14 Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

• You follow up on reports of communicable diseases as a county public health nurse.
• The population of your state is 3.1 million, and the annual incidence of the disease is 7.5 cases per 100,000 people.
• In the month of December, you have seen 65 cases of the disease in your county.

• It is a rate that accounts for differences in population that allows us to compare occurrence of a disease in different areas.

• We can consider how the human body and various microorganisms interact in terms of health and disease if we have a basic understanding of the structures and functions of microorganisms.

• There are defenses that keep us healthy.
• Our health is maintained when our defenses resist the pathogen's capabilities.
• After the disease is established, a person may recover completely, suffer temporary or permanent damage, or die.

• In the next section of the book, we look at some of the principles of infection and disease, the mechanisms by which pathogens cause disease, the body's defenses against disease, and how drugs can be used to prevent diseases.
• This chapter begins with a discussion of the meaning and scope of pathology.
• In the last part of the chapter, "Epidemiology," you will learn how these principles can be used to control disease.
• It is important to understand the principles to prevent disease transmission in health care settings.

• A typical human body contains a lot of science.
• This gives you an idea of how a disease develops.

• The goal is to determine the relationship between changes in the body's flora and disease.

• Disease is an abnormal state in which researchers are comparing the microbiomes of part or all of the body is incapable of performing its normal healthy volunteers and volunteers with specific diseases.

• There may be an infectious disease in the absence of certain organisms.
• If the body is exposed to the virus dence, but it doesn't cause AIDS, it doesn't experience any symptoms of the disease.

• Large weeks or months disappear.

• The majority of the microorganisms are benign.

• The distribution and composition of some organisms can affect the host.
• Before we discuss the role of microorganisms in causing disease, chemical factors, the host's defenses, and mechanical factors, we need to look at nutrition, physical and before that the role of microorganisms in causing disease, chemical factors, the host's defenses, and mechanical factors.

• Carter is in the bathroom again.

• Jamil has been sick with a number of illnesses.

• The man is 75 years old and lives with his wife and son.

• He does not smoke or drink alcohol.

• There is a contrast between normal microbiota and the UtI.

• When breathing begins and feeding begins, more organisms are introduced to the newborn's body.
• The body was called normal flora.

• Animals with no microbiota can only be reared in sites that can provide the appropriate nutrition.

• The dead cells can be used to make food in a sterile environment.
• There are secretory and excretory products of cells on the one gastrointestinal tract.

• A number of physical and chemical factors affect the growth of animals, and it has been shown that germ-free animals are more susceptible to infections.
• There are temperature, pH, and oxygen serious disease.
• Germ-free animals need more calories and carbon dioxide.

• In Chapters 16 and 17 you will learn about the human body's defense against microbes.

• The normal microbiota can benefit the host.
• The overgrowth of harmful microorganisms can be prevented.

• Competition among parts of the body can be caused by mechanical microbes.
• The forces that may affect colonization are a consequence of this competition.

• The chewing actions of the teeth and tongue can cause harmful substances to be produced by the invading microbes and faces.
• The flow of saliva in the gastrointestinal tract can affect certain conditions.
• Disease can occur when the balance between the normal and the bad microbiota in the throat is upset.
• The adult human vagina has a local pH of microbes.
• The over which cilia propel toward the throat is affected by the presence of normal microbiota.

• The host's body balance between normal microbiota and pathogens can be upset and site can vary from one person to another.
• When the pH is changed, there are a number of factors.

• Some distinctive features of each region are listed in the large intestine.
• The growth of otherbacteria of the same or closely cally is discussed more in Part Four.

• The low ph of the skin protects it from many microbes.

• The skin has a low level of hydration.

• tears and blinking eliminate some bugs.

• There are several antimicrobial substances in saliva.

• The lining of the gastrointestinal tract is damaged by mucus and the mucosa produces anti-microbiol chemicals.

• Some of the normal flora is flushed out by diarrhea.

• The lining is kept free of protozoan and the ph of urine and urea are antimicrobial.

