chapter 16

• Non-Western peoples have increasingly participated in the changes that originated in Western civilization.

• The mentality of modern global civilization has been adversely affected by these drastic changes.
• On the other hand, there is a sense of liberation from the traditional limits on the themes and methods of art, as well as irrational codes of behavior and morality.
• There is a disturbing awareness of loss of tradition and stability, of individual helplessness against social forces or government and commercial manipulation, of the littleness of humanity compared with the vastness of nature.
• Modern global civilization experiences a combination of feelings when reflecting upon itself and the universe: consciousness of freedom, knowledge, and power, and a sense of weakness, perplexity, and fear.

• The progress of science and technology has resulted in the sharpening of this double feeling.
• Today, humanity is reaching toward ultimate understanding of the universe as a whole and the medium of space and time in which it exists, as well as of the almost infinitely tiny yet unimaginably complex "worlds" that make up both living and non living matter.
• Technology has provided safety, comfort, and abundance on a scale that earlier generations would have considered miraculous.
• Technology has given the human race the power to enslave and destroy itself, while science has made the human race seem unimportant and unexceptional as part of the universe.

• The rise of science has had a strong effect on philosophy and reli gion, which have traditionally guided the human race's thinking about itself and the universe.

• "fundamentalist" believers in the monotheistic religions hold to their sacred books as authoritative guides to knowledge about humanity and the universe, and oppose changes in traditional codes of behavior and morals.
• Conservatives accept both the universe of science and the one God who exists beyond it and has given humanity a unique place in it, but they can't combine them into a single whole.
• Traditional beliefs are seen as no more than myths, while affirming drastic changes in behavior and morality.

• The most far-reaching of these changes are the ones that concern sexual behavior and family life.
• The balance of status and power between men and women that seemed to arise with the Agricultural Revolution is breaking down, and single motherhood and homosexuality claim acceptance as part of the social order alongside heterosexuality and marriage.
• The changes have a double nature.
• The tide of industrialization swept millions of women out of homes and families and deposited them in factories and offices.
• The protest of the mid-twentieth-century "counterculture" against mass society in the democratic countries led to women's liberation.

• The arts have reflected the changing mentality of modern global civilization.
• The modern world has been depicted by the most admired artists.
• They prefer to view human experience through the lens of their own subjective consciousness, rather than the traditional conventions of telling stories.
• Artists have used more traditional methods in order to cry out against the horrors of modern civilization.
• The function of art in traditional civilizations is now mostly left to second-rate artists and to mass entertainment.

• The progress of science in the 19th century.
• In the twentieth century, there was a headlong rush of discovery that left no aspect of nature unexplored.
• The distribution of galaxies across the endless reaches of space, the movement of continents across the face of the earth, the ages of prehistoric artifacts and human remains, and the "language" in which bees communicate with each other in the hive--over an amazingly wide range of matters that until recently

• Science has become a large scale social undertaking, employing tens of thousands of highly trained people and supported by massive state subsidies, thanks to the lonely activity of a few researchers.
• A machine that hurls subatomic particles was built by 14 European nations in 1989 and has become spectacularly huge and complex.
• In 1990 and 1993 the United States devoted two space shuttle missions to place the Hubble Space Telescope in the air so that it could be repaired.

• The pursuit of scientific knowledge has become one of the most respected human endeavors.
• The most prestigious of the ways in which the world honors individuals as benefactors of humanity is the Nobel Prizes.
• Literature, economics, and peace are the prizes that are given each year, as are physics, physiology and medicine, and chemistry.

• The reason for the high valuation of science is that it has unlocked many secrets of nature.
• Politics and warfare, industry and the economy, social life and culture have all been changed by the explosion of scientific knowledge.
• The Green Revolution in agriculture, the revolution in politics produced by television, and the atom bomb are just some of the things dealt with in the last three chapters of this book.

• Among the countless twentieth-century achievements of science, perhaps the most significant--both as discoveries in themselves and in their consequences for human life and thought--are those that have taken humanity to the outermost edges of the universe.

• The twentieth century saw the "discovery of a new cosmos" in the same way that the 16th and 17th century did.
• Astronomers have been able to see ever farther into space because of other scientific and technical discoveries.
• In the 19th century, spectrum analysis showed that the stars are made of the same elements as the earth, and that they have the ability to "burn" hot.
• The aggregation of 200 billion stars in which the sun was already known to be located was discovered by huge new telescopes from about 1900.
• The spectrum analysis of the galaxies indicated that they are moving away from one another.
• The revolution in western culture apart galaxies are moving at a faster pace than before, thanks to the fundamental discovery made by the American astronomer in the 1920s.
• This was proof that the universe must be expanding.

• This led to the creation of a scientific theory about the probable origin of the universe.
• If the universe has been growing larger over time, then there must have been a time when it was small, and the reason must be that the galaxies are hurtling away from each other.
• Confirmation of this theory was provided by a new type of observing device, radio telescopes, which detect radio signals emitted by stars and other objects in space.

• The concepts of Albert Einstein's theory of relativity were used to explain the discoveries.
• Einstein proposed the large-scale conversion of matter into energy as a way to keep the stars burning for billions of years at a time.
• The concept of space and time, matter and energy, being related to one another, allowed the astronomer to imagine how all four could have originally been packed into a tiny point, and then have expanded into a universe that grows without an actual boundary but where space and time curve back on.
• This new view of the universe didn't invalidate the view developed by Copernicus and Kepler, Galileo andNewton, as their view had invalidated that of Ptolemy.
• It became clear that what the giants had discovered was not the end of the story.
• The twentieth-century successors were exploring the full outlines of the awesome structure of mass and energy.

• The physicists searched for the inner secrets of the atom as well as the origins of the universe.
• The early-twentieth-century discovery that the atom is a tiny structure with its own parts drove this quest forward.
• In the course of the twentieth century, atomic physicists were able to answer many of these questions.

• Between 1900 and 1930, the theories that helped answer these questions were created.
• The "classical" scientific concepts that seem to do well enough for the vast range of "middle-sized" items were what they said.
• To make sense of the world of the atom, it was necessary to think of many particles as tiny pieces of matter, and sometimes as tiny packets of energy.
• Einstein was one of the major contributors to these new concepts.

• It was necessary to define what the world of the atom was and how it could be observed.
• The particle is so small that there is no way to observe it without affecting its position or motion.

• Einstein was worried that the uncertainty principle would make the internal workings of the atom unknowable.

