolutionary relatedness of a species.
• In this investigation, you will use BLAST to create a cladogram.

• If you have a genetic sequence, you need to use the online BLAST software to compare it to other genes already in their database.
• The ranking of the most closely related organisms will be shown in the results.

• No, you won't have to know how to use BLAST if you don't have a computer during the exam, just like in the previous lab.
• You will most likely need to analyze data obtained from a hypothetical BLAST query and generate a cladogram depicting evolutionary relatedness.

• To show evolutionary relatedness, you should be able to determine the percent similarity of an unknown gene with those from other organisms.
• The table shows the percent similarity of "gene X" in humans versus four other species.

• Figure 19.1 is an example of a cladogram showing the evolutionary relationship.

• The two species are close to each other.

• Draw or analyze a cladogram that shows evolutionary relationships.

• Chapter 6 Cells is the subject of this investigation.

• This lab will show how the ratio of surface area and volume affects the rate of cell movement.
• Your cell model is a block of agar that has an indicator dye that changes color when the pH drops.
• You're given a chunk of blue agar to carve into blocks with different surface area-to-volume ratios.
• As the liquid diffuses into the agar, the pH causes a change in the color of the agar.
• You can easily track the amount of time it takes to complete the project.

• A large surface area-to-volume ratio is what it's all about.
• The block with the biggest SA:V ratio won the race.

• You should be able to calculate the volume and surface area for each block.

• Blocks 2 and 3 have the same volume, but their surface areas are different.
• diffusion takes longer in block 2 than it does in block 3.

• A high SA:V ratio is important for a cell that has a high diffusion rate.

• In order to create the highest surface area possible in the smallest amount of space, the linings of your small intestine and lungs have many folds.

• You will be able to create a model of a cell using the tubing.
• The tubing is impermeable to water and some solutes.
• The purpose of the lab investigation is to use different solutions to model how water potential affects osmosis.

• If you filled your bag with a 1 Molar (1 M) sucrose solution, weighed it, and placed it in a beaker of 1 M NaCl solution, you would know.

• The ionized constant is the deciding factor because the molarities are equal for both solutions.
• I am 2 for NaCl and 1 for sucrose.
• Water will diffuse out of the bag.

• The environment of a cell allows you to make predictions.

• You can use potato cores to figure out the relative concentrations of the sucrose solutions, which range from 0.0 M up to 1.0 M. You can use the percent change in weight of your potato cores to determine the water potential of the potato tissue.

• You can arrange the potatoes according to their percent change in weight for each of the unknown solutions.
• A significant loss of water is indicated by a super negative percent change in weight.
• It's the same for positive percent change in weight.
• The potato cores gained a lot of water in a hypotonic solution.

• If the water potential of the solution is the same as the cells, there is no net change in weight.

• The axis shows the molarity when there is no net change in weight.

• One final thought about your data is that qualitative observations are still very important.

• The cells lost water because they were in a hypertonic solution.
• Water flowed into the cells, increasing their turgor pressure, which would suggest that it was in a hypotonic solution.

• A high surface area-to-volume ratio increases the rate of diffusion.

• A cell with a high SA:V ratio would evolve.

• All living cells use cellular form.

• Some of the best experiments are the simplest, so let's watch little pieces of a leaf float in water as oxygen is produced as a by-product of photosynthesis.

• The amount of oxygen produced can be used to measure photosynthetic rates.
• The little leaf disks are put in a large syringe with some soapy water.
• The challenging part of the lab is getting the disks to sink.
• The mesophyll layer in the leaf tissue contains atmospheric gases that need to be pulled out by a vacuum.
• The disks will slowly drift to the bottom of the syringe once this is accomplished.
• The contents of the needle are dumped into a cup filled with a solution and put under light.

• The little disks will begin to rise to the top slowly once enough oxygen is produced.

• It is possible to get an alternative source of carbon dioxide from the ionization of water.

• The investigative part of the lab allows you to look at variables that you think might affect photosynthesis.
• In both your control and experimental groups, perform the same leaf disk analysis and compare the amount of time it takes for half of your disks to rise and the amount of time it takes 50 percent of the disks to float.

• A lot of oxygen production is a result of a lot of photosynthesis.

• The rate of photosynthesis is increased by light.

• Carbon dioxide was provided.

• The respiration rate of seeds can be tracked with a cellular microrespirometer.

• This experiment looks at germinating peas by measuring the volume of gas that surrounds them at certain intervals in order to determine the rate of respiration.
• O2 and CO2 are gases that contribute to the volume around the pea.
• Something needs to be done with the CO2 released.
• We don't get a true representation of how much the volume is changing because of oxygen consumption.

• The CO2 would make it appear as if less O2 was being consumed.

• K2CO3 can be produced by adding potassium hydroxide, which reacts with CO2 to make it.

• Aerobic respiration requires change in the pressure of the atmosphere.
• As respiration occurs, one would expect the volume of oxygen around the pea to decline.
• To calculate the change in volume that occurs with these peas, one first has to measure the initial volume around the peas.
• A control group must be set up that consists of peas that are not germinating and will have a lower rate of respiration than seeds.
• The baseline will be used to compare the respiration rate of the germinating seeds.

• Since temperature and pressure can affect the volume around the peas, it is important to set up another control group that can calculate the change in volume that is due to temperature and pressure.
• The changes in the control group should be subtracted from the changes in the germinating seeds to determine how much of the volume change is due to oxygen consumption and respiration.

• I've been researching for seven years.
• It's time to tally up the last generation of peas.

• They have more reactions going on.

• You can determine how much oxygen is consumed by watching how much water is drawn into the pipettes.
• This water is drawn in because of the drop in pressure caused by the consumption of oxygen.

• Warming conditions speed up cellular respiration, while cold slows it down.

• This experiment is based on information found in Chapter 9.

• The goal is to see if there is a greater number of cells that are affected by lectin.
• You can either prepare 19_Anestis_ch19_p237-260.qxd or you can review the knowledge you need to score.
• If you need a point of comparison, you will do the same counts with root cells that have not been treated with this chemical.

• For your control, of 300 cells examined, 268 are in interphase and 32 are in one of the stages of mitosis.

• The cell spent almost all of its time in interphase.
• Almost all of the cells are in interphase.
• There's a way to get that number.

• The result was 0.893.
• The percentage is 89.3 percent if you move the decimal point two places to the right.
• According to the same logic, these data also show that more than one percent are in the disease.

• For comparison, let's say the slide had a total of 250 cells examined.

• It's not that bad, even though it may seem intimidating.

• You would expect the same percentage of cells in your treated group as in your control group.
• If you didn't expect that chemical to do its job, the remaining 223 cells are in interphase.
• You can use chi-square analysis to compare what you actually saw in your treated cells to see if there are more cells stuck in mitosis.
• Your hypothesis is that the treatment didn't make a difference.

• The chi-square value is 0.758 + 6.26 The number of groups minus one is equal to the degrees of freedom.
• There are two groups in this lab, interphase and mitosis.
• The degrees of freedom are based on the chi-square table that will be provided for you on the AP exam.
• The chemical increased the number of cells.

• Chi-square analysis is used to analyze data.
• You can be certain that the AP exam will ask you to do this.
• This lab is very good for such a question.

• It is a haploid ascomycete fungus.
• The final part of the experiment looks at the meiosis of this fungus and briefly discusses how the data can be used to create maps.

• Four black and four tan ascospores will be contained in the asci if the two strains come together and undergo meiosis.
• The ratio will change to either 2:1 or 2:1.

• Chapter 10, Heredity, discusses gene maps.

• The percentage of asci that showed crossover would be used to build the map.
• Take the number of 2:2:2 and 2:4:2 asci and divide it into the total number of offspring.
• The result will give a percentage.
• The number can be used to determine how far away the gene is from the centromere.
• The distance is determined by the percentage of the spores in each ascus.

• Explain how crossing over leads to increased genetic diversity.

• This kind of experiment can make you feel like a junkie.

• Chapter 11 contains all this information.
• We are not going to let you know what those things are.
• You should do that on your own.

• This is possible because of the presence of a small amount of proteins on the surface of cells that grab pieces of DNA from around the cell.

• The goal of the experiment is to transfer the resistance to a strain that dies when exposed to ampicillin.

• The experimenter can check to see if the transformedbacteria were successful by growing them on a plate with ampicillin.
• The transformation has succeeded if it grows as if all is well.
• Something has gone wrong if nothing grows.

• One tube has a solution that contains a plasmid that is resistant to ampicillin, the other does not.
• After 15 minutes on ice, the two tubes are quickly heated in an effort to shock the cells into taking in the foreign DNA.
• The colonies are spread out on the agar plate after the tubes are returned to ice.
• They are sent to sleep in the incubator and grow on the plate.

• Two of the plates are without ampicillin.
• Thebacteria from the test tubes should grow on the plates.
• There is no growth on the ampicillin-coated plate that is spread withbacteria from the nontransformed tube.

• The ampicillin-coated plate that is spread withbacteria from the attempted-transformation tube shows growth.

• The cells are treated with calcium or magnesium.
• Don't worry about how this business works.
• Just know thatbacteria are capable of transformation.

• Both pro and eukaryotic cells work the same.

• You can change how it looks by adding a gene.

• The lac operon will turn on.

• In this lab, there are three activities that work together to analyze and compare DNA.

• A palindrome is a sequence that reads the same from either direction.
• If a restriction enzyme cuts in the center of the restriction site, it will create blunt ends and pieces with exposed hydrogen bonds.
• The basis of many biotechnological wonders is a recombinant DNA molecule.
• You could glue the human gene into the plasmid if you isolated it with a restriction enzyme and cut it open.