• The mucus in the uterus and the acidity of the vagina kill or expel microbes.

• Normal pil s are not killed by a bacterium that makes a particular bacteriocin.
• The normal micro may be killed by other ones.
• Patients' relatives obtained Bacterio biota.

• There is no apparent benefit or harm to the host when thesebacteria live on cells.

• Secondary infections can develop in AIDS patients because the large intestine provides them with the necessary vitamins and minerals.

• Hundreds of antibiotics were found to be rare before the AIDS epidemic.
• Resistance genes are found in the intestinalbacteria.
• The other features that contribute to their ability to cause dis are desirable.
• They're present in the body or in the ics for an infectious disease, but they're also beneficial in the external environment.
• It is possible to transfer antibiotic-resistance genes to pathogens.

• One of the benefits of a symbiosis is that it protects the other from the body's defenses and some of the benefits are lost to the other.

• Many diseases are caused by parasites.

• Infections caused by broken skin cooperation among microbes can also be a factor.
• If the host is weakened or compromised by an infectious disease, gingivitis can be found to be a symptom of the oral streptococci that colonize the teeth.

• They are summarized as follows.

• The pathogen needs to be isolated from the inoculated animal.
• Some have an etiology that isn't the original one.

• Koch's postulates are useful in determining the cause of the caus.
• The disease hemo ative agent is an exception.

• To see how the media works.
• The work of Robert Koch, which was introduced in rickettsial and viral pathogens, cannot be cultured on an artificial chapter.

• It's a good idea to recall that you 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 Koch was a German physician who played a major role in the discovery of the cause of legionellosis.
• They published some early papers on the disease of cattle that took the alternative step of inoculating a victim's lung tissue into can also occur in humans.
• Koch showed that certain pigs had bac.
• He had very small microbes.
• The embryos were mented further.

• He injected the embryo from the sample of blood.
• Modern immunological techniques have been discussed into a healthy one.
• The second animal developed the same dis that the first animal did in Chapter 18.
• He repeated this procedure many times and the results were the same as in the guinea pigs.

• In a number of situations, a human host exhibits certain also cultivated the microorganism in fluids outside the animal's signs and symptoms that are associated only with a certain body, and he demonstrated that the bacterium would cause pathogen and its disease.
• Even after a lot of culture transfers, the pathogens are still able to reproduce.

• He used the same diseases later.

• There is a disease grown in a pure culture.

• Koch's postulates state that a specific infectious disease is caused by a specific microbe.

• The first disease host caused the same step in treatment and prevention.

• Microbiologists use these steps to identify diseases.

• Microorganisms are identified.

• It is difficult to know which of the three Koch's postulates is the cause of the disease.
• There are other infectious diseases.

• The diseases should be categorized according to the Frequency of occurrence.

• The diseases should be categorized according to severity.

• Koch's postulates can be used to impose exceptions to functions in particular ways.
• There are agents that cause dis indicated by a lot of evidence.
• The patient ease in humans has no other known host.

• Chapter 18 was frequently evaluated.
• If they lived, he promised their freedom.
• Experiments with diseases that are untreatable are not acceptable today.
• Sometimes a specific group of symptoms occur.

• An expanded definition of AIDS cases was adopted that year.

• Diseases are classified in terms of how they behave and Frequency of occurrence is a criterion used within a host and a population.
• There is a disease that becomes infectious.

• Gonorrhea and certain other sexually mally are not considered epidemics by the authorities because they are caused by microorganisms that reside outside the body.
• Epidemic disease occurs when a disease is introduced into the body.
• AIDS is an example of an introduction into the body.

• To understand the full scope of a disease, we need to know what happened.

• Tuberculosis and infectious mononucleosis first appeared.
• Prevalence takes into account the two diseases that fall into this category.
• There are old and new cases of this disease.
• The incidence of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, a rare brain of AIDS in the United States in 2012 was 55,400, whereas the disease characterized by diminished intellectual function and prevalence in that same year was estimated to be 117,000.