• Physicists had to give up hope of ever looking at an individual atom, as Galileo had done.
• Physicists could theorize on the basis of large numbers of atoms so as to predict what the "average atom" would most likely do--rather than as a market research company can never know for certain what brand of breakfast cereal an individual consumer will buy, but given data about many consumers

• Even if subatomic particles could not be directly observed inside the atom, they could be knocked out of atoms by powerful beams of rays or streams of other particles, and their paths could be tracked and measured once they had been released in this way.
• Atomic physics has become one of the most expensive and spectacular branches of science due to an array of increasingly powerful "atom-smashing" and later "particle-smashing" devices.

• Physicists were able to understand how the atom works with the help of concepts and devices.
• By the 1930s, it was known that the differences among chemical elements are due to the different numbers of subatomic particles among the atoms that make up the elements; and that radioactivity, electricity, and light are the result of the emission of particles by atoms, the flow of particles among them.
• Practical consequences of this theoretical knowledge were far-reaching.
• The miniaturization of electronic components was possible because of the understanding of the flow of electrons among atoms in certain types of solid materials.

• New atom- and particle-smashing devices revealed ever more subatomic particles that theoretical physicists had to incorporate into the model in order to account for discrepancies in the model.

• The structure and behavior of the atomic nucleus was one of the most significant discoveries made in this way.
• In 1938, Enrico Fermi broke apart some of the clumps of particles that formed the nucleus of the atom.
• The small clumps of particles that formed the nucleus of hydrogen atoms were able to be forced together to create larger nuclei about ten years later.

• The discoveries led to the atom and hydrogen bombs.
• Nuclear power stations can be used to make use of fusion chain reactions and controlled fission.
• Scientists hope to learn how to control fusion reactions so that they can fulfill the dream of cheap, plentiful, and nonpolluting energy.

• The picture of particles and forces in the atom has been simplified recently.
• Two of the forces at work within the atom, electromagnetism and the "weak interaction" among particles outside the nucleus, were shown to be in fact one and the same force by Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam.

• In the not too distant future, atomic physicists hope that discoveries such as these will lead to a "Grand Unified Theory," which will show that all the forms of matter and energy in the universe are manifestations of a very few basic particles and perhaps only a single force.
• It will mark the end of a stage in the Western quest for rational understanding of the physical "nature of things" that began in ancient Greece more than 2,500 years ago if this is achieved.

• Scientists are investigating the basic structure of living organisms and the ways in which they reproduce and grow in order to understand one of the main features of the natural world.

• There were many ad vances in this field in the 19th and early 20th century.
• Growth and reproduction take place by means of cell division, as was found by biologists.
• Cells are formed in the same way as non living matter, with some of the same elements, in 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465.

• The researchers found that they were led to the mysterious substances in the scattered pieces of evidence.
• By the 1940s, it was known that the molecule of both consists of extremely long strands built up of four basic units, the order of which continually varies along the strands.
• Experiments withbacteria showed that a rough-coated variety could be altered to have a smooth one.
• It seemed that the genes could be transferred from one cell to another through the use of DNA.

• The double-helix model of the DNA molecule was created by Francis Crick and James D.Watson.
• They said that the molecule consists of two strands that are twisted around each other.
• In the course of cell division, the two strands break apart so that they can carry each other's genes into a new cell.
• As each strand settles down within the newly formed nucleus, it produces a new partner strand by chemical combination with surrounding substances.
• When the time comes, these two can separate and transfer their genes to other cells.

• As physicists have done with the atom, biologists have been able to build up a full picture of the inner workings of the living cell on the basis of this insight.

• The way in which DNA strands sometimes replicate themselves in a slightly different form ofRNA and how the different sequence of genes make up the "genetic code" are all fairly well understood.

• The human race has lived in a state of "permanent industrial revolution" since the link between science and technology was forged in the 19th century.
• The revolution accelerated in the twentieth century as science unlocked the true powers of the universe.

• The rise of high technology was not the result of scientific advancement alone.
• To translate "pure" scientific knowledge into usable technology takes scientists and engineers obsessed with technical problems, and corporation executives who want to stake the biggest claim in new and profitable markets.
• The United States was the homeland of high technology due to the fact that it had a huge home market for new products, as well as huge resources for investment and a revolution in western culture.

• The United States was the leader in the field of computers.
• It was advances in the mathematical field of information theory that made computers possible, and discoveries in the "pure" science of Semiconductor physics that made them cheap and small.
• Generals and admirals spent the money to jump-start many computer technologies at a time when they seemed too risky and unprofitable for private companies.
• The first computer was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense in the 1940s in order to speed up the production of mathematical data needed for heavy artillery, while in the 1950s it invested in computer-controlled machine tools that would accurately make complex parts for state-of-the The engineers and corporation executives moved in once the basic technologies had been proved.
• The results were mainframes and desktops, automated factories, the Internet and the World Wide Web.

• At the end of the twentieth century, another field of technology had been pulled forward by pure science to the point where it was producing just as spectacular results as computers.

• For thousands of years, humans have manipulated living things, such as products that de rive from living things.
• In the 70s, an American scientist named Paul Berg was able to cut and recombine strands of DNA in a different order to create new types of genes.

• In this way, new strains ofbacteria could be created, with the "hereditary" capacity to produce biological substances useful to humans.

• Pure and applied science were hard to distinguish in this new industry.
• It was sponsored by civilian bureaucrats eager to get a return on government funding for pure science, and by college presidents who wanted to get a patent for their discoveries.

• Early in the twenty-first century, genetic engineering passed an important milestone as computers became more and more popular.
• In order for this new industry to reach its full potential, it would be necessary to be able to identify the location of the genes in the DNA molecule of various species.
• Genetic engineers were like readers in a library with many stacks, tens of thousands of books, and no catalogue or floor plan without this information.
• The catalogue and floor plan were made available to anyone who needed them after the completion of the human "genome-mapping" project.

• The onrush of discovery brought humanity to previously unsuspected realm of knowledge, while its technological applications transformed daily life.
• Many other fields of thought and culture were affected by the rise of science as the main intellectual enterprise of the human race.

• Science was so successful at explaining the material universe that it left a lot of other mysteries.
• It seemed that human beings were similar to those that made up plastic and dyestuffs.
• Physicists hoped that the interactions of a few grandly simple forces and particles would explain the universe.
• The material universe, human consciousness, and religious faith were usually linked into a single whole, but science's success in explaining the first of these things gave the other two a break.