• You want to identify someone based on his or her genetics.
• You can cut up a sample of DNA and look at the sizes of the different pieces you have created using those restriction enzymes.
• Everyone has a different pattern of DNA fragments.
• RFLPs are unique DNA fragments.

• Gel electrophoresis is a biotechnological tool.
• Gel electrophoresis is a lab technique used to separate genes.
• When there is an electric current running from one end of the gel to the other, the fragments of DNA dumped into the wells.

• The DNA will migrate in the opposite direction if you reverse the flow of the current.
• The positive charge is what the DNA wants to go towards.

• Smaller DNA travels faster than larger DNA.

• When the current is running, the DNA migrates.

• The faster the DNA migrates, the faster the voltage that runs through the gel.

• The longer the current runs through the gel, the longer the DNA goes.

• Understand how to use restriction and gel electrophoresis to create genetic profiles.

• Each individual will have a different pattern made by RFLP.

• You will create a simple model with a single producer and a single consumer.

• Energy can be converted into a form that can be used by non-photosynthetic organisms.

• The second law of thermodynamics says that energy transfer is not always efficient.
• The lab tracked energy as it traveled through the food chain.
• You get to mass the frass in this lab, which is the best procedure direction for the entire year.

• At the beginning of the investigation, you will determine the total weight of your caterpillar and then weigh them again after three days of feeding.
• Their change in mass was caused by the plants they ate.
• If you take into account the amount of food that wasn't used, then you're left with the amount of the producer's energy that was used.
• If you knew the amount of plant energy used by the caterpillar and subtracted from that the amount of energy lost in the poop and energy used for the caterpillar's increase in mass, what you're left with is the energy used in respiration.

• Energy transfer isn't perfect.
• All of the plant's energy was not used by the caterpillar.

• The idea of how living organisms use free energy relates to this lab.

• The mass of living tissue is called the "biomass".

• This experiment takes the concepts found in Chapter 6 of the text and applies them to the material in Chapter 14 Plants.

• Before you start, there are interactions and vascular tissue.

• Water moves from the soil to the leaves and branches of a plant.
• Capillary action, osmosis, and root pressure are three minor players in the transport of water.
• Osmosis draws water into the xylem.
• The osmotic driving force is created by the absorption of minerals from the soil.
• The water is pushed a small way up the superhighway by the root pressure in the xylem.
• transpiration is the main driving force for the movement of water in a plant.
• The water in the xylem is pulled toward the shoots by an upward tug on the remaining water.
• The driving force of water through the xylem of the plants is due to the cohesive nature of water molecule.
• When one of the water molecule is pulled in a certain direction, the rest follow.

• Environmental factors that affect the rate of transpi ration are examined in this experiment.
• Increased air movement, decreased humidity, increased light intensity, and increased temperature increase the rate of transpiration.
• Think about how much more you sweat when it's hot.
• It makes sense that decreased humidity would increase transpiration.

• There is less water in the air when it is less humid.
• Imagine standing with a 40- watt bulb shining on your neck, and then a 100 watt bulb shining on your neck.
• The higher wattage bulb will cause you to sweat more.
• The higher the intensity of the light, the more transpiration occurs.
• Air movement is not obvious.
• If there is good air flow, evaporated water on leaves is removed more quickly, increasing the amount of water that leaves the plant.

• One easy way to measure water loss is to measure the mass of the plant every day for a week.
• The "whole plant" method requires you to tightly seal a plastic sandwich bag around the root ball to keep water out of the leaves.

• Think about the variables that may affect transpiration.
• One plant will be your control, and every other plant will be assigned a variable.
• For as long as your teacher says, measure the weights again 24 hours later.
• If a leaf falls off during this experiment, it has to stay with the plant for subsequent weighings.
• The best way to compare results between treatments is when your data collection is over.

• If the initial plant weights were different, it's hard to compare the total change in weight.
• It would be helpful to calculate percent change.

• The idea of outlining each and every leaf on a piece of grid paper makes even the most dedicated AP Biology student weep, so here's a suggestion: calculate the surface area for only one lucky little leaf, and then weigh it.
• You can use the conversion ratio to determine the approximate surface area for all the leaves.
• All you have to do is figure out how much leaves weigh.

• A potometer is a device used to measure water loss.
• The pipette stuck on the other end tracks transpiration from a single part of a plant.
• The water is pulled down the pipette as it falls from the leaves.

• Any treatment that increased water loss through either more light or wind would decrease the plant's weight.
• You would expect water loss to be slowed if you slowed down transpiration by creating a humid environment or by sticking the poor plant in the dark.

• The rate of transpiration increases with the leaf surface area.

• The more water loss, the more stomata.

• An increase in water potential would increase the amount of water that can be used.

• Big Idea 4 Ethology and Chapter 17 Behavior Ecology are included in this experiment.
• This experiment is about messing with fruit flies.

• Environmental factors that attract or repel them are explored.

• Get to know your flies.
• Males have a darker abdomen while females have a pale one.
• A choice chamber is what you will create next.

• The chamber consists of two plastic bottles with their bottoms cut off and 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 One of the substances you decide to test will be located at each end of the chamber.
• You can use the chamber to investigate the flies' responses to other variables.
• No matter what you're interested in, get 25 of those little creatures in there and 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932s.
• Place a cotton ball with a few drops of water in the cap at one end and a few drops of the substance at the other end.
• If the flies move toward the substance you're testing, there will be positive and negative chemotaxis.

• Fruit flies enjoy the scent of one type of substance over another, so it's not important that you take away from the experiment.
• It's important that you know how to set up an experiment such as this one that involves the choice chamber.

• Determine environmental factors that attract or repel fruit flies in a controlled experiment.

• Analyze your data to find out how environmental factors affect your flies' behavior.

• The products produced are measured.
• Refer to Chapter 5 if you don't feel comfortable with your knowledge of enzyme-substrate interactions.

• The reaction does occur without the help of peroxidase, but at a slow rate.
• The reaction occurs at a much faster clip when our friend peroxidase is added to the mix.

• The rate slows after the sixth minute as if the enzyme is tired.
• As the reaction proceeds, the number of substrate molecule remaining decreases, which means that fewer interactions can occur.
• The rate is accepted for the enzyme.
• The slowing portion of the curve should not be taken into account.

• In this particular experiment, a beaker with H2O2 is added to and allowed to react for a period of time.

• The knowledge you need to score high is measured using a color indicator.
• Guaiacol is a brown chemical.
• The darker your solution becomes, the greater the amount of oxygen produced.
• The relative amount of oxygen is determined by comparing the color of the tube to a turnip peroxidase color chart.
• Once you're comfortable with the setup, you can investigate what works best.

• Each of the six test tubes has a different buffer.
• Once the reaction has lasted long enough to produce a nice color spectrum, record the color for each tube.
• If you use the lab manual's turnip peroxidase color chart to help you quantify the relative amounts of oxygen produced, you can graph your data as color intensity versus pH.
• Depending on the source, peroxidase can be found in many different forms with optimum pHs ranging from 4 to 11.
• Turnip peroxidase works best at pH 5.

• The appearance of product or the disappearance of reactant can be used to find the rate of reaction.
• Either measure can give insight into the effectiveness of an enzyme.

• The rate of reaction is the portion of the graph with a constant slope.

• Measure the various reaction rates and run the reaction at a series of different pH values to determine the ideal pH.

• The water will flow from the bag to the beaker.

• The water will flow into the bag.

• The solution is in equilibrium.
• The temperature of the gel water will not increase.

• The amount of DNA added to the well E can't be determined from the charge of gel.

• The flower colors range from white to dark pink.

• Only those plants with the darkest pink flowers are used for cross-pollination.

• The numbers of flower colors are relative.
• The genes are approximately how far apart.

• The selection would be disruptive.

• Your results would show the direction of travel.

• The agar plates would show the growth of your culture, but not the control.

• The culture wouldn't grow on the agar-only plates.

• The thicker the bands, the more water will flow into the bag.
• If the bag has positive and negative ends, the direc will be higher than the beaker.
• This causes the DNA to migrate.
• The osmotic driving force that moves water into the gel for a longer amount of time will increase the bag in an effort to equalize the discrepancy in distance that the DNA fragments travel and solute concentrations.

• The graph is an example of genetic drift.
• A random chunk of the population is eliminated in 5 minutes for an approximate rate and a change in frequencies of 3mmoles/min.

• The average flower color quotient should be changed by 100 to reflect the darker end of the spectrum.

• The factors that increase the rate of transpibacteria are not able to do otherwise.
• If you have high light intensity, high temperature, and low humidity, you have successfully transformed your culture.

• The faster the DNA migrates, the more current you put through the gel.
• To demonstrate evolution in a plant population, cross-pollinate only between plants that have the same trait.
• If this trait is more prevalent in the new population, check the offspring to see if they have it.

• When members of a population at one end of a spectrum are selected for, the trait at the other end of the spectrum becomes more rare.

• The Hardy-Weinberg equation is used to check the frequencies of alleles in a population that is not evolving.
• This snapshot of the population is used as a point of comparison to see if evolution occurs.

• The p and q alleles are found in a given gene.

• Homozygous dominant organisms can be found in that same gene.

• Changing any of the five conditions required for a pop ulation can change your population's genes.

• A computer program called BLAST compares genes from different organisms.

• The closer the two genes are to each other, the more similar the base sequence is.

• A cladogram is a representation of the evolutionary relatedness of a species.

• Take bags of solutes of varying con centrations, put them into beakers containing solutions of various concentrations, and record the direction of flow during each experiment.