• Knowing the incidence and prevalence of a disease in a dif causative agent is inactive for a while, but then becomes ferent populations, which can produce symptoms of the disease.

• List two examples of acute and chronic diseases that people are immune to.

• According to the aren't vaccine, put the following in proper sequence.

• According to the extent to which the infections occur, there must be a source of the host's body affected.
• The pathogen must be transmitted to the invading microorganisms by direct contact, indirect contact, or a combination of the two.

• There are some examples of local infections, such as boils and Transmission.
• After invasion, the isms or their products are spread throughout the body through a process called patho blood.
• An example of a systemic infection is measles.

• Depending on the degree to which host cells are damaged, vessel and spread to other parts of the body, agents of a local infection can enter a blood or lymphatic injury.
• The effects are limited to specific areas of the body.
• There can be infec tance of the host and the activities of the pathogen.

• There is some blood in the gender.
• Sepsis is a common cause of Septicemia.

• The extent of cell disease is determined by the state of host resistance.

• Individuals who carry only one sickle cell gene have a condition called opportunistic pathogen after the primary infection has a weak cal ed sickle cell trait and appear normal unless special testing is done.

• They are resistant to the most serious form of respiratory tract and are more at risk of Malaria.
• The potential of individuals in a population.
• In countries where Malaria isn't present, an example of a secondary infection that is more serious than the cell trait is an entirely negative condition.

• Climate and weather can affect the inci that doesn't cause a noticeable illness.
• During the winter, the incidence of titis A virus can be carried by people who never have respiratory diseases.
• The increase develops the illness.

• The number of white blood cells can increase or decrease during illness.

• The patient dies if the disease is not successfully overcome.

• The feeling of being unwell decreases.

• During a period of illness, people can serve as reservoirs of disease and can easily spread closer contact with one another facilitates the spread of respira to other people.
• People can tory pathogens.

• In addition to inadequate nutrition, other factors include age, environment, habits, lifestyle, occupation, and preexist cholera, in which the convalescing person carries the patho ing illness.
• It can be hard to know the genic microorganism for a long time.

• Incubation for a cold is 3 days, and the period of opment of the disease is usually 5 days.

• Give microorganism involved, its virulence, one example of each of the organisms.

• There must be a constant source of the disease organisms.

• There are overt signs and symptoms of disease when the person has adequate conditions for survival and multiplication.
• These may be human, aniphobia, sore throat, or non living.

• The disease can be transmitted from the body.
• Many people harbor pathogens and transmit them to a susceptible host through three main routes.

• Some carriers have contact.
• Typhoid Mary is an example of a car transmission that involves touching, kissing, and sexual intercourse.

• The spread of diseases such as AIDS, diphtheria, and typhoid can be transmitted by direct contact.

• Health care workers use gloves and organisms that can cause human diseases to guard against person to person transmission.
• There are diseases that occur other protective measures.
• Direct contact via bites is possible with rabies and other diseases found in bats, skunks, foxes, dogs, and coyotes.

• Zoonoses include lyme disease, which is found in field mice.

• Tissues, handkerchiefs, towels, bedding, diapers, pet waste, con drinking cups, eating utensils, toys, money, and thermometers are some of the things that can be touched by domestic fowl.
• Fomites in fur, or feathers, can be served as a result of contaminated needles.
• Other fomites can transmit insects.

• The soil that travels only short distances is one of the major non living infectious diseases.
• A sneeze can produce 20,000 droplets.
• tetanus is caused by the bacterium that causes disease.
• Both species of clos that travel such short distances are not considered airborne.
• In soil where animals are spread by droplets of water and feces are used asfertilizer, there are examples of cattle diseases.

• Blood and other body fluids, drugs, and IV fluids are included.
• They may be sources of diseases such as trichinellosis.

• Water, food, and air are transmission vehicles.

• The water is contaminated with sewage.

• These droplets are small enough to stay airborne for a long time.
• Measles and bac pletely cooked, poorly refrigerated, or prepared under unsani terium can be transmitted via airborne tary conditions.
• Foodborne pathogens can cause diseases.
• Dust particles can harbor diseases.