• The procedures of science, with its theories that were constantly modified or discarded in the light of new knowledge, and its principles of uncertainty and relativity that explained phenomena in terms of probabilities and the viewpoint of observers, seemed to go against traditional religious and artistic ideals.
• Even if the physicists realized their dream of a Grand Unified Theory, the total insight into the material universe that it would provide gave little promise of having much to do with the age-old human quest for "ultimate" or "absolute" reality.

• Technology's achievements were double-edged.
• On the one hand, technology greatly increased human freedom and power; on the other, it raised the question of whether the universe could live with all this freedom and power.
• The surfer's path could be tracked by anyone who had the expertise and equipment to do so, just as the genetic "destiny" of individuals could be tracked.

• Technology offered the possibility of an "anthill society" where individ uals were controlled and manipulated, as well as the threat of environmental disaster or nuclear extinction.
• It made the individual seem even more impersonal than before, at the mercy of vast impersonal forces in society and the universe.

• Science and technology have had a lot to do with different trends in modern culture.
• Many writers, artists, and architects have used scientific and technical mastery in their work, while others have abandoned the external world to science and technology, and others have imagined the individual as alone in an indifferent or hostile society.
• Some philosophers have tried to mimic the scientific method with its gradual approach to limited truth, while others have developed the idea of the lonely individual.
• The idea that science provides the only knowable kind of truth and that there is an absolute spiritual truth beyond the material truth of science has been challenged by many religious thinkers.

• The onrush of science affected philosophy.
• Einstein's theory of relativity and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle impressed many philosophers.
• They agreed that no explanation is possible.
• They focused attention on limited intellectual problems, especially the applications of symbolic logic, because they held that nothing significant could be said about being in general.
• Our very humanity prevents us from seeing ourselves.

• In all times of change and upheaval, inherited beliefs and ways died hard.
• The idea of progress is still alive and well in the United States.
• By 1919, old-fashioned liberalism in Europe had become discredited and the void was filled by Marxism, fascism, or extreme nationalism.

• Some people turned to traditional Christian beliefs.
• The crimes and horrors of world wars and revolutions heightened their awareness of "evil" and man's "sinful nature," and their quest for truth beyond the findings of science led them to the centuries-old intellectual system of Christian theology.
• The Augustinian teachings were rekindled by certain religious leaders.
• There was a call for a resurgence of orthodoxy and ritualism.

• John Locke's simplistic view of the mind was the source of the twentieth-century challenge.
• The mechanics were completely superseded by 429-430.
• Sigmund Freud was the pioneer of modern psychology.
• Freud was interested in curing the mental ailments of his patients.
• He discovered hidden aspects of the human mind and personality during his clinical work.

• Freudian psychology's substance gained acceptance despite his views on female sexuality being amended.
• Freud believed that human beings are not rational machines.

• The conscious life is a covering of the "real" person.
• Under the surface are unconscious and subconscious drives, which include the desire for sex, power, and even death.
• Behavior is influenced by responses and attitudes.

• The normal person accepts the damage without breaking down, but the neurotic can't.
• Traditional morals, religion, and politics were challenged by the Freudian view of the individual.
• Rationality and conscious control were supposed to be the basis of all those.
• The new view says that the traditions were not geared to psychological reality.
• There is an inescapable conflict between personal drives and the social order, and Freud believed that human personality would suffer even under "enlightened" social codes of behavior.
• Social dreams can never be fulfilled and the goal of complete individual happiness is a mirage.

• The impact of both men was felt the most in the twentieth century.
• For he challenged not only the traditional view of human nature but the entire institutional and ideological heritage of the West, it was perhaps wider than Freud's influence.

• He allowed his unconscious self to speak without thinking about logical organization.
• Some of the images, symbols, and visions in the book have not been fully understood.
• He was one of the first to stress the absurdity of human existence, because we are born to try.

• All existing systems appeared to be false.
• He attacked the bourgeois civilization of the late nineteenth century on science, industrialism, democracy, and Christianity.
• He rejected theism, mechanism, and any other idea that would deny human freedom as an untamed individualist.
• The reduction of people to narrowly specialized creatures and their subjection to a Christian morality was the most hated thing by him.
• He wanted a return to the heroic Greek idea of the "whole man", but only if the current values were overthrown and individuals were allowed to recover their wholeness through disciplined struggle and sacrifice.
• There were many unanswered questions as to how these aims could be accomplished.

• Soren Kierkegaard was a thinker of different temperament.
• The influence of both was felt at the same time as he was born.
• They were the progenitors of twentieth-century existentialism.
• Though his works were barely read until after the First World War, the meaning of the word "existence" was given by him.
• He said existence was a unique attribute of humans.
• They have the power to think about the universe and to choose what they believe and how they will act.

• They can never be certain about the consequences of their choice.

• Hegel believed that the world is rational and that it represents the unfolding of a divine plan.
• It is not possible for people to assume that they occupy a specific place in a known scheme of things.
• Always unsure of the consequences, one must act from day to day.

• They saw that the individual was increasingly depersonalized by the forces of modern society, such as huge economic organizations, mechanization, and the high level of abstraction encountered in most phases of living.
• The existentialists wanted to awaken in each person a sense of individuality and the possibility of an "authentic" life.

• Through his experience in the French Resistance against the Nazis, he came to believe that personal commitment and action are essential to genuine living.
• During the war, he felt this in his daily decision making.
• He proved to himself that he can say "no" to overpowering force even in extreme situations.
• The force might be an occupying army or the conformist cultures in which most of us live.
• The individual's ultimate defense against being swallowed up as a person is the freedom to say no.

• The degree of in dividual freedom was modified by Sartre in later years.
• The optimistic, rational liberalism of the Enlightenment was contrasted with the idea of limited freedom by Sartre.

• It was closer to the "tragic view" of the ancient Greek poets and dramatists, who saw pain and absurdity in the human condition, yet held that one remains responsible for what one is and does within an established order.

• A rethinking of Christian doctrine caused the blow to "systems" and "absolutes" in philosophy.
• Here, too, there was a pioneer.
• Rational proof for the existence of God, promoted by some liberal theologians, was irrelevant according to a deeply committed Christian.
• In order to become a Christian, one must make an inward choice: leap into faith.
• All other human choices are unimportant to that one.
• Without knowing whether it will lead to salvation or damnation, that choice must be made.