• To determine the photosynthetic rate of plants in various envi ronments, first remove the air from leaf disk samples and add the samples to water with a source of carbon dioxide.
• The bottom of the cup is where they will sink.

• The disks rise to the surface as the leaf tissue photosynthesizes.
• Measure how much photosynthesis occurs and compare it to different environmental conditions.

• To determine the rate of respiration in peas, use a respirometer to calcu late the change in volume that occurs around the peas.
• Review the knowledge you need to score high nongerminating peas that will have a lower baseline respiration rate.

• To determine the percentage of cells in a particular stage, count the number of cells per stage and examine an onion root slide.
• The number in each stage should be divided by the total number of cells.

• Cross a wild-type strain with a Mutant and look at the patterns among the ascospores to determine how far a gene for an ascomycete fungus is from its centromere.
• The ratio of 4:4 means there was no crossing over.
• The percent crossover is divided by the total number of offspring.
• To get distance from the centromere, divide this by 2.

• To run a transformation, add ampicillin-sensitivebacteria to two tubes and to only one of the two, add a plasmid containing both the genes you would like to transform and the genes for ampicillin resistance.
• The control is the other tube.
• After 15 minutes of ice, heat-shock the cells to pick up foreign DNA.
• After ice the tubes, spread thebacteria out on ampicillin-coated plates.

• Yourbacteria will grow on the ampicillin plate if transformation occurs.

• Gel electrophoresis can be used to determine if an individual committed a crime or if they are the parent of a child.
• Each person has their own fingerprints.
• A unique pattern will be shown when the individual's DNA is cut with restriction enzymes and run on an electrophoresis gel.
• Proper identifications can be made by matching a person's fingerprints with evidence from the crime scene.

• A model system can be used to track how much energy is transferred from a single producer to a single consumer.

• It is possible to calculate the percent of the plant's energy that was incorporated into the caterpillar's body or used in cellular respiration by weighing the amount of plant eaten by the caterpillar.

• There are methods for estimating the efficiency of transfer of energy.

• To design an experiment to test the effects of various environmental factors on transpiration, measure the amount of water that evaporates from the surface of plants over a certain amount of time.
• You can use a potometer, a device that measures water loss by plants, or you can use the whole-plant method.
• When the temperature, humidity, airflow, and light intensity are changed, compare the normal rate with the rates obtained.
• It is important to measure the surface area of the leaves in order to see how quickly water can get to them.

• A choice chamber is a contraption that is designed to study which of two substances an organisms prefers.
• One-half of the choice chamber may have a banana extract in it.
• If you want to record how many organisms are on each side of the chamber, place the organisms of interest into the choice chamber.
• This procedure can be done for a choice chamber that has different temperatures, humidities, light intensities, salinities, and other parameters.

• The reaction rate is affected by a number of factors.

• If you want to test the rate of reactivity of an enzyme, you can run the reaction without an enzyme and compare it to the normal reaction.

• If you want to determine the ideal temperature for an enzyme, run the reaction at different pH values.

• Pick the best answer and fill in the appropriate letter on the answer sheet for the multiple-choice questions.

• It is most likely a A. ectotherm.

• B. Tiaga C. Tropical rainforest.

• There is a group of squirrels that have deceptive markings.

• What percentage of the population is related to A.

• B. Gene 1 is located on A.
• The 21 percent is on the B side of the chromosomes.

• There are two C. Genes on the X chromosomes.

• Refer to question 15 for more information on the squirrel located far away.

• Random sex.

• A student conducts an experiment to find out the a(n) efficiency of a certain enzyme.

• The temperature of the D. redox reaction is brought.

• The trophic levels are labeled.

• Adding and not adding the enzyme.

• It lives in a new area.

• It is an animal.

• It requires a high level of parental care.

• The offspring themselves can give birth at a relatively young age.

• This is the spine of a structure that is vital to the construction of many cells and decreases in relative frequencies compared to those used to produce steroid hormones.

• This structure is involved in energy reactions.

• This structure is found in the human body.

• B. stabilizing selection.

• The ribosome was used to make this structure.

• The water is either hypertonic or hypotonic.

• B. Chemiosmosis uses less oxygen than C.

• Air movement increases when oxygen is unavailable.

• Two pyruvate, two ATP, and two NADH are produced by this process.

• Succession force was created by a proton gradient.

• The products of this process are sugar and NADP+.

• If you want to know the sequence of a particular gene, please refer to the For questions 31-34.
• The answer is that the acids are still added to the chain.

• This is an example of a frame shift.

What do you know about testosterone pine forests?

• It only helps adult males.

• All males reproduce equally.

• It helps in breeding.

• There are trees that drop their leaves in the winter.

• Plants with roots that can't go deep due to the presence of a permafrost.

• A behavioral endocrinologist will measure testosterone levels in males of a territorial bird species over the course of a year.

• The male that followed answered the questions.

• The so-called helpers are breeding.

• The population has stopped growing.

• Male processes.

• A researcher is growing a population of ferns.

• A Polyploidy example of A. adaptive radiation may be the B. Testosterone level in this population.

• There is a suspect and a isolated B.

• The accompanying graph shows the frequencies of the A. Fallow deer given trait.

• It is possible that individuals are moving A. pH B.

• A person interested in studying the movement of water in solutions took a bag of water and put it into a beaker.

• The bag will decrease in size if the pedigree is studying an inheritance.

• There is a chance that a child will produce water into the bag and cause it to swell in size.

• The bag will be the same size.
• No water will have moved.

• The solute moved out of the bag into the beaker.

• They told the counselor that they have an A.
• There will be a net flow of water out of the family history of a certain disorder, which will cause the bag to decrease in size.

• There will be a net flow of water.
• The bag will swell in size if there is no chance of it happening.

• The bag will be the same size.
• No water will move.

• The movement of water comes from a being traced.
• What is the proba region of lower water potential to a region of bility that their second child will have?

• lute potential is the only factor that deters A.

• The water potential is C. 0.2500.

• The population had to decline because it became too dense.

• There was a major change in the environment.

• The limiting factor is C.

• A major D. maximum attainable population was caused by a shortage of food.

• The population was too large.

• The two arms of the U-tube have solutions.
• Hypertonic to side B is side A.

• Side A and side B are both hypotonic.

• Side A is equal to side B.

• The volume on both sides is the same.

• Rapid evolution of viral and microbial populations is dependent on easily produced genetic variation.

• An increase in the concentration of NaCl escape the immune system if there is a variation and an increase in water level.

• An example of this antigenic concentration is the increase in water level and no change.

• An increase in the water level can be achieved by increasing the concentration of NaCl A. HIV.

• There is a disease caused by an allele.

• C. MRSA, which has become resistant to many not survive more than a few years, and thus are antibiotics not able to reproduce and pass on the gene, is usually done by individuals with the genetic disorder.

• The domi is converted by the B. Spontaneous mutation to the correct form.

• The fitness of the individual will sometimes be increased by the genes.

• A new plant was discovered and found to have a low number of stomata.

• The first simple cells evolved over 3.5 billion years ago, followed by the more complex cells 2.1 billion years ago.

• Creating separate environments for metabolic reactions helped increase their efficiency.

• There are no structural similarities between B. prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

• The problem of having a larger surface area-to-volume ratio was taken care of by the organelles in larger cells.

• The more complex structure of D. Eukaryotic cells allows them to multiply faster.

• Enter the correct answer on the top line of the grid-in area with each number/symbol in a separate column.
• Only one filled-in circle per column is needed to fill in the correct circle.

• The solution is in a container.

• The equation for water potential is a cross between a plant that produced green water potential and a plant that produced yellow P.

• The hypothesis that the green-melon parent was het i is assumed to be erozygous for the melon-color genes.

• In a population of grasshoppers, the pressure constant is tan R and green R. A liter MPa/mole K) drastic increase in rainfall leads to selection T. When the rainy room temperature drops to 293 K, 23 percent of the remaining grasshoppers have the green phenotype.

• A cube with a side length of 2.5 cm is used to determine the surface area-to-volume ratio.

• The first 10 minutes are a reading period.

• Questions 1 and 2 should take about 20 minutes to answer.

• There are questions that should take about 6 minutes to answer.

• The outline form is not acceptable.
• The answers should be in an essay.

• Life on Earth is possible because of certain defendants because of unique characteristics of water.

• Over time, the allele frequencies in a population change.
• Three mechanisms are listed below.

• You are studying a population of field mice the way they do, and why the gel would be that includes individuals with light and dark able to prove, beyond a shadow of a doubt, brown coats.
• The defendants were guilty of capture/recapture experiments every six months.

• A characteristic of all living is that the skin is covered in an oily substance that slows the loss of water.

• Explain how sebum is able to perform maintained.

• 686 kcal of free energy is produced by three important.
• A maximum of 38 moles of the oxidation form of cellular transport can be generated by a mole of glucose in a cell.
• The efficiency of B. Endocytosis and exocytosis is close to that of aerobic C.

• Explain how A is on each form.
• Explain what happens to the rest of the energy using the laws of thermodynamics.

• The original question describes animal cells.
• The population was selected.

• Large central vacuoles are not seen in individuals of this class, as they are con and have low reproductive rates.
• There are small vacuoles in animal cells.

• A detritivore includes the light reactions of photosynthesis.
• Water and decomposers are inputs to the light reactions.

• Oxygen comes from water.

• This means the temperature.

• A frameshift is when the reading frame for the protein construction is less than 0.7.

• This can lead to premature stopping of codons.

• The movement of electrons can be seen from the data.

• Dehydration reactions bring two farthest apart of any pair along the molecule, releasing water as a product.