• There are three diseases transmitted by direct contact, a disease transmitted by indirect contact, and a disease transmitted by droplet transmission.

• The arthropod defecates or vomits while biting a potential host.
• Two general directly injected into a bite transmit a disease.

• They transmit diseases in the house.

• One in 25 hospital patients have at least one HAI according to the CDC.
• The rate of HAIs was decreased by the work of pioneers in aseptic techniques.
• The rate of HAIs has increased over the last 20 years despite modern advances in sterilizing techniques and disposable materials.

• He is not sure if he can make it that far without stopping.
• The symptoms have gone on for too long and the doctor thinks he has noroviral gastroenteritis.
• She wants a stool sample to be sent to the local laboratory.

• The danger to hospital patients is very high.
• Most of the microbes that cause HAIs don't cause disease comial infections, and four gram-negative pathogens are only found in people who have a 32% chance of getting a disease.
• Antibiotic resistance in HAIs has been weakened by illness or therapy in the 2000s.

• Most HAIs were caused by gram in the 1940s and 1950s.

• Lower respiratory healthcare-associated pneumonias account for 22% of all infections and have high mortality cedures, such as administering anesthesia, which may alter rates.
• Respiratory devices that aid in breathing are related to most of these pneumonias.

• About 10% of haIs are caused by Bacteremias, which are usually caused by patients who require procedures.

• It is implicated in infections.
• Invasive devices allow for the entry of harmful organisms into the body, and they also help the spread of infections caused bybacteria and fungi.

• T cells are destroyed by the AIDS virus.

• As the R factors recombine, new and multiple resistance factors health care settings and the compromised state of the host are produced.
• The strains become part of the microbiota and are a constant concern.
• Direct contact transmis resistant to antibiotic therapy are the principal routes of transmission of HAIs.
• In this way, people become part of the chain of transmission from the hospital to the patient and from the patient to the hospital to the patient.
• The hospital's airborne transmission is usually the host's resistance.

• Patients can transmit disease if health care personnel are in contact with disease, surgery, or trauma.
• It may be difficult to treat a secondary infections.

• The burn, Hemodialysis, recovery, and intensive care can compromise the host and can include broken skin.
• These units have a suppressed immune system.

• In almost half of all cases of diarrhea, the urinary catheter is used to drain urine from the bladder.
• The first time it was identified was in HAIs.
• As part of the normal intestinal microbiota,venous catheters pass through the skin.
• Infections can range from nothing to something.

• Older patients are more likely to die from respiratory aids.

• Certain procedures are generally implemented in order to prevent nosocomial infections.

• There are a number of probable reasons for the emergence of infectious bacteria.

• There is a potential to increase in the near future.
• A used to maintain sterility should be removed.
• A fun sician can help improve patients' resistance to infections by gus, a protozoan, or a helminth.
• About 75% of emerging infec prescribe antibiotics only when necessary, avoiding tious diseases are zoonotic, mainly of viral origin, and are likely procedures if possible.

• Hospitals that are accredited should have an EID.
• The evolution of microorganisms is influenced by this.
• Most hospitals have an infection control nurse who can help with the control of the disease.

• The staff members are tasked with identifying all other diseases.

• Diagnostic techniques that are improper are recognized.
• The identification of a new pathogen can be done with the help of the infection control offi.
• When a local disease becomes widespread, it's a good idea for others to make periodic exams of hospital equipment.
• A mild disease becomes more severe or should be taken from tubing, catheters, and respirators if life span increases.

• The boxes in Chapters 8 and 13 may result in O139.

• O157:H7 and H5N1 may be caused by genetic recombination between ticks and lice.

• 20 other patients are also affected by the same disease.

• Human settlement is expanding.

• The World Health Organization and the CDC have developed plans to address issues relating to EIDs.

• To improve the communication of public health information.

• The CDC has a function.

• There are emerging infectious diseases.

• There are several examples of emerging infectious diseases.

• Understanding the mode of transmission and geographical distribution of the disease is important.