• In their own way, the leading theologians of the twentieth century advanced this fundamental view.
• Karl Barth, an influential Swiss Protestant the c hapter 16: the revolution in western culture ologian, stressed human dependence on God, but concluded that there is no straight line from the mind of humans to God.

• Many theologians of the twentieth century sought to reconstruct the ancient symbols and myths in order to see religious faith as a matter of trust instead of something "objectively" proven.
• They believed that the traditional Christian image of God and the universe had been destroyed by scientific findings and historical scholarship.
• The vision of reality expressed in the Bible is no longer believable for many educated people.
• They believed that if Christianity was to endure as a meaningful teaching, it would have to create images that fit with scientific knowledge.

• The phrase meant simply that the ancient image of God had passed into history.
• This didn't mean that Christianity was obsolete, but that it had to find new forms to carry its message to the living.
• Christian truth does not include the idea of a Supreme Being "out there" or "up there".
• He insisted that God is not a special part of creation but rather Ultimate Reality.

• The period following the Second World War was marked by a growing sense of Christian oneness.
• The consciousness that all churches were being challenged by secularism in general and Marxism in particular made this possible.
• The appeal and power of Christianity could be strengthened by a more united front, as religious leaders could see that many people were turning away from Christianity.

• The World Council of Churches was formally established in 1948 in Switzerland.
• Some two hundred separate denominations were brought into closer association.
• Most Protestant churches, Anglicans, and Eastern Orthodox groups supported it.
• Initially, the Vatican held back but later opened up relations.

• The movement toward unity was boosted by the election of Pope John XII.
• As leader of the largest group of Christians, John was in a position to help a lot, and he did so with the full force of his warm personality.
• John broke down centuries-old barriers to communication with Protestants, despite the pope's claim to be the "one shepherd" of the Christian flock.
• There was a new attitude of humility and affection toward the "separated brethren" and "men of good will" beyond the fold.

• The document called for the harmonious coexistence of all faiths and social systems.
• John's work for peace, both religious and secular, was carried on after his death by Pope Paul VI and the Second Vatican Council.
• The new responsiveness of the papacy was dramatized by Paul, who traveled to the Holy Land, India, Latin America, and the UN headquarters in New York.
• The Eastern Orthodox churches and Paul had friendlier relations.
• He was a conservative on Catholic faith and morals.
• John Paul I, who was a liberal, died within months of becoming pope.
• He was replaced by a conservative pontiff in the mold of Paul VI.

• John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope in over 400 years.
• He was well-known for his resistance to the Communist government in Poland.
• During his long reign as pope, John Paul encouraged the clergy to uphold traditional roles and rules, and he reinforced his advice by appointing conservative bishops.
• Brazil is the world's largest Catholic country.
• In 1995 the leading archbishop was replaced by a conservative who was opposed to social reform in Brazil.

• Many liberal Catholics were disappointed by the lack of change on issues such as clerical celibacy, the use of contraceptives, and the admission of women to the priesthood.
• The pope remained firmly opposed to the change for the Roman Church despite the break with centuries of tradition and the ordination of women as priests by the Anglican Church in Britain and the United States.

• The pope spoke freely about political issues, despite the fact that the Catholic clergy must not hold any political office.
• He consistently urged national leaders to avoid war, and he approved an important "pastoral letter" of the Catholic bishops of the United States condemning nuclear weapons.
• It opposed the use of nuclear arms and called for an end to their testing and production.

• The modern "culture of death" was attacked by John Paul.
• The pope followed the path of Paul VI in pursuing closer ties with the Orthodox churches.
• He hosted a historic meeting at the Vatican with the leader of the Eastern Orthodoxy.
• They wanted to strengthen their positions of Church leadership and work together to check the influence of c hapter 16: the revolution in western culture Protestantism and secularism.
• The issue of zones of Christian religious activity was divisive.
• After the fall of communism, Roman Catholic bishops and missionaries entered the historically Orthodox lands of the former Soviet Union.

• The legacy of John Paul was established in 2000.
• The most sweeping apology for past sins by children of the Church was offered by the pope during the liturgy of the Sunday Mass in Saint Peter's Basilica.
• He asked for God's forgiveness for the mistakes made during the preceding two thousand years.
• As the Church moves forward with its evangelical mission, he declared that the "purification of memory" was essential.

• General sins, sins in the service of truth, sins against Christian unity, sins against the Jews, and sins against the dignity of women and minorities were placed in seven different categories.

• The continuing social revolution in the West was not altered by religious and philosophical teachings.
• Technology was the main engine of the revolution, but psychologists, educators, and advertisers accelerated the rate of change.

• New sexual attitudes and practices were the most visible of the changes.
• Sex has been a big issue in all societies, from how to value it to how to deny it.
• Sex can be seen as an impulse, a source of pleasure, an expression of physical love, a sign of gender, and a personal property.
• The codes of behavior aim to balance the multiple functions of male and female sexuality.

• While scientific and technological innovations were altering the economy and society in the West, religious and civic leaders made a determined effort to prevent changes in traditional sexual mores.
• Puritan morality obscured the realities of sexual behavior during the Victorian Age.
• Sigmund Freud showed that sexual oppression could cause psychic illness.
• sexuality was revealed as a normal and powerful force in human behavior by Freud.

• As the twentieth century progressed, other physicians, psychologists, and educa tors challenged all types of authoritarian controls over individuals--not only in sexual matters but in personal behavior as a whole.
• After the two world wars, the age of "permissiveness" and "self-fulfillment" was at hand.

• With moral, social, and legal constraints loosened, men and women gave freer rein to their instincts.

• Publishers, theatri cal producers, broadcasters, and filmmakers exploited the sexual revolution.
• Sex manual flourished, no one had to be ignorant.
• The walls of literary censorship were leveled in nearly every Western nation after the release of the desire for sex.
• Pornography, hard and soft, became readily available.
• Until the advent of pornographic Web sites, X-rated videotapes for home use seemed to have been the ultimate in pornography.

• Hugh Hefner built a thriving entertainment business around his magazine's theme of guilt-free sensuality.
• "philosophy" is a modern form of historic hedonism.

• The new hedonism goes beyond sexuality.
• Huge in dustries have been built around the popular hunger for pleasure.
• People in the West enjoy a lot of opportunities for personal satisfaction.
• There is a darker side to the pleasures of freedom.
• The consumption of illegal drugs throughout the Western world is an example of this.
• The drug problem is a serious threat to the health of millions of individuals and to the functioning of every technological society.
• Organized crime is a related problem.
• The battle against drugs and crime is far from being won.
• The stress placed on personal freedom within most democratic countries tends to counter the efforts of law enforcement.
• Drugs, crime, and pornography are some of the activities that "good citizens" deplore.