• Only answer choice C is left.

• Memory B cells are able to recognize foreign sumers of trophic pyramids and thus would take invaders if they came back into our systems.

• Stabilizing selection will eliminate the invader.

• The shift toward one of the extremes is a polygenic trait, and the input of multiple genes determines the pheno selection in which the type is.
• Poly two extremes are favored over the middle in skin color.

• This is a classic example of Batesian mimicry.

• The lab experiment question is based on two genes that are far away from each other.
• We put it in here on the same chromosomes.

• The number of chromo is reduced in this important chapter.
• You somes in an individual by half.

• Succession is a factor that affects the efficiency of the enzyme.

• Since testosterone seems to be linked with when one organism benefits while the other reproduction is not, we assume from the new data that is unaffected.
• When nonbreeding males are actually breeding isms, mutualism is possible.

• Population growth, number of offspring, and other's expense are some of the benefits of parasitism.
• Competition is not considered in this example.

• Sex hormones are created by the synthesis of cholesterol.

• Purines have a double-ring structure and pyrim have a single-ring one.

• The site of the synthesis is the ribosome.

• Testosterone level is an adaptive trait that is lethal to animals.

• Gel electrophoresis separates the DNA from the question to aid in the size of the sample.
• Smaller samples travel faster.
• Compared to larger speciation events, adaptive radiation is a process of distance down the gel.

• His fingerprints seem to match an example of diverging selection because of the evidence sample.

• The two male types always differed in their testosterone fragment cut, but A and C seem to share the same restric.
• Maybe they level, this population could eventually split into two populations, messing with our heads.

• AA makes up 36 percent of the population.

• Since testosterone levels are only increased by the square root, we can conclude that the A allele is 0.6.
• There is a role for a testosterone in breeding.
• Allele's Frequency must be 1 - 0.6 or 0.4.

• As 2(A)(a) is 2(0.6)(0.4) it is assumed that testosterone is beneficial.

• If the couple has a child that isn't in line with the actual.
• We know for certain that this population is not in the equilibrium.

• The chance that their child will be aa is lower than the chance that they will be a homozygous.

• The solute potential for side A is 1.0 compared to the bag.
• Osmosis drives water from a hypotonic region to a hyper total solute potential for side B.

• The beaker is hypotonic compared to the bag.

• Water moves into the bag.

• Pressure potential + solute to a region of less sodium.

• Heterozygous individuals have high water potential and are healthy.

• The mother is helpful in hot and dry regions.

• Changing envelope proteins are erozygous.
• She is not aa because of the variation in the genes that do not have the condition.
• We know the code for them.

• A closer relationship has been shown by this cladogram.

• There is a chance that mother D is Aa.
• There is a chance that a couple with the Aa x aa genes have a child.
• There is a chance that these two will have a child with the condition.

• If the green-melon parents were Gg, you were 53 green and 41 yellow.
• A cross with a yellow-melon plant of 94 offspring is expected to produce 50 percent Gg and 50 percent gg ratios.

• The population started at 10 million and increased to 33 million, a difference of 23 million.

• The solute potential is -(1) x (0.1 M) x (0.00831 MPa/mole K) x.

• The RFLPs created can be compared.

• This is a look at the DNA fingerprints of each individual.

• Mentioning that some sort of dye should be added to the DNA samples that will allow for proper viewing of the bands after negative charge to positive charge.
• You can get person to person.
• Mentioning how geographic barriers can that of the crime scene evidence, the DNA lead to reproductive isolation of members has spoken and shown the individual to be from the same species.
• Mentioning the Galapagos finches as an only those who have the particular pheno example of geographic barriers leading to typic variant of choice will survive to be reproductive isolation and able to reproduce, and thus only their lution.

• An allopolyploid--organism species live in different habitats, so they can't reproduce from more than one species.

• Although an individual different times of the day may be healthy, it cannot reproduce with each other because they are nonpolyploidic members of its species.

• Polyploidic individuals are behaviors that do not mix well and members of the other species do not understand the who have the same polyploidic actions of the other.
• Some characters with two or more pheno structures do not function together in prop typic variant, such as tulip color.

• The definition of postzygotic barriers as variant leads to increased reproductive reproductive barriers that prevent a prop success.

• Evolution is the change in frequencies in barriers over time.
• Sometimes the first generation of hybrid is defined.
• There are two different species that are formed because of the survival and the hybrid reproduction benefit they give to the others.

• Defining genetic drift is what makes life on Earth possible.
• Allele frequencies can be changed by the properties of water.

• Explanation of data leads to milder climates in coastal areas.

• Mentioning the changes could not be the gradual process of natural selection.
• All the bodies of two censuses would be there if it sank.
• Homeostasis, or the maintenance of a steady-state, is a characteristic of all living organ reabsorption of calcium by the bones.

• The maximum blood sugar level is 1 1/2 points.
• The transport of subglucose from the blood to the liver is dependent on the functioning of the membranes.
• The active transport is stored in the liver.

• The cell can con (1/2 point) centrate substances within the cell mem B.

• 686 kcal of free energy is produced by the oxidation of a mole.
• The second law of thermodynamics states that the skin is coated with an oily substance.
• Benefits from loss of energy are composed of lipids.

• The lungs are inactive so they don't need a lot of ATP.

• If you combine the multiple-choice and free-response scores, you can get a new raw score for the entire practice exam.
• You can use the ranges listed below to determine your grade.
• Don't worry about how we arrived at the following ranges, they are rough estimates on questions that are not actual AP exam questions.

• If you want to follow the multiple-choice questions with the best answer, fill in the appropriate letter on the answer sheet.

• The biotic factor is thrown over its head.

• The ozone layer A is destroyed in this example.

• Which of the following isn't a way to form C. agonistic behavior.

• An environmental B. conjugation change favors individuals that are taller in a giraffe population.
• More of the taller individuals are D. Transformation who are able to survive and pass along their genetic information.

• There is Chemiosmosis in I.

• The stabilizing selection is done by the Nuclei B.

• The following theories are based on the offspring.

• The active transport of genes.

• C helped to facilitate the spread of knowledge.

• A poly-A tail is added to the A.

• The 5' end of the B has a guanine cap added to it.

• Introns are removed from the mRNA when the current is C.

• The longer the current is running, the more posttranscriptional modification occurs in D.

• You are told that there are short-finned fish in the population of guinea pigs.
• A terrible summer thunder 4 percent are black and 96 percent are storm leads to the death of a disproportionate brown.

• 16 percent shifted.
• This is an example.

• Which of the following is involved in stabilizing selection.

• Primary consumers A. H2O is an input.

• The Calvin cycle uses B. CO2 as an input.

• A couple has had three sons.

• D. 1 / 16 A is a specialized transduction.

• D. generalized transduction.

• Please use the preceding diagram for the questions 21-22, warning coloration adopted by animals.

• Some animals have patterns that block the attachment of the food to the predator.

• A short sequence by a promoter helps transcrip tion.

• The binding of RNA poly C is prevented by thisProtein.

• The energy chart shows the activation energy of the two unrelated species.

• Two evolutionary changes are similar.
• A species can be related or unrelated.

• The evolution of closely D. D related species is exemplified by predatorprey relationships.

• The preceding pedigree is referred to in F Questions 36-39.

• The data shows that these genes are sex-linked.

• There is a chance that couple C and D will be together.

• D. linked.

• Turner syndrome is related to Albinism.

• A laboratory procedure is one of the questions.

• There are two types of wings: vestigial and crumpled.

• The gray body is the dominant one.

• The transpiration rate data shows that easily processed foods.
• The transpiration rate rises as you use this information and the curves that follow.

• C. temperature, wind speed, and humidity.
• There is no change.

• The temperature, wind speed, and humidity are D. The size and color are not the same.

• D. carotene A.
• The individual is from the first generation.

• The transpiration rate data was presented in the B.
• The individual is from the 50's.

• The individual could be from any of these generations.

• Plants B and C are similar to A.
• Questions 46-48: A population of rodents is studied to process.

• Its food resources are getting harder.
• It is more difficult to process species that are adapted.

• She put 20 slugs in her tray and 18 moved to study their behavior.
• She sets up a large tray to the high-salinity, high-temperature section filled with soil that measures 1 square meter and has within one hour, while the other two move to the four sets of conditions, one in each quadrant.
• She concluded that the slugs prefer high temperature and high salinity.

• The salinities were high.

• The slugs might not have been able to move where they wanted to.

• There are 20 slugs in the tray.

• The process of viral transduction is carried out by a potometer.

• 5 minutes later, there are more than one quad rant.
• Which of the following isn't a viable A.

• The slugs have not had time to move.

• Increasing genetic variation of the bacterium B.
• The slugs don't like tempera D and prefer viruses that are better able to spread.

• The slugs don't like to live in high- temperature areas because it reduces the amount of water they excrete.

• During times of dehydration, ADH is released.

• 20 slugs are in the high temperature, low-salinity quadrant after 20 minutes.

• B. maintaining a normal lifestyle.

• There was a failure to respond to the environment.

• Refer to the information and D. Feeding graph for questions 55-57.

• A classmate has set up a similar experiment in Five dialysis bags, made from a semipermeable mem, which were filled with various concentrations of glucose and placed in separate beakers.

• The bag contained a B.

• The site where the amino acid was located was far away from the active site.

• By changing the pH optimum B.
• By changing the shape of theProtein D.

• You should build your test-taking confidence.

• Enter the correct answer on the top line of the grid-in area with each number or symbol in a separate column.
• Only one filled-in circle per column is needed to fill in the correct circle below each number or symbol.