• An epidemiologist also determines the cause of the investigations.
• John Snow, a British physician, has a series of investigations related to the people affected by the outbreak of the disease.
• The work of the Snow epidemiologist is to gather and analyze data from the death records of the victims of the epidemic, as well as interview survivors who lived tory.
• Snow used the information he gathered to create a map showing how many people died of the disease and how many visited the same doctor's office.
• Knowledge of the site at which other pumps were used, like the workers at a nearby susceptible host came into contact with the agent of infection, is important for the prevention of future outbreaks.

• On a seasonal basis, the epidemiologist considers the period of water from the Broad Street pump to be the source of the disease.
• When the pump's handle was removed and people were no longer able to get water from this location, the number of cases of the disease dropped significantly.

• The number of births and maternal deaths at Vienna are recorded by various methods.
• General Hospital is one of the strategies for controlling diseases.
• The First Maternity Clinic used drugs and vaccines.

• The control of human, animal, and nonliv puerperal sepsis ranged between 13% and 18%, four times that of the Second Maternity Clinic.
• A nosocomial disease that begins in the uterus as a result of adequate cooking, food inspection, and pasteurization is Puerperal sepsis.
• Transfused blood and transplant organs are at risk of being affected by the infection.

• Wealthy women didn't go to the clinic for diseases.
• Poor women had learned that they had a better chance of surviving a disease outbreak if they gave birth elsewhere before it was too late.
• Establishing a hospital.
• Semmelweis looked at his data and found a common occurrence of a disease in a population and identified a factor among the wealthy women and the poor women who had the factors responsible for its transmission.
• In May 1847, he ordered all medical students to wash their hands before entering the delivery room and the mortality rate dropped to under 2%.

• Florence Nightingale recorded statistics on epidemic typhus evaluating and planning overall health care for a community.

• Epidemiologists use descriptive, analytical, and statistical comparisons to demonstrate that diseases, poor food, and unsanitary conditions are caused by a disease.

• There are three careful analyses of where and when a disease occurs.
• A new approach to medical research and demonstrated individuals are some of the things that include information about the affected.
• The works of snow occurred.
• Changes that lowered the incidence of London are an example of descriptive epidemiology.

• The majority of physicians believed that the episode had ended.
• The cause of the disease was seen by the epidemiolo toms, not the result of backtracks to the source of the disease.

• The study can be done in two different ways.

• A group of people who are free of the disease are compared with a group of people who have the disease.

• There is an association between blood transfusions and the incidence of the hepatitis B virus.

• The experimental factor that made the difference was the drug.

• The annual occurrence of the disease is shown in the cases.

• The chain of records the number of cases per 100,000 people rather than the total transmission for a disease is extremely important.
• The number of cases is known.
• The incidence of Tuberculosis decreased from 1948 to 1957.

• In Chapters 21 through 26 there are examples of diseases like AIDS.
• Epidemiolo toxic shock syndrome is an example of a fairly recent retrospect with an approximation of the incidence and prevalence of tive study.
• The initial phase of an epidemiological study is about a disease.

• Epidemiology is a major concern of state and federal pub reports.

• Valuable information can be found at www.cdc.gov.

• The development of the data is usually organized by state.

• There are a number of healthcare-acquired strains in this box.
• The majority of people ask the epidemiologist if he tries to trace an outbreak to its source.
• The USA300 strain is tried to tions.
• Before going to the next of MRSA in the community, the incidence answer each question.

• The epidemiologist at the procedures performed and cross-references city hospital would like to find out why more than 5000 patients developed bacteremia during their hospital stays.

• Each year, an estimated 250,000 cases of infections have been treated with vancomycin for a MRSA at the results of the blood cultures.

• Antibiotics need access to veins for long-term therapy and the prevalence of antimi is in-resistant.

• There were a total of 58 infectious diseases reported in the year.
• The national morbidity of listeriosis was 121.

• In the next chapter, we look at the mechanisms of pathoge a disease in a population in relation to nicity.
• We will discuss the methods by which the total population is divided.