• Men and women born after the Second World War are affected by the changing ways of Western society.
• As a rule, their fathers and mothers were also influenced by older ways to change their views or behavior.
• The postwar generation in most Western countries grew up in a different culture.
• The postwar period was a time of prosperity for the middle classes.
• The existentialists pointed it out.
• All this was heard and seen in the "instant" world of radio, television, films, records, and tapes.

• Parents expected their children to accept these cultural gifts, but a lot of them did not.
• Not having to struggle for a job, as most of their Depression-reared fathers and mothers had done, gave them more time to reflect on the surrounding culture and their relation to it.
• The young people found a lot to object to.
• Taking for granted the ability of "the system" to satisfy their needs, they saw that the revolution in western culture had a lot of hypocrisy, violence, and injustice.

• At a time when the barri ers to doubt and idol-breaking had largely dissolved under the influence of thinkers like Freud, Sartre, and Tillich, these perceptions arose.
• They shared some of the same goals: humaneness in personal relations, self-discovery and independence, sexual freedom and equality, simple enjoyments, love of nature and peace.
• The young revolted against adult styles of dress and began to develop their own.
• The long hair, beards, fatigue jackets, and jeans were symbolic challenges to the established order of values.
• The young were suspicious of governments, corporations, and military organizations.

• The promise of creative ideas and remedies was offered by the freshness of their approach and willingness to try something new.
• The parents of this generation, having recovered from their initial shock and disapproval, were starting to see some promise in their children.
• The voting age in the United States was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 as a result of a constitutional amendment.

• The youth activity spread from colleges and universities to the rest of society.
• Students formed a leading part of the larger youth culture, but much of their concern was with the campus environment.
• Universities grew after the Second World War.
• They had become a large group of people in the United States.
• They were the principal workshops for the production and spread of specialized knowledge and represented hundreds of millions of dollars in capital investment.
• Many students thought their universities were examples of corporate bureaucracy, a machine that reduced the individual to a number.

• They wanted the university to be a service center for the larger society, and conduct research for the military establishment, as well as turning young people into servants of the state.
• Individual courses and requirements were often seen as sterile and arbitrary.

• At many educational centers around the world, student discontent was translated into protest in the 1960s.
• The movement began at the University of California at Berkeley.
• The "Free Speech Movement" of 1964 sought a larger exercise of student political rights on campus, as well as demands that professors spend more of their time teaching students.
• Demonstrations, sit-ins, and classroom strikes followed in support of these demands.

• The protests spread to hundreds of other campuses, and local demands were combined with demands on the nation as a whole to end the war in Vietnam.
• Check the power of the military-industrial complex to stop discrimination against minorities.
• The student actions were led by a small group of radicals who wanted to change the social order.
• Their immediate demands had enough merit and attractiveness to win the support of moderate students.

• More students joined the action when college administrations overreacted.

• The United States invasion of Cambodia in May 1970 was the climax of protest fervor.
• National Guardsmen were called in to restore order after student violence at Kent State University.
• During a "clearing maneuver," they shot and killed four students; a few days later, state patrolmen killed two youths in a confrontation at Jackson State College in Mississippi.
• There was a strong reaction against the student movement.
• Many Americans were shocked by the killings and others blamed the students for damaging property.

• The movement lost a lot of its force after Kent State.
• Most students recoiled from the violent turn it had taken, others became convinced that it had reached a dead end, and still others thought that the system had been opened up a bit.
• The American student protests of the 1960s did not achieve great immediate success.
• They gave added force to university reforms that expanded student rights and benefits.

• Students in Europe, Japan, and Latin America protested against inadequate facilities.
• They wanted more power over national affairs.
• Strikes and demonstrations had to be put down in Mexico City and Tokyo because of the student revolt in Paris in 1968.
• Discontent and protest are common among university students.
• Rarely before had protest been linked so closely to the loss of youth from the established culture and order.

• College campuses in the United States grew peaceful in the 70s.
• To careers, to greater "inner awareness," to religion, or even to self-centered ways that have been called the "me" generation were some of the personal concerns students withdrew to.
• Preparing for a good job was the first concern of a majority of students in the 1980s and 1990s.
• The freedom of lifestyle that previous students had worked for was one of the reasons for their changed attitude and conduct.

• The tradition of humanism in the West is linked to the core values of the youth culture.
• The tradition supports equality for both young and old.
• It's a fact that women have suffered severe deprivation in most civilizations and that education and political rights have not been given to them.
• After the end of the Civil War in 1865, feminists in the United States undertook a long and painful campaign to get equality of opportunity with men.
• Women began to insist on broader legal and political rights as they moved into jobs in industry, commerce, and education.
• Among their leaders were Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony.

• Some females and males resisted their demand for the right to vote.
• The revolution in western culture able to deal with problems of government and that political equality with men would diminish feminine charm and loosen family ties were charged by opponents.
• The "suffragettes" pushed on.
• The politicians responded.
• The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution was proposed after Congress was impressed by the contributions of women to the American effort in the First World War.
• Eliminating all restrictions on voting based on sex was approved by the states in 1920.
• Since then most other Western nations and Japan have extended the right to vote to women, but the female vote appeared to make little difference in the course of politics and legislation.

• After the approval of the Nineteenth Amendment, interest in women's rights in America waned.
• By the early 1970s, the women's liberation movement was in full swing.
• Since 1920, social conditions have changed a lot, with more women working outside the home and contraceptive devices making it easier for women to control their fertility.

• Feminism was limited to a small group of "emancipated" women, but books, magazines, and the mass media soon aroused the enthusiasm of hundreds of thousands.
• She pointed to the social and psychological pressures that kept women in the home, the false notions about female sexuality, and the stereotypes of female behavior.

• Friedan founded the National Organization for Women in 1966 in order to further her cause.

• The women's movement has employed both advocacy and political action.
• Its leaders want an end to discrimination.
• The amendment to the Constitution that would have given equal rights to women was submitted to the fifty states for approval in 1972.
• Men and women with traditional views and some women who feared that it might take away from them existing legal benefits were opposed to the ERA.
• The proposed amendment failed to win approval in at least thirty-eight states, as required by the Constitution.
• The amendment was reintroduced in Congress in 1985 after Ronald Reagan and the Republican party opposed it.
• The proposal's fate is in question.