• The treatment of tomato plants is completely isolated from everyone else.
• The weights of tomatoes were given by two of the mone.

• People in this new population will have a plant's weight in seven days.

• There were 70 wildtype males, 65 wild-type females, 36 males with the mutation, and 40 mutant females produced by the next generation.

• The cell is in a state of equilibrium.

• The surrounding solution has a molarity of 0.8 M.

• The first 10 minutes are a reading period.

• Questions 1 and 2 should take about 20 minutes to answer.

• There are questions that should take about 6 minutes to answer.

• The outline form is not acceptable.
• The answers should be in an essay.

• You are working at a laboratory.
• The grunt-work lab assignments are usually given to determine based on the data presented here.
• Punnett should be provided to perform.
• Tell how you would support your answer.

• There was a white-scaled female in the F1 generation.

• Your hypothesis would be supported by the idea of surface area.

• It's important to describe your setup.

• If a certain species of synthesis in simple cells occurred before the evo plant could live in a salt marsh, you are asked to estimate.
• The lution of more complex cells is collected by you.
• Explain the significance of photosynthesis being present and the overall Ps of the soil.

• The photo system is only involved in stimuli that don't provide reactions.
• Photosystem II is not.

• Genetics does not have a memory.

• At one end of the spectrum, there is a positive charge and at the other end, there is a negative charge.
• The rest are true.

• The square root of giraffes are being selected against each other.

• Even if the barrier is the process of flowering, phytochrome is still an important pigment.
• They can't interbreed of their two forms.
• Pfr is responsible for the production speciation.

• Chapter 19 helps the bloom of flowers.

• Primary consumers should read this chapter carefully and learn how to producers if they are represented on the AP Biology exam.

• The sexual reproduction of mitochondria and chloroplasts is done throughbacteria.

• There are four main factors in the nucleus.

• The activation energy of a reaction is due to chance events.
• The amount of energy needed for the reaction is called occur.

• Neutrophils are the cells of the nonenzymatic reaction.

• Albinism is the only condition on the list.

• If you add up the total one parent that would need to display the condition number of the two individuals with the same condition, you can figure out how much of a problem this is.
• It's probably not sex-linked because the total number of offspring is the same in females and males.

• 120/1200 seems to be the best fit for 10 percent.

• It is necessary to determine the probability bination Frequency.

• The data in the table shows that the person D is double-residual because she has the correct answer.

• The faster the pigments migrate, the higher the probability of person C phy solvent.

• The rate of transpiration seems to be the lowest on the board.

• The average thickness increased from 10 to 12 and then to 15.

• Overall, the bbb is increasing.

• He can't be bb since he doesn't have a range of possible values.
• Two of the three pos ual with a thickness of 15 could be consideredsible outcomes.
• We could say that the Bb and the mother were cross from any of the three generations.
• The chance of an individual is 50 percent, and the chance of a child is 1 / 2.
• This population has the highest chance of individuals with this thickness having a child with it.

• ADH works to increase the amount of water available when the body has too little.

• If the food example of homeostasis is any indication, this drive to maintain a stable condition is not a model.

• People are solution in the beaker.

• The answers are possible and can increase in weight.

• Line B still shows an increase in weight.
• It is important 50 minutes, whereas line A has leveled out and is to allow your study animals enough time to isotonic at 50 minutes.

• An acid doesn't have their behavior.
• D is not a good answer because it still plays a part in the overall shape of the enzyme in a high-temperature role.

• Kinesis is the movement of animals in the 3' end of the new strand, it is moving toward response to current conditions.

• The promoter is located upstream which slows their movement.

• There are few differences at once.
• The 18 slugs may have moved between species 1 and 2 in order to be close to one another on the cladogram.

• The same holds true for both species.
• Even if they dislike high salinity, there are many differences between species.
• The original experiment gave a choice for all the possible tioned on its own branch, which indicates it would be aposi problem.

• The B and E branches are from the same point.

• B and C are the closest to the results.

• New genes are introduced into the bac terium.

• There are 40 alleles in the population and two of them are.

• If both parents were carriers of a trait.
• You would expect 158 normal flies and 53 recessive next generation to show 75 percent normal-looking flies based on a total of 211 flies.
• 135 flies and 25 percent of the flies were with the normal flies.

• The critical value of 6.64 is based on a 1 degree trait.

• Divide the weight of tomatoes by the number.

• The student can mention that the cells that get 4 points from two of the answers will get 4 points if the virus is forced to produce viral antigens, a maximum of 3 points can show up on the surface of 3 points.

• The skin covering the body is a major component of the secondary immune form.

• The immune system protects the lungs and the mucous membranes from the harmful effects ofbacteria by binding to a particular antigen and assisting in the expulsion ofbacteria.

• You can build your test-taking confidence by recognizing that a vaccine is part of the experiment.

• Take initial reading on the subject.

• The solution has memory cells in it.
• When the invader comes back to the chloroplasts, the memory cells recognize it and the photosynthesis occurs.

• Mention that the secondary immune measure how much light can pass response is faster and more efficient through the solution after a certain amount of time.

• Mentioning that the principle of a success light on photosynthesis will be used to see the effect of the two samples.
• The third sample and the second A are plant laboratory questions.

• There is a possibility that the scale-color gene is a.
• Measure the amount of tied to another gene that controls the amount of water that escapes from the surface distribution under normal conditions.

• Change the temperature, humidity, and air movement that occurred as DNA responsible for the plant is exposed to by a 5-degree production of theprotein that determines the amount scale color was undergoing replication is a possible explanation.

• The scale color in gila monsters is determined by the surface area.

• The following table shows the data from the Scan Sam A. P-generation genotypes conducted on a fictional mammal.

• Explanation for a random body heat at night (huddling) and activity event that causes change in allele frequen of huddled group is low.
• In Earth's early history, the evolution of photo occurred before histones were associated with histones in more complex cells.
• You are asked to estimate the species of cellular respiration.

• Mentioning that the first plant cell's potential was prokaryotic.

• Mentioning that eukaryotic cells could not evolve until there was a higher level of atmos Ps.

• Mentioning that the plant cell has a single, circular molecule in its drial DNA.

• If you combine the multiple-choice and free-response scores, you can get a new raw score for the entire practice exam.
• You can use the ranges listed below to determine your grade.
• Don't worry about how we arrived at the following ranges, they are rough estimates on questions that are not actual AP exam questions.

• One R in the carbonyl group is a hydroecosystem.

• Plants have a plant hormone that affects cell growth.

• This is the closing of the stomata.

• dwarfism is seen in one out of 10,000 people.

• There is a part of the enzyme that interacts with the placenta.

• Interbreeding ceases because of centration.
• This movement requires a barrier to separate a single population input of energy from another, which is why it is termed active.

• Even if the barrier is of the organisms, a trait that affects the fitness they change enough.
• They cannot interbreed because of the removal of nat.

• The intan is a trait of the plant life cycle that includes eyes and fingernails.

• The invades a new environment with a behavior pattern.

• Gas exchange in the lung stimulates the production of hormones that work to maintain electrolytic.

• There are compounds containing groups.

• A compound with a carbon center is involved in three stages.
• H2O and an R group are required.

• The number of individuals in the population is determined by the number of tRNA molecule that picks up the age group.

• An intimidation and submission is an example of a functional group that contains interest between individuals.

• The structure was formed from epiblast.

• It occurs in yeast and embryo.

• The portion of the human brain that is regenerated.

• Simple sugars such as maltose, which heart, carry blood away from the human diet.

• The process begins with glycolysis and ends with certain fungi.

• A lack of iron causes a red color in the tRNA.

• The process by which animals take oxygen.

• Theidase uses the flow of hydro and dicots.

• Ion with a negative charge has more diphosphate molecule than protons.

• Sound is used to convey a FSH and prolactin.

• The peripheral nervous system of the male gametangia is designed to produce flagellated sperm that swim to the activities of the body: smooth meet up with the eggs produced by the female muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
• The ANS is a game.

• That is not compatible with a particular codon.

• An animal that is self-sufficient.

• It increases the permeability of the collecting duct to other organisms.

• A molecule that is foreign to our bodies and stems causes our immune systems to respond.

• A longer extension that leaves a neuron and shoots where plant growth is concentrated and carries the impulse away from the cell body toward many actively dividing cells can be found.

• There are two or more ents through the non living portion of cells.

• The attachment of lichen to animals with chemical defense rocks is followed by the arrival of mechanism.

• There are genes on the X chromosomes that are inactive.

• An animal that is harmless copies in extreme environments and also dangerous as a methanogen.

• The female gametangia is about attacking.

• The first plants to evolve from cholesterol are chlorophytes.
• The members of this group are stored in the gallbladder and dumped into the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

• Help to digest fat by the veins of a leaf.
• They are the place where the fying takes place.

• The photosynthetic process alters the divide.
• The cell pinches into two places in order to better deal with new daughter cells.

• The system was created in hot, dry regions.

• The conditions are represented by cycles.

• Plants close their stomata during the day, collect weight of all of the members at night, and store the CO2 in the form level.

• The shell surrounds the genetic material.

• The organic compound is used by the cells.

• Living organisms in an environment.

• The maximum growth rate for a carbohydrates is monosaccharides, disaccharides, population and unlimited resources.

• Offspring can be produced from a specific time atmosphere to living organisms.

• As a morula undergoes its next round of cell CO2 to a molecule that is able to enter the Calvin divisions, fluid fills its center to create this hollow cycle.

• It has a central carbon connected to tributed by two parents mix as if they are painting R groups on either side.
• It is a ketone if both Rs are carbon colors and the exact genetic makeup of each parent chain.
• One R can never be recovered if it is a hydrogen and the genes are similar to a carbon chain.

