13.1: Immigration and the City

The revolution in the market has dramatically increased the size of the cities in America and has led the great seaports.
The surge of immigration into the USA, starting in the 1820s and dramatically accelerating after 1830, was one of the major aspects of urban growth, with a register of 430,000 immigrants in 1854.
A disastrous famine of Irish potatoes from 1845-1949 led to the first major migrant wave to tested American cities.
The German immigration of the nineteenth century began slightly later and slower than the Irish, but by 1854 the Irish influx had exceeded.
The Californian Chinese who came worked as independent prospectors in the mines in particular.
Not only the Chinese were Ethnic neighborhoods.
Verdantly all new immigrants preferred to live in neighborhoods where they found support for the community as well as family ties and ways of surviving in new environments.

13.2: Urban Problems

The pre-industrial cities of America of the 18th century were small and compact "walking towns," in which people, rich and poor, were living close to their work in a dense and small-like pattern of housing that fostered neighborhoods and social classes.
Immigrants into American cities contributed to New York's largest city and led the way a new urban popular culture.
By 1830s, the status of craftsmen and self-employed artisans had deteriorated in the cities of the nation.
- Members of urban workers' organizations became active advocates of working-class interests in their cities, increasingly angry with their declining status in economic and social order.
The huge popular "penny papers," which began publication in 1833, and the rapidly increasing number of political papers encouraged and publicized the challenges to the respectability of the middle class of new migrants and disorderly workers.
By 1860, the United States had almost half a million free African Americans, which accounted for about 11% of the total black population in the country.

The social reform was based on the Evangelical religion.
Men and women who had become enthusiastically new faith took personal responsibility for changing their lives.
Women participated extensively throughout their churches in reform movements.
- They did most of the fundraising for the home missionary societies and started sending the evangelical message around the world
By the mid-1830s, America's Temperance Promotion Society, founded in 1826, became the biggest reform organization of the time.
These societies of moral reform soon recognized that prostitution was not as moral as an economic problem and moved towards organizing charity and work for poor women and orphans.
The area upstairs on the Erie Canal was the seeding ground of this movement, as was the area of the Seneca Falls Convention for Protestant revivals and reform movements

Resistance to slavery was crucial to free African Americans; anti-slavery groups organized since the 1790s.
This plan was made in 1817 by Northern Religious Reformers and a number of Southen Slavic owners, mostly from Upper South and the borders.
In 1831 Garrison broke with the gradualist persuaders of the American Colonization Societies and started to publish his own document
- The Liberator, with a profound influence from his black activists, who he called his "good colored friends."
In the 1830's, mass abolitionist petitions collected almost 700,000 petitions, but were dismissed when Congress passed a "gag rule" in 1836, which prohibited discussion of petitions at southern insistence.

The members of a famous family, Sarah and Angelina Grimké, rejected slavery out of religious belief.
- Sarah and Angelina Grimké went north towards the community of Quaker, near Philadelphia.
The 1848 Seneca Falls Convention, the first convention on women's rights in America's history, saw almost 20 years of female social change activity grow.

The revolution in the market has dramatically increased the size of the cities in America and has led the great seaports.
The surge of immigration into the USA, starting in the 1820s and dramatically accelerating after 1830, was one of the major aspects of urban growth, with a register of 430,000 immigrants in 1854.
A disastrous famine of Irish potatoes from 1845-1949 led to the first major migrant wave to tested American cities.
The German immigration of the nineteenth century began slightly later and slower than the Irish, but by 1854 the Irish influx had exceeded.
The Californian Chinese who came worked as independent prospectors in the mines in particular.
Not only the Chinese were Ethnic neighborhoods.
Verdantly all new immigrants preferred to live in neighborhoods where they found support for the community as well as family ties and ways of surviving in new environments.

The pre-industrial cities of America of the 18th century were small and compact "walking towns," in which people, rich and poor, were living close to their work in a dense and small-like pattern of housing that fostered neighborhoods and social classes.
Immigrants into American cities contributed to New York's largest city and led the way a new urban popular culture.
By 1830s, the status of craftsmen and self-employed artisans had deteriorated in the cities of the nation.
- Members of urban workers' organizations became active advocates of working-class interests in their cities, increasingly angry with their declining status in economic and social order.
The huge popular "penny papers," which began publication in 1833, and the rapidly increasing number of political papers encouraged and publicized the challenges to the respectability of the middle class of new migrants and disorderly workers.
By 1860, the United States had almost half a million free African Americans, which accounted for about 11% of the total black population in the country.

The social reform was based on the Evangelical religion.
Men and women who had become enthusiastically new faith took personal responsibility for changing their lives.
Women participated extensively throughout their churches in reform movements.
- They did most of the fundraising for the home missionary societies and started sending the evangelical message around the world
By the mid-1830s, America's Temperance Promotion Society, founded in 1826, became the biggest reform organization of the time.
These societies of moral reform soon recognized that prostitution was not as moral as an economic problem and moved towards organizing charity and work for poor women and orphans.
The area upstairs on the Erie Canal was the seeding ground of this movement, as was the area of the Seneca Falls Convention for Protestant revivals and reform movements

Resistance to slavery was crucial to free African Americans; anti-slavery groups organized since the 1790s.
This plan was made in 1817 by Northern Religious Reformers and a number of Southen Slavic owners, mostly from Upper South and the borders.
In 1831 Garrison broke with the gradualist persuaders of the American Colonization Societies and started to publish his own document
- The Liberator, with a profound influence from his black activists, who he called his "good colored friends."
In the 1830's, mass abolitionist petitions collected almost 700,000 petitions, but were dismissed when Congress passed a "gag rule" in 1836, which prohibited discussion of petitions at southern insistence.

The members of a famous family, Sarah and Angelina Grimké, rejected slavery out of religious belief.
- Sarah and Angelina Grimké went north towards the community of Quaker, near Philadelphia.
The 1848 Seneca Falls Convention, the first convention on women's rights in America's history, saw almost 20 years of female social change activity grow.