• Feminism believes in a wide range of beliefs about the family, sexual relations, and lifestyles.
• Contrary to what some critics of the movement say, very few feminists want to work with men.

• Most of them want to open all social roles to both genders.
• An increasing number of men express agreement with this goal and view it as an enrichment of life for themselves as well as for women.
• Family relations and responsibilities have become more flexible as a result of this growing feeling for sharing.
• The traditional family unit is being challenged by variant forms: the one-person household, the childless household, the single-parent household, and the same-sex household are rising in numbers.

• During the 1980s and 1990s, abortion was the most controversial issue affecting American women.
• In most parts of the world, abortion is legal, but in the United States it was illegal until 1973.
• The antiabortion laws of Texas and Georgia were challenged in the federal courts because they violated the constitutional protection of a woman's rights.
• The Supreme Court decided that no state could prevent a woman from having an abortion during the first six months of her pregnancy.
• The Texas and Georgia laws were declared invalid because of this principle.

• Many church groups and individuals argued that a fetus is a person and therefore abortion is murder.
• They protested and were encouraged to expect changes in the makeup of the Supreme Court during the Reagan years.
• Reagan's appointments to the high bench brought about a decided shift in the view of abortion and civil rights.
• The issue is still controversial and is an important factor in electoral politics.

• The Fourth United Nations Con ference on Women was held in Beijing, China in 1995.
• It was attended by five thousand delegates from 189 countries.
• The conference's concluding "Platform for Action" contains a declaration that all women have the right of sexual and reproductive control over their own bodies.
• Most of the delegations from Muslim and Roman Catholic countries disagreed with the declaration.
• The central thrust of the conference deliberations was for the economic and political empowerment of women and their protection from physical violence.

• Homosexuals called for the right to live according to their sexual nature.
• In the 70s, gay men and lesbians sought changes in laws and institutional practices that would prohibit discrimination against them.
• The movement to win public acceptance for sexual diversity encountered fierce hostility because their aims ran counter to traditional Judeo-Christian moral teachings.

• The sudden appearance of a mysteri ous viral disease in the 1980s made this feel worse.
• Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a disease that can be transmitted through bodily fluids.
• In the 1990s, the AIDS threat waned in advanced Western societies as drugs to manage the disease were developed and the general level of tolerance for male and female homosexuality increased.
• The rise of homosexuals to the status of an organized interest group challenging traditional values and practices has led to fierce conflicts over such issues as "gays in the military" and hate crimes legislation.

• The frustration of youth, women, and other groups outside the mainstream gave rise in the 1960s and 1970s to a widespread rejection of accepted ways of altering institutions.
• Politicians, parents, teachers, and preachers emphasized the principles of majority rule, proper channels, and legitimate authority.

• The answers to the questions are not clear.
• Some people argue that the aim is more important than the means in social actions.
• The use of violence toward a good end would be permissible, but its use to defend a bad institution would be condemned.
• The belief in "acceptable" violence was supported by the writings of Luther, Jefferson, Marx, and Bakunin.
• The belief was most popular with the frustrated and despairing person, the adventurous, and the instinctive rebel.

• Nonviolence has been a way of life for some men and women in both the Western and non-Western worlds for hundreds of years.
• In the twentieth century, this historic practice was modified to serve as the basis for a new method of social change.

• Its advocates believed that the use of violence brings on counter violence and that it creates new tensions and problems that perpetuate the chain of inhumane actions and counteractions.

• Martin Luther King liked Gandhi's ideas.
• Non-violent change is the preferred method for social change.
• Their idea was not cowardice.
• One has to try to win over opponents through feelings of love and never respond with hate.
• Their conviction rests on assumptions that everyone has an inner decency that can be appealed to and that people can live together peacefully.

• The twentieth-century transformation of Western society, thought, faith, and action was part of the Modernism in Literature and the Arts.
• Writers and artists reacted to the impact of machine civilization in the 19th century.
• Some mirrored society, others wanted reform, and still others turned inward.

• The efforts of writers and artists to convey changing human experience in a changing civilization often led them to break with traditional methods of depicting reality, whether in words or in visual images.
• Supporters of the new artistic tendency thought it was a reflection of Western civilization's break with its past, while opponents thought it was a symptom of cultural decadence.

• The decades that followed brought radical innovations in the form of writing and new insights into the human condition.

• As in modern psychology, philosophy, and religion, the tendency was away from seeing the individual as an object geared to an orderly environment.
• Everyone is unique and can only be comprehended through his or her internal experiences, according to the new view.
• To enter into the private thoughts of their characters, authors wanted to penetrate the minds of their characters more deeply.
• The reader became more intimate with their own experiences.
• The effect was sometimes accomplished by the stream-of-consciousness technique, in which the author puts down words in the way in which ideas appear in the mind; the result is a mixture of past, present, and future.

• Set plots and well-developed characters are missing in many of these.
• The models of dramatic structure are no longer used.
• The moment-by- moment reality is all.

• The new literature was started by James Joyce.
• He was born in Dublin, Ireland, and lived on the European continent.
• He looked at his own experience to understand the general human problems of his time.

• The hero of Joyce's novel, Stephen Dedalus, is 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 C hapter 16: the revolution in western culture on a period of guilt feelings is the result of a love affair at sixteen.
• Stephen at last abandons religion, turns his back on conventional society, and takes up the artistic life during his years in college.
• His departure from Ireland is a rejection of his cultural heritage and a desire for goals and forms of his own making.
• The escape is only the beginning of a lonely and bitter search.
• Joyce presents an association of words that flow through consciousness in his story.

• He developed his unusual use of language.
• His writing shows the loneliness and isolation felt by many artists of the time.
• He was an inspiration to many authors.
• The seven-volume novel draws upon Proust's detailed recollections of figures in fashionable society that he had known in Paris around the turn of the century.

• Virginia Woolf was an English literary critic and author.
• She used her writing skills to advance the cause of equal opportunity for women.
• Her views are set forth in a book-length essay in the form of a lecture for college girls.

• Some of the leading authors of the time followed traditional methods of writing.
• Aldous Huxley was one of them.
• He turned his talent to the society of the future.
• He sees a world state as the only way to avoid suicidal warfare.
• He sees the planned use of genetic engineering, social conditioning, easy sex, and safe drugs to eliminate conflicts within the society.
• At the cost of losing individuality, dissent, and struggle, efficiency and "happiness" are the goals of this future society.
• The primary means of social control is psychological terror.