• The likelihood of genetic drift is increased by this functional group.

• The voluntary muscle of the heart that leads into the individual lungs is striated in appearance and contains multiple smaller branches called bronchioles.

• A consumer that obtains energy and nutri edly until they conclude as tiny air pockets through consumption of other animals.

• The surface area of the small intestine can be increased by a maximum number of people.

• There is an obstacle that blocks the passage of and raw materials to progress to the next stage of water.

• There is hydrogen peroxide in water and oxygen.
• Chemical signals peroxisomes are used to communicate.

• The movement of the reaction's energy.

• Ion with a positive charge has more of the formation of ATP using the driving force pro protons than electrons.

• Polysaccharide is an important part of the cated, and the M phase stands for the cell exoskeletons of arthropods.

• The green algae are opposed to defense.

• The common along the middle of the cell are the ancestors of the animal kingdom.

• Female protists with unique eating mammals exercise choice strategy.
• They eat over males when there is plenty of food.

• A chamber is used to form a unit.

• Plants form cell walls with steroid.

• The wall protects the precursor molecule for steroid sex hormones.

• The central nervous system is made up of the embryo and the brain and the spine.
• It contributes to voluntary movement.

• The ery in the anterior end of a bilateral organisms is made of raw material.

• There is a portion of the brain that controls nonhomologous chromosomes.

• There are two hemispheres and four replications that result in the repetition of a lobes per hemisphere.

• There is a cancer affecting individuals.

• The stop points throughout the cell cycle portion of chromosomes 22 and 9 have been swapped.

• There is a protective structure around the small intestine.

• Plants give foreign particles and mucus away from the lungs.

• The rela time increment that is equivalent to the tionship benefits one organisms while the other is unaffected.

• The surface of the area.

• A cell that is ready to accept cells has some foreign DNA that is slightly different from the environment.

• Both species are harmed by this because they accept any cell that has the same match.
• Anything with a different tition is interspecific.

• The molecule is similar to the one on the immune cells of the body.

• The type of associative learning should be cleared.

• Two or more elements are involved in salivation in dogs.

• The process of heat moving from a cytoplasm to the daughter place of higher temperature is distributed differently to the lower cells.

• There is a cone in the animal cells structure.

• The transfer of DNA between two pinches is needed to complete the separation of the two cells.

• There is a scenario in which individuals are put on a copy machine and live in packs.

• The two daughter cells contain only one of the alleles.

• The heat transfer is caused by air movement.

• Characters are related if there is ticular amino acid.

• Two unrelated species have in common.

• There is a fluid-filled body wall between the environmental body wall and the gut that is challenge, bringing them closer together.

• There are animals that have a coelum.

• There are Fungi that do not have septae.

• The cork cambium species is exemplified by predator-prey die and forms a protective barrier against infections.

• In the iological challenges, a piece of the chromosomes is lost.

• Scientists are studying the theory and developing a plant.

• One of many short, branched processes of deletion in chromosome 5 that leads to mental a neuron that help send the nerve impulses toward retardation, unusual facial features, and a small the cell body.

• When a certain den of meiosis is reached, cell growth will slow or the chromosomes will wrap around each stop.
• The growth and survival of more cells is dependent on the exchange of raw materials between the chromo materials.

• The factors that affect offspring differ from their parents.

• Those being hunted pass the carrying capacity.

• The coat protects plants.

• There is a pathway that produces only weather.

• Only photosystem I is used by ATP.

• Positive inside the cell allows an action poten vital to cell cycle control.

• The United States has the most common lethal genetic disease.

• Children with the disease die at an early age due to the lack of treatment.

• The plant hormone promotes cell concentration without the use of energy.

• It is a passive process.

• Patterns that can cause a preda gous gametes give a 9:3:3:1 phenotype ratio in the tor to think twice before attacking.
• For example, children.

• The organisms have two copies of each wing that look like large eyes.
• Humans look more imposing than they are.

• A loss of muscle archezoan eukaryotes is associated with a loss of a phylum.

• All the individuals of a community and population at one end of the spectrum are in the same environment.

• The germ layer gives rise to the ner for.

• The rates of common disaccharides increase when the temperature increases.

• When trons along during the process of chemiosmosis to individuals at the two extremes of a spectrum of regenerate NAD+, it is disruptive.
• Each time an elec variation does better than the more common forms tron passes to another member of the chain, the in the middle.

• The energy category is replaced by the classification category.

• The addition of CH3 groups to the cells renders them inactive.

• The mainidase in the cell is called DNA repli.

• The inner germ layer gives rise to the nucleotides in the DNA chain in the inner lining of the gut.

• The cells line the innermost layer of copied.
• This process takes place during the S phase of the cortex in plants that give rise to the casparian the cell cycle.

• The members of a group of people are digestion.

• Two strands of DNA are held into small groups.

• One of every 700 children is affected by a classic aneuploid syndrome prokaryotes associated in symbiotic relationships.

• The perature of an animal with mental retardation is unaffected by external heart defects, short stature, and facial temperature.

• Sex-linked dis that is located thousands of bases away from the order is caused by the absence of an essential promoter that influences transcription by interacting muscle protein that leads to progressive weakness with specific transcription factors.

• Change in allele frequencies in popula ing is only seen with particular substrates.

• The repair mechanism for DNA has a cation in which a section of DNA has a major effect on a reaction.

• Substances are exported to plants.

• The testes are part of the coiled region that extends from the plasma membrane.
• The sperm leaves its contents in the cell.

• During transcrip, coding regions were produced.

• There are plamids that can be incorporated into a mRNA.

• The expression of a gene at a different location alters the expression of the same genes at the same location.
• Any remaining fragments are a di hybrid.

• A population grows quickly.

• The Archaebacteria live in a Valvelike trapdoor between ronments with high salt concentrations.

• The first generation of offspring, or the first filial generation in a genetic cross.

• The second generation of offspring is called a filial generation.

• The release of the assis hormone (LH) is stimulated by the release of particles across women.

• The ripening energy is initiated by the plant hormone.

• Organisms can survive in trees.

• The mechanism of move acids is used as long-term energy stores in cells.

• A long carbon chain that contains a car which functions as the control center of the cell, boxyl group on one end that combines with glyc directing DNA replication, transcription, and cell erol molecule to form lipids.

• In absence of oxygen, the anaerobic respiration pathway is lular.

• The electrons are donated to a vapor form.
• When water leaves our bodies in the form of reactions of photosynthesis, the function of thermoregulation for NADP+ is to produce NADPH.

• Populations, not individuals, and without going very deep into the soil, are the result of evolution that provides the plant with a very strong anchor.

• Cells tend to remain in the vessel if there is a protective covering that provides a safe the pores of their endothelial linings.

• Sex cells produced during meiosis are programmed to respond to something.

• There is a parasitic flatworm.

• There is a gonadotropin that stimulates the testes and ovaries.
• The development of the ovarian tion is caused by phage instead of viral DNA.
• There is a chance that the host DNA could find its way into another follicle and lead to the production of a cell.

• There is time needed for individuals to have sperm.

• The bugs are eaten by the spiders.

• Due to chance events, can be regarded as overlap food.

• A ship's genetic makeup is determined by an environment.

• The behavior of actively searching for and color, where B represents brown and eating a particular food resource.

• Heterozy that have gone extinct are included in the physical manifestations of species types.

• Deletion or addition of DNA gation causes growth in dormant seeds, buds, and nucleotides that do not add or remove flowers.

• The early part of the functional protein can be found in the late part of the nephron.

• Alleles are used to pick up the energy in the body.

• The groups are responsible for the molecule used by animals.

• All the necessary raw materials for respiration are produced in the first growth phase of the cell cycle.

• There is a modification of theProtein that has been made.

• An organisms that must consume other macromolecules to get sustenance.
• glycoproteins are formed by the sugars and other molecules.

• The products are sent to other parts of the cell.

• The cascade pathways are important to signal.

• Molecules that can't produce their own food can be activated by these proteins.

• Evolutionary change is thought to be a slow process in the malarial regions.

• Heterozy stacks are found in the thylakoid.

• A plant's growth response to something.

• The Y chromosome has a trait.

• Light and dark bottles are used to calculate the light and dark sequence of a homeotic gene.

• The cells within the epidermis of plants are similar to the cells within the host organ.

• The first major seed plant to evolve.

• The genetics of conifers are contained in them.
• They are not a major gymnosperm.

• Plants that produce a single stimuli do not give feedback.

• Each type of chromosomes is carried by an individual.

• The result of female choice and signal genetic quality can be broken by an enzymes.

• Ducing the replication fork is one of the chemicals produced by glands.

• Immune cells help in the activation of distant target cells.

• The molecule allows red blood cells to spread.
• HIV causes T cells to carry oxygen throughout the body.

• Sex-linked disorder is caused by fluids.

• The nervous system of individuals with this condition is difficult to repair.

• It is both irreversible and fatal to be a consumer that obtains energy and nutri.

• The reproductive success of plants that produce two types increased.

• The compounds will end up in the same children.

• The addition of H2O breaks down carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and compounds.

• Cholesterol levels can be raised many times more than normal and can lead to heart attacks if there are too many implants.

• Characterizes a solution that has a higher concentration of a class of proteins called keratins, and function as solute concentration than does a neighboring reinforcement for the shape and position of solution.

• There is an individual Heterozy that separates fungi.

• Function to make synaptic connec of the body.
• They are trying to integrate thirst.

• G solute concentration is the first stage of the cycle.