• To see the box on for contact with all body substances, use disposable rectal page 411.

• After learning that 40 hospital employees developed nausea and he responds well to treatment, the hospital infection control officer determined that weight back and no longer spends most of his time in the 39 ill people ate green beans in the hospital cafeteria, compared bathroom.

• Humans and animals are germ-free in the womb.

• The Interactive Microbiology has colonization going on on it's surface.

• The pathogens are disease-causing organisms.

• They can invade the human body or produce toxins.

• When a microorganism overcomes the body's defenses, it is known as a state of infection.

• The host and the normal microbiota live together.

• The study of disease is called pathology.

• Pathology is concerned with causes, benefits, and harms.

• Infection is the growth of pathogens in the body.

• Host organisms shelter and support the growth of conditions but cause disease under special conditions.

• Functions can be made possible by one microorganism.

• There are no signs of disease in the host when an inapparent is present.

• A predisposing factor that makes the body more susceptible to a pathogen must be isolated in pure culture.

• Some examples include gender, climate, age, fatigue, and inadequate susceptible laboratory animal.

• Koch's postulates are modified to establish etiologies of diseases and the first appearance of signs and symptoms.

• The appearance of the artificial media is what characterizes the prodromal period.

• The disease is at its height during the period of illness.

• There is a continual source of infections.

• The identification of the disease is done by people who have a disease or are carriers of micro.

• A syndrome is a disease that affects wild and domestic animals.

• One host to another is where the pathogenic microorganisms grow.

• It is capable of spreading quickly from one person to another.

• Noncommunicable diseases are caused by the same organisms that cause other diseases.

• It is indirect from one host to another.

• Incidence is the number of people who have the disease.

• The medium of transmission is called particular time.

• Water endemic, epidemic, and Pandemic are some of the pathogens that are carried on airborne transmission.

• The scope of a disease can be defined as acute, chronic, subacute, or latent.

• Most of the population has immunity to a disease.

• HAIs can be spread throughout the body via the circulatory system.

• After a host is weakened by a medical primary infection, a secondary infection can occur.

• The most frequent causes of HAIs are Opportunisticbacteria.

• Patients with burns suppressed their immune responses.

• Epidemiology studies the transmission, patients and between patients.

• The works of transmit HAIs began in the late 1800s.

• HAIs can be prevented with aseptic techniques.

• Hospital staff members are responsible for keeping the group free of infections.

• Experiments designed to equipment and supplies.

• The CDC is the main source of emerging infectious diseases.

• To describe the pattern of the Answers tab in the back of the textbook, put the following in the correct order.

• This microbe is essential for good health and is named after it.

• The patient has symptoms for 5 days.

• The patient has no symptoms and is a carrier.

• The boy was released from the hospital on September 22 after his temperature returned to normal.

• This case of bubonic plague has an incubation period.

• This disease has a prodromal period.

• The following information can be used to answer questions.

• During the preceding month, 0.0 Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb MarApr May Jun.

• The birder is experiencing her third disease.

• The ornithologists are eating the same food.

• The source of the disease was the nest.

• Their drinking water is not safe to drink.

• Every case of the disease must have the same pathogen.

• The data was gathered by Florence Nightingale.

• When inoculated into a susceptible laboratory animal, the pathogen from pure culture must cause the disease.

• The disease must be transmitted from a sick animal to a healthy one by direct contact.

• English soldiers in the Crimean War isolated the pathogen from a lab animal.

• The following information can be used to answer questions.

• The graph shows the incidence of the disease.
• The nurse said she was exposed to naso pharyngeal United States.
• The graph should show when the secretions did not receive antibiotics.
• There were two diseases that occurred, sporadical y and epidemical y.

• The transfer pack is placed in a bath to thaw.

• A 49-year-old man has a case history.

• He had chest pains, a cough, and a high temperature on March 16.

• He was taking antibiotics for 14 days.
• There is a disease.

• The source of the infection was determined by sampling the hospital water systems.
• The water had chlorine in it.