• There were some great literature in the tradition of Dostoevsky and Tolstoy in the Soviet Union.
• Another giant is the voice of dissent against communism, that of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn.
• The author's experience as a prisoner in a Russian labor camp highlights the struggle of one individual to uphold his personal spirit against determined efforts to crush it.

• Edith Wharton was one of the best prose writers of the century.
• The wealthy upper class of society is the focus of the novel and it describes its strict code of customs, dress and manners.
• Wharton exposes the conflict between peer pressure to conform and the individual's own aspiration.

• Joyce was an expatriate and the major Modernist poet was the American-born T. S. Eliot.
• In England, he found his spiritual home and deep meaning in the Christian religion.
• The writings of Joyce are rich in symbolism and imagery.

• After moving to London in 1914, Eliot began to write poems.
• His early works show a sense of emptiness and sterility in modern civilization.
• The works are full of echoes from the past.

• The "Confessional" poems blame the failures of civilization on the loss of religious spirit, and after Eliot's confirmation in the Anglican faith, he began to write more cheerfully about the human condition.
• He said that if the waters of God's grace have dried up, we must find a way to get them flowing again.
• Robert Frost was one of the American poets who chose to remain in their native land.

• Subjectivist and experimentalist influ ences came to dominate drama.
• Eugene O'Neill, Tennessee Williams, and Arthur Miller dealt with ancient themes in new ways, and they did not hesitate to alter methods of staging, as well as plot, form, and dialogue.
• The failure of human communication was reflected in the "theater of the absurd".

• The steady removal of restraint was a common trend in literature in the last decades.
• Legal censorship of books and plays decreased in most Western countries.
• Each adult was supposed to be the sole and proper judge of what he or she saw and heard.
• The writings of authors who dealt with sexual themes, like D.H. Lawrence and Henry Miller, became readily available as did later works containing sex and violence.

• The motion picture, radio, television, and the Internet were all new ways of expression in the twentieth century.
• Most of the established arts, including writing, drama, music, and photography, were drawn to by the producers of motion pictures.
• This form was a product of technology and was perfect for the new era.

• Picasso turned analysis into something else.
• He rearranged the violin so that it was no longer a realistic object in three-dimensional space but a pattern of flat colored surfaces.
• He depicts the wood veneer patterns of the furniture with realism.

• Prior to the First World War, films were an immensely popular medium of entertainment.
• Writers, directors, and actors come from many cultures.
• The United States is the largest source of film making.
• Most Western countries had less restrictions on motion pictures by the 1980s.

• During the 1920s, radio broadcasting offered a new way to communicate.
• Information featuring programs and music of all types has flourished worldwide.
• Radio has been overshadowed by television since about 1940.
• TV is a projection of motion pictures, but it has special capabilities that give it enormous influence on its own.
• Millions of viewers in Western nations faithfully watch the daily soaps, talk shows, and "sitcoms", and most persons now rely mainly on television for news and sports events.
• The use of this medium has changed the way political campaigns are conducted in democratic countries.

• The first half of the twentieth century saw a storm of rebellion.

• He put together images that could be of any war, from a warrior's corpse grasping a broken sword, to a dead baby, to a terrified horse.
• The terrible essence of war is summed up by the combined pattern.

• The giant of Modern ist art is Picasso.
• The major developments in art since Paul Cezanne andVincent van Gogh were his productive life.
• A gifted draftsman, trained at the Barcelona Academy of Fine Arts, Picasso began painting in a fairly conventional manner and quickly achieved mastery of the Expressionist style.
• He moved restlessly through the experiments.
• The most fruitful movement in painting during the first half of the twentieth century was Cubism.

• Cubist art involved a break down and reordering of nature.
• He projects his own thoughts and feelings about a violin onto the canvas.
• He arranges the elements in a pleasing way.

• The general public doesn't understand such inward creations.
• If artists were influenced to paint private and secret visions, the distance between them and the public was shortened.
• Picasso's intent was understood by informed and sensitive viewers.
• They understood that his technique could be more than a visual reduction of objects to forms; it could also reflect the breaking down of traditional culture and values.
• German bombers were used in a terror raid by the fascist general Francisco Franco.
• Picasso was in DC.

• Jackson Pollock's painting is only known as the first that he made in 1950, and its subtitle is simply the name of a standard commercial paint shade.
• The painting expresses an inner force that acts through the artist to leave its tracks on the canvas and is about nothing that can be conveyed in words or recognizable images.

• Cubism and Expressionism are used to protest against the hideous character of modern war.

• The problem of form was one of the problems absorbed by painters.
• After the Second World War, the main trend in Modernist art was work completely divorced from an objective model.
• Vassily Kandinsky began to paint such works as early as 1912.
• His research into the psychological properties of color, line, and shape led him to conclude that a "pure" art, not connected with representation, could be developed.
• The visual art of music is similar to the purely auditory art of music.

• The most exciting form of the new idea was abstract expressionism.
• Jackson Pollock was the most forcefully advanced by this.
• Pollock used unconventional techniques in order to express his vigorous feeling for lines, shapes, and colors.
• He preferred to begin painting with no pattern in mind, allowing one stroke to lead to another and respond almost subconsciously to his strong inner feelings.

• The general trend in sculpture was away from traditional forms of rep resentation.
• Henry Moore, one of the most distinguished modern sculptors, was relatively conservative in this respect.
• Many of his figures suggest a subject.
• The materials and forms are his primary interest.

• The idea of woman, or femaleness, is suggested by the figure, but it is at the same time a remarkably fashioned stone creation.
• The sculptor can concentrate on curves, texture, and the balance of mass by freeing himself from the requirement to reproduce naturalistic details.

• Alexander Calder took a novel approach to three-dimensional abstract form.
• Usually, the components of wire and flat pieces of carved metal are suspended from a ceiling in a carefully balanced assembly.
• His mobiles are usually activated by air currents or a slight touch, and he preferred "natural" movement to mechanical means.
• Space and motion dominate in his sculptures, which transmit a moving sensation to viewers as they watch the assembly.

• When he was in mechanical engineering, he found that he could make static forms that transmit a feeling of motion.
• The use of specialized materials like bronze or marble is not required for abstract sculpture.
• The small midwestern city is proud of the sculpture, which appears on its street signs and municipal letterheads, and it gives it some of the international prestige and progressive image of modern art.