• The same resources for critical period early in life are used by different species.

• The mones were involved in the male reproductive system.

• There is a way to blend inheritance.
• Members of the same species rely on the same resources for survival.

• Both coding regions and allele dominated the other.

• The solution with the same solute site/substrate attachment places the sub concentration in the surrounding solutions.

• There is a molecule that inactivates a relation to size and number.

• The ability of one group of cells to change chains.

• They don't like the part of the blastula that develops that slows down.

• There is a syndrome in which the male sex organs are sterile and the female gametes are not.
• If an individual has feminine body characteristics.

• pyru that cell would receive a b if the energy-produced reaction gamete occurs.

• 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP were produced.

• The big release of LH causes tive rates.
• Post Natal care is required for the release of a secondary oocyte organisms.

• A collection of organisms.

• The events that make up the cells happen when oxygen is not available.
• Pyruvate is a cycle of organisms.

• There are environmental factors that keep the NAD+ needed.

• Supplies and waste were produced by the strand.

• The cells that extend all the way are passed along as a unit.

• There are organic compounds in the soil.

• When there are two opposite pure-breeding important lipids, they are fats, steroids, and phospho varieties.

• The "dominant" trait is that a population grows quickly.
• The S-shaped curve is created by the variety that is hidden.

• When period begins, members of each if exposed to a night that is shorter than a critical pair of factors are distributed.

• A gonadotropin that is related to one trait or characteristic does not interfere with the inheritance of another trait, as well as the synthesis of estrogen and progesterone.

• Gametes formed during the meio system are an important part of the circulatory BbRr for two genes.

• The law states that if there are two random events then the body will be protected.

• The lymphatic ability of the first event is determined by the probability of the system being full of white blood cells.

• B cells and T cells are the types of lymphocyte.
• The reproductive cells are formed in the bone marrow of the body system and arise from stem cells.

• The majority of photosynthesis is hosted by the viral DNA.

• The virus can stay alive because of Archaebacteria that produce methane.

• Actin is a substance that plays an important role in digestion and in muscle contraction.

• Male gametophytes can kill germs before they have a chance to destroy plants.

• The separation of cells during cell spring, which are released from the cell, killing the division, are important components of the cilia host cell in the process.

• The study of evolution of groups of species is included in the movement of animals.

• There is a nucleus in some protists which is replaced by a new one and which controls the everyday place of the nucleotide.

• The gametophytes are produced by the nucleotides in the DNA sequence.
• These plants are Heterosporous.

• The unit used to relate the genes on the basis of their frequencies can sometimes lead to the addition of other genes.

• Anything with mass takes up space.

• The breakdown of organelle for the Krebs cycle comes from chewing.

• The control center helps in the separation of the tary activities from one another.

• Our biological rhythms are involved in a cross.

• There are instructions on how to handle.
• When an invader returns to gous gametes, the memory cells recognize it and produce offspring.

• Cells that allow plants to grow cose are used in cellular respiration.

• The chemical was released by the neurons.

• The nerve cells that take the commands respond.

• Refers to all the biotic and abiotic them as motor outputs.

• Nitrogen is moved from the cell to two new cells.

• Two species are in a continuous cycle.

• They mimic each other's color with the conversion of N2 to NH3 defense mechanism.

• Monomers such as adenine try to increase the speed by using guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil.

• A random event can cause a change in the active site's shape.

• There is a pathway that may produce a different type of disease.

• The abnormal from hyphae that function as mouthlike structures number of chromosomes in offspring is caused by the formation of somes during meiosis.

• The Internet of the body is formed by them.

• In a population thesis, the process by which characters or tutions lead to premature stop of syn traits are maintained or eliminated by the early placement of a stop codon.
• A nonfunctional vival and reproductive success of their "host" protein is usually caused by their contribution to the differential sur type of mutation.

• It happens when a hormone enters the body.

• The structure supports the body.

• A prokaryotic cell has a bottle in it.

• The neural tube is formed by the otic structure of ribosomes.

• The control center of cells.

• The central nervous system is formed by the embryo's structure.

• Oxygen is required for the motor neuron and the muscle cell.

• Oxygen-free environments are important to this compound.

• Individual do it first in aerobic process.

• These tiny pieces are later connected by tion and milk ejection for breastfeeding.

• Similar changes were formed.
• The production occurs in two species of a single ovum or egg during the meiotic cycle.

• There is a hormone that increases tiple genes.

• There are selected organisms of bone maintenance.

• Plants play a role in photo up due to environmental change.
• They grow synthesis, storage, and secretion.

• The theory predicts that natural in about one out of every 12,000-16,000 live births will favor animals that choose to be free.

• Genetic benefits and costs were described in family trees.

• The permeability of the water is broken down into smaller polypeptides to be handled by the intestines.

• A small amount of pepsin is vated into a region with a higher solute concentration.

• The PNS can be of the same species.

• The ovary is connected to the teins, not the uterus, through the use of the receptor pro site of fertilization.
• Eggs move through here from the ovary.

• Stage of menstrual cycle in which the smooth muscle of the esophagus ondary oocytes is released from the ovary.

• The upper soil layer is found in the tundra.

• Plants that experience photorespiration have detoxify.

• There are structures that attract bees.

• This occurs in the cells of the body.

• A virus that causes illness.

• The light-trapping neutrophils are involved in the process of photosynthesis.

• The hormone auxin is involved in this process.

• The process of wrinkled, green or yellow, purple flower or white flowering is important.

• A species that is able to survive in person unable to break down phenylalanine, resource-poor conditions and takes hold of a which results in a by-product that can accumu barren area such as a volcanic island.
• Mental species do the grunt work when there are late to toxic levels in the blood.

• Chemical signals are important to canic rock.

• This structure is used in humans to move sugars from produc to embryo.

• The acidic functional group live in the water.

• The liquid portion of the blood contains energy sources.

• The factories that produce antibodies cell membranes with the hydrophilicphosphate that eliminate any cell from its surface the group forming the outside portion and the antigen that the plasma cell has been summoned are the ones that make it.

• Light causes a barrier around a cell to produce energy.

• The process by which water is broken up is controlled.

• Indepen change can be replicated in the length of days.

• Het was made during the light-dependent reactions of pho erotrophic protists.
• They eat and grow.
• It is the same as a unified clumped unicellular mass.

• It can be the cause of Malaria, the density of populations, and how they can be the clumped unicellular mass that fungi change with time.

• The shriveling of the cytoplasm causes a cell to make more hormones in response to a loss of water.

• The blood cell is involved in the clotting of blood.

• The lab apparatus is used to measure transpira organisms.

• A molecule that has an equal distribution of tor is used to hunt another species.

• Consumers get to the molecule.

• The cell was produced by a female on the planet.

• Gymno's sperm-bearing male gametophyte is activated and undergoes differentia sperms and angiosperms.

• The eye color is affected by more meiosis and progress until prophase I.

• A cylinder-shaped cnidarian is stored.

• A condition in which an individual assist in the vital process of procreation includes more than the normal number of sets of the testes, ovaries, and uterus.

• I produce two secondary spermatocytes, act as a storage form of energy, and as structural which undergoes meiosis II to produce four material in and around cells.

• The structure of the amino acids.

• The succession stages that occur in the area are devoid of life and have no soil.

• A collection of people with the same cation.

• It will come back to the teins if the population size dips below that which works by converting other normal host pro the carrying capacity.
• Prion diseases surpass capacity.
• The popula can cause dementia, muscular control problems, and a loss of balance.

• There is a new, lower carrying capacity with hormones involved in menstrual cycle and equilibrate.

• There has been an increase in autotrophic types.

• The production of organisms is controlled by a hormone.

• There is an arrangement of separate release of GnRH.

• There is a recognition site that shows the only proteins with more than one polymerase.

• The tromagnetic waves are added when the heat is lost through the ejection of the elec reproductive system.

• There is a random distribution of species of the urine.

• The compound is composed of chains.

• The control centers are made of pigments.

• Altruistic behavior was performed.

• The hormones were too large to move.

• The surface of the cell has DNA pieces.

• Cells in the body that contain hemophilic genes are used to deliver oxygen to groups.

• Sex linked condition that can be transmitted from a host cell leaves those afflicted unable to distinguish between one generation to the next without causing lysis.

• There is a reduction-oxidation reaction body.

• The kingdom Protist helps in collection by opening the fork in the DNA strand.

• The stopping of the transmission holds the tRNA carrying the growingProtein down to its initial level.

• Theorizing the evolu polymerase to the promoter site.

• A measure of how many periods of stasis there are.

• A nitrogenous base with many other individuals in it's population ring structure.

• Each box in the pyramid represents the number of nucleotides.
• The highest consumers in fragments with single-stranded ends called sticky the chain tend to be quite large, resulting in a ends, which find and connect with other DNA smaller number of those individuals spread out fragments containing the same ends.

• An RNA virus has a ring structure.

• The newly transcribed tection and mechanical support are functions of plant cells.

• When the host cell undergoes foraging, a mental image that assists animals is scribed into the RNA.
• They are directed to food of interest.

• Through consumption of the primary consumers, retro carried the Enzyme.

• An oocyte has half of its genetic make up in a paper chromatograph.

• Growth in the nucleolus leads to Ribosomes.

• The 3' end cal characteristics that differ between males and the growing strand are due to the presence of the noticeable physi.

• The process removes introns from breasts.

• The final product was formed during sper.

• A part of the plant is below the ground.

• The three-dimensional arrange apical meristem of a root that keeps it together.

• Hairs extending off the surface of root tips used to have a stable plant and animal life, but that has been disturbed by some major force from the soil.