• It was completed in 1969 and consists of giant, curved steel plates.

• Since the buildings that they design have to meet the needs of the people who live and work in them, architects can't just express themselves.
• The first half of the twentieth century was marked by huge changes in life and work as well as in the materials and technologies of building.

• The architecture of the 19th century was a mixture of revival styles, none of which came from the spirit or technology of the time.
• Designers in Europe and America began to be dissatisfied with the state of architecture during the 1890s.
• They pointed out the contradiction in putting up a structure by modern engineering methods and then covering it with historical ornamentation.

• Frank Lloyd Wright was a pioneer of new architecture.
• He said that one should break with the forms and decorations of the past.

• The beauty of an authentic style is that it provides the kind of space suited to a particular kind of human activity.

• At the turn of the century, Wright began building residences.
• In order to maximize the free flow of space inside and to join that space with its natural surroundings, he used the cantilever method of construction.
• The post-and-lintel method of the ancient Greeks provided for an extension of the horizontal members.
• Traditional construction materials, like stone, wood, or cement, can only be used in limited ways.
• Steel or ferroconcrete can be used in this method of building.

• The home is built over a waterfall.
• A sense of contact with nature is maintained inside the house.
• Wright is well-known for his designs of private dwellings, but he also created impressive structures for public and industrial uses.

• Mies van der Rohe's building is a simple geometric form with unadorned walls of tinted glass to retain heat and admit light.
• The walls are held in place by strips of expensive bronze, which reflect the urban landscape, and at night they glow with internal light.

• Walter Gropius, a German, was perhaps the most influential.
• According to the new principles, he designed a complex of buildings for the school of art and architecture that he headed in the eastern German town of Dessau.
• Gropius and Wright both emphasized that a good design in an object, no matter what it is, ensures its beauty.
• The International Style is a model of what he created.
• This style expresses the precision and efficiency of the machine age.

• After the Nazis came to power, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Gropius's successor as director of the Bauhaus, moved to the United States.
• Mies said that function alone isn't enough to ensure beauty.
• His skyscrapers are stunning because of their balanced proportions, richness of materials, and intricate details.
• His glass walls are made of steel.

• Modern technology allows buildings to express engineering logic but also defy it.
• In Le Corbusier's chapel of Our Lady of the Hilltop, reinforced concrete is bent into irregular curves to suggest features of Christianity: hands folded in prayer, the wings of a dove, and the image of the Church as a ship navigating the storm.

• Modern architecture here is not about well-being through technology or power, but about faith.

• He used the resources of technology to create some striking examples of an architecture that seems to reject the machine.

• Lacking in symmetry or evident plan, and lit by shifting beams of daylight through its narrow windows, its interior suggests a primitive sacred cave or the half-light of Romanesque churches.

• Other architects function to interesting forms.
• Eero Saarinen is best known for his design of airports.
• Most world travelers are familiar with the TWA Building at Kennedy International, near New York, and the Dulles International, near Washington, D.C.
• The Chinese American architect I. M. Pei did a great job in the capital.
• The structure is notable for its illumination of the masterpieces it houses.
• The central hall in the new wing of the gallery was designed by I. M. Pei, a strong believer in what he calls the "tradition" of the pioneers of Modernist architecture.
• Pei takes the tradition a step further.
• His simple geometric forms and self-revealing structures combine, contrast, and interlock to make a hall that is spacious and monumental yet also varied and intimate.
• The hall leads visitors on a tour of the surrounding exhibits.

• The visual arts changed around the turn of the century.
• Concert and opera performances continued to be dominated by Romanticism.
• The leading composer of this musical style was the Russian Sergei Rachmaninoff.
• New aims and methods began to be embraced by other composers.
• The movement in painting inspired some to turn to Impressionism.
• Musical Impressionism was both anticlassical and anti-Romantic.
• It wanted to record the composer's fleeting responses to nature.
• Debussy's music has a dreamy, shimmering quality that is different from traditional patterns of melody, tone scales, and rhythms.

• Impressionism in music was followed by Expressionism.
• Expres sionist composers wanted to record their feelings and not respond to their environment.

• One of the earliest expressionists was Arnold Schonberg.
• He began writing string quartets and other forms of chamber music just before the First World War.
• Schonberg stressed melodic distortion and the chance coincidence of notes.
• He adopted a unique tone scale for his invention.
• Schonberg was not like van Gogh or Picasso.
• Seeking vigorous and disturbing means of expression.

• Painters or sculptors freed themselves from their craft and chose whatever musical elements they wanted.
• The result was a lot of different styles.
• One of the best known and most successful of the musical Modernists was Russian-born.
• He worked with established forms before throwing them away.
• He decided to ignore public tastes and write "abstract" music to suit his own ideas.
• Stress on polyphony, free use of dissonance, and quickly changing rhythms were some of the characteristics of his mature works.

• The Broadway-type musical was very popular in the United States and Europe.

• Euro peans, who had been creators and exporters of classical compositions for centuries, became eager importers of jazz.
• African rhythms are the foundation of this musical innovation, which flowered chiefly among the talented writers and musicians of black America.
• Among the greatest of these were the composer-conductor, "Duke" Ellington, and the trumpet-playing "Ambassador of Jazz," Louis Armstrong.
• Gershwin created a unique blend of jazz rhythms and classical styles.
• Jazz seems to incorporate the spirit of rebellion against traditional forms.
• It is an antidote for the tensions and frustration that are a part of modern living.

• Rock music was popular in the 1960s.
• Black rhythm and blues and white country and western music became its own form.
• Rock is popular with young adults because of its sexy beat, electronic amplification, and frank lyrics.
• Elvis Presley, John Lennon, and Michael Jackson were idols because of the mass media.
• The power of rock was further extended in the 1980s through music video.

• These and other forms of mass entertainment, the world-changing outcome of the encounter between art and technology, began in the 19th century and continued into the 20th century, but electronic technology made them central to the lives of individuals and societies.
• Mass entertainment is the same as gossip among neighbors, religious rituals, and community celebrations in real villages in the global village of the twenty-first century.
• As civilization breaks with its past and moves toward the future, it is a glue that holds the world together.

• Many leading twentieth-century scientists have written accounts of their discoveries for the general reader.

• In E. H, the concept of nonviolence is explained.

• The World History Resources Center at http://history.wadsworth.com/west_civ/ offers a variety of tools to help you succeed in this course.