• The molecule acts as an inter movement of water through the xylem of a mediary.

• Before the organelle with ribosomes is copied, each mic surface of the cell needs to be unzipped.
• The RER strand serves as a template for the creation of a new double strand.

• The por strand goes to the second daughter cell.

• Populations with rapid growth of the J-curve variety that experience ejaculatory duct to send along with the sperm.
• The power to progress through the mature is quite rapid, and requires very little post female reproductive system by adding prostaglandins.

• The first step of the sperm swim helps it swim more effectively.

• Organism feeds off dead organisms.

• There is no double bonds in the fat.

• There is a spattering of trees in the grassland.

• Complicated defense population.

• A machine is used to determine acquisition.

• There are parts of a plant above the ground.

• Poinsettias, for example, are found in didymis, where their waiting game begins and flower if exposed to nighttime conditions.

• There is a disease caused by the gametes.
• Four haploid sperm are pro substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglo duced during each meiotic cycle.
• The seminifer less able to carry oxygen and cause the ous tubules is where this occurs.

• The oxygen content of the blood is low because the DNA is copied.
• The sickling cell has a complete set of chromosomes that cause pain, muscle weakness, and fatigue.

• The cells of the plant are alive.

• Cells are using CO2 to make food.

• The multicellular stage of the tary activities contains multiple nuclei.

• There is a small infectious form of the apicomplexa bound organelle involved in lipid synthesis.

• The ribosomes are on the cytoplasmic surface.

• Reducing variation in a population is accomplished by voluntary muscle.

• A male structure of a flower.

• The codon establishes the read inside the cell.

• A substance is in a solution.

• The human body has a hormone.

• The structure that gives rise to the muscles in mammals is similar to the structure that gives rise to the cells in the body.

• The procedure is used to determine if a teins affects the nucleus.

• There are four carbon rings.

• Transduction involving testosterone and a terone.

• Host DNA was formed when single-stranded DNA fragments were pulled out of the host.

• New species evolve through this process.

• Water and O2 leave the structure through which CO2 enters a number of smaller roots.

• There is a group of nucleotides in the pro.

• There are groups into whichbacteria are placed.

• The light-independent reactions shared characteristics in an effort to discover of photosynthesis can be traced back to the presence or absence of the inner fluid portion of the chloroplast isms.

• The flower has a pathway that leads to the ovary.

• There are substances that act upon.

• A functional group that helps sta in regions that experience cold winters.

• A tool is used to study the popula.

• One of the three main sidered to be among the most fertile of all is the soil.

• When the transcription should end.

• There is a scenario in which territorial individuals move.

• Polyploidy and balanced R groups of the amino acids can cause interaction among the occur as a result.

• There is a movement of water and nutri dominant genes through the living portion of plant cells.

• This is where spring begins.
• The unknown genotype is determined by using the test crosses calcium gates to open.

• Sex hormone is produced in the testes.

• The use of touch in conveying a message is done by Archaebacteria.

• There is a biome in Canada.

• coniferous forests are contained in a plant's growth.

• The adult form of the parasitic flatworm winds through the stroma.

• When excess exposure to UV light occurs, the thymine nucleotides located adja dicots that starts as one thick root and divides into cent to one another on the DNA strand bind together.

• This can have a negative effect on the replication of DNA and help in the creation of further mutations.

• The T cells of the immune system play a role in plant growth.

• The rate of metabolism contraction in the absence of calcium is regulated by muscular hormones.

• The hormones are released by the colon.

• During which the ground is completely frozen, there is a structure that functions to move foodters.

• Affects females who are missing something.

• There is a structure that transports oxygen.

• There is a scenario in which individuals find and attach to the same area.

• Plants have double bonds of genes from one cell.

• There is a new nucleotide in the RNA.

• There is an exit point for sperm and urine from one cell to another.

• Inoculation of medicine into a patient P site and the next tRNA comes into the new in an effort to prime the immune system to be pre A site.

• Plants lose water by small amounts in animal cells.

• Roundworm is a disease caused by the length of the stem and root in humans.

• Plants describe the energy distribution of a planet.

• Human chorionic to the urethra is produced by this structure.

• The continued producing of another is ensured by the agent that moves DNA from one source to another.

• There are structures that bring blood to the heart.

• There is a system of veins that returns tall trees that form a thick cover, which blocks the deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart to light from reaching the floor of the forest.

• Nucleotides are in the third position of an anti useful.

• A protective barrier surrounds their normal partner.

• One of the two X chromosomes in a plant is in a few hundred female embryo.

• The infectious agent that is unable to sur are not expressed.
• The vive is expressed by a cell outside of a host.
• The active X chromosomes are not the only parts of a Viruses.

• Communication goes throughout the plant.

• The earth is wet.
• A lot of site of early blood cell formation in humans and this water is evaporates each day and returns to the source of nutrition for bird and reptile clouds.
• The water is returned to the earth.

• The force that drives water to move is formed by the dividing cells of the apical.

Document Outline

• Cover

• Title Page

• Copyright Page

• Contents

• Preface

• Acknowledgments

• Introduction: The Five-Step Program

• The Four "Big Ideas" of AP Biology

• Step 1 Set Up Your Study Program 1 What You Need to Know About the AP Biology Exam Background of the Advanced Placement Program Who Writes the AP Biology Exam The AP Grades and Who Receives Them Reasons for Taking the AP Biology Exam Questions Frequently Asked About the AP Biology Exam 2 How to Plan Your Time Three Approaches to Preparing for the AP Biology Exam Calendar for Each Plan

• Step 2 Determine Your Test Readiness 3 Take a Diagnostic Exam Diagnostic/Master Exam: AP Biology Answers and Explanations Scoring and Interpretation

• Step 3 Develop Strategies for Success 4 How to Approach Each Question Type Multiple-Choice Questions Free-Response Questions

• Step 4 Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High 5 Chemistry Introduction Elements, Compounds, Atoms, and Ions Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Proteins Enzymes pH: Acids and Bases Reactions Review Questions Answers and Explanations Rapid Review 6 Cells Introduction Types of Cells Organelles Cell Membranes: Fluid Mosaic Model Types of Cell Transport Review Questions Answers and Explanations Rapid Review 7 Respiration Introduction Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Review Questions Answers and Explanations Rapid Review 8 Photosynthesis Introduction The Players in Photosynthesis The Reactions of Photosynthesis Types of Photosynthesis Review Questions Answers and Explanations Rapid Review 9 Cell Division Introduction Cell Division in Prokaryotes The Cell Cycle Mitosis Control of Cell Division Haploid Versus Diploid Organisms Meiosis Life Cycles Sources of Cell Variation Review Questions Answers and Explanations Rapid Review 10 Heredity Introduction Terms Important in Studying Heredity Mendel and His Peas Intermediate Inheritance Other Forms of Inheritance Sex Determination and Sex Linkage Linkage and Gene Mapping Heads or Tails? Pedigrees Common Disorders Chromosomal Complications Review Questions Answers and Explanations Rapid Review 11 Molecular Genetics Introduction DNA Structure and Function RNA Structure and Function Replication of DNA Transcription of DNA RNA Processing Translation of RNA Gene Expression The Genetics of Viruses The Genetics of Bacteria Genetic Engineering Review Questions Answers and Explanations Rapid Review 12 Evolution Introduction Definition of Evolution Natural Selection Lamarck and Darwin Adaptations Types of Selection Evolution Patterns Sources of Variation Speciation When Evolution Is Not Occurring: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium The Evidence for Evolution Macroevolution How Life Probably Emerged Review Questions Answers and Explanations Rapid Review 13 Taxonomy and Classification Introduction Five or Six Kingdoms? Kingdom Monera Endosymbiotic Theory Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia Review Questions Answers and Explanations Rapid Review 14 Plants Introduction Anatomy of Plants Roots The Shoot System Plant Hormones Plant Tropisms Photoperiodism Go with the Flow: Osmosis, Capillary Action, Cohesion-Tension Theory, and Transpiration The Changing of the Guard: Regulating Stomata Activity "Move Over, Sugar": Carbohydrate Transport Through Phloem Review Questions Answers and Explanations Rapid Review 15 Human Physiology Introduction Circulatory System Respiratory System Digestive System Control of the Internal Environment Nervous System Muscular System Endocrine System Immune System Review Questions Answers and Explanations Rapid Review 16 Human Reproduction Introduction Sex Differences Anatomy Embryonic Development The Influence of Hormones Review Questions Answers and Explanations Rapid Review 17 Behavioral Ecology and Ethology Introduction Types of Animal Learning Animal Movement Animal Communication Review Questions Answers and Explanations Rapid Review 18 Ecology in Further Detail Introduction Population Ecology and Growth Life History Strategies Community and Succession Trophic Levels Biomes Biogeochemical Cycles Review Questions Answers and Explanations Rapid Review 19 Laboratory Review Introduction Investigation 1: Artificial Selection Investigation 2: Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-Weinberg Investigation 3: Comparing DNA Sequences to Understand Evolutionary Relationships with BLAST Investigation 4: Diffusion and Osmosis Investigation 5: Photosynthesis Investigation 6: Cellular Respiration Investigation 7: Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis Investigation 8: Biotechnology: Bacterial Transformation Investigation 9: Biotechnology: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA Investigation 10: Energy Dynamics Investigation 11: Transpiration Investigation 12: Fruit Fly Behavior Investigation 13: Enzyme Activity Review Questions Answers and Explanations Rapid Review

• Step 5 Build Your Test-Taking Confidence AP Biology Practice Exam 1 AP Biology Practice Exam 2 Bibliography Websites Glossary